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Qt (framework)

Qt
Qt-logo.svg
Qt Designer 4 4 3.png
The Qt designer used for GUI designing
Developer(s)Qt Project,[1] Digia, KDAB
Initial release1992; 20 years ago (1992)
Stable release5.0.1[2] / 31 January 2013; 48 days ago (2013-01-31)
Preview release5.0 RC2[3] / 13 December 2012; 3 months ago (2012-12-13)
Development statusActive
Written inC++
Operating systemEmbedded Linux, OS X, Microsoft Windows, Linux, X11, Wayland, Windows CE, Symbian, MeeGo, Haiku
PlatformCross-platform
TypeApplication framework
LicenseGNU Lesser General Public License v2.1 (Qt open-source version)[4]
Qt Commercial License (Qt Commercial version)[5]
Websiteqt.digia.com

Qt (/ˈkjuːt/ "cute", or unofficially as Q-T cue-tee[6][7]) is a cross-platform application framework that is widely used for developing application software with a graphical user interface (GUI) (in which cases Qt is classified as a widget toolkit), and also used for developing non-GUI programs such as command-line tools and consoles for servers.

Qt uses standard C++ but makes extensive use of a special code generator (called the Meta Object Compiler, or moc) together with several macros to enrich the language. Qt can also be used in several other programming languages via language bindings. It runs on the major desktop platforms and some of the mobile platforms. It has extensive internationalization support. Non-GUI features include SQL database access, XML parsing, thread management, network support, and a unified cross-platform application programming interface (API) for file handling.

Qt is available under a commercial license, GPL v3 and LGPL v2. All editions support many compilers, including the GCC C++ compiler and the Visual Studio suite.

Qt is developed by Digia, who owns the Qt technology and trademark, and the Qt Project under open governance, involving individual developers and firms working to advance Qt. Before the launch of the Qt Project, it was produced by Nokia's Qt Development Frameworks division, which came into existence after Nokia's acquisition of the Norwegian company Trolltech, the original producer of Qt.[8] In February 2011 Nokia announced its decision to drop Symbian technologies and base their future smartphones on Microsoft platform instead. One month later Nokia announced the sale of Qt's commercial licensing and professional services to Digia, although Nokia was to remain the main development force behind the framework at that time.[9] On 9 May, it was announced on the Qt Labs website that the groundwork was being laid for the next major version of Qt, with the expectation that Qt 5 would be released in August 2012.[10][11]

On 9 August 2012, Digia acquired Qt software technologies from Nokia.[12] About 125 Qt developers were transferred to Digia, with the immediate goal of bringing Qt support to Android, iOS and Windows 8 platforms, and to continue focusing on desktop and embedded development.[13][14]

Contents

Platforms

Qt works on the following platforms:

External ports

Since Nokia opened the Qt source code to the community on Gitorious various ports have been appearing. Here are some of them:

Deprecated ports

Editions

There are three editions of Qt available on each of these platforms, namely:

  • GUI Framework – commercial entry level GUI edition, stripped of network and database support (formerly named "Desktop Light")
  • Full Framework – complete commercial edition
  • Open Source – complete Open Source edition

Qt is available under the following copyright licenses:

Qt 4 and higher releases

Trolltech released Qt 4.0 on 28 June 2005 and introduced five new technologies in the framework:

  • Tulip A set of template container classes.
  • Interview A model–view–controller architecture for item views.
  • Arthur A 2D painting framework.
  • Scribe A Unicode text renderer with a public API for performing low-level text layout.
  • MainWindow A modern action-based main window, toolbar, menu, and docking architecture.
VersionRelease dateNew features
4.120 December 2005[46]Introduced integrated SVG Tiny support, a PDF backend to Qt's printing system, and a few other features.
4.24 October 2006[47]Introduced Windows Vista support, introduced native CSS support for widget styling, as well as the QGraphicsView framework for efficient rendering of thousands of 2D objects onscreen, to replace Qt 3.x's QCanvas class.
4.330 May 2007[48]Improved Windows Vista support, improved OpenGL engine, SVG file generation, added QtScript (ECMAScript scripting engine based on QSA).[49]
4.46 May 2008[50]Features included are improved multimedia support using Phonon, enhanced XML support, a concurrency framework to ease developing multi-threaded applications, an IPC framework with a focus on shared memory, and WebKit integration.
4.53 March 2009[51]Major included features are QtCreator, improved graphical engine, improved integration with WebKit, OpenDocument Format write support and new licensing options, as well as OS X Cocoa framework support.
4.61 December 2009[52]New APIs are Framework Animation, Gestures, Multi-touch. Now supports (as Tier 1) Symbian and (as Tier 2) Windows 7 and Mac OS X 10.6, support extended for some Unix systems. Improvements have also been made to overall performance.
4.721 September 2010[53]QML and Qt Quick.
4.815 December 2011[54]Qt Platform Abstraction, Threaded OpenGL support, Multithreaded HTTP, and optimized file system access.
5.019 December 2012[55]Major overhaul over the Qt 4.x series.

Qt 5

Qt 5 was originally expected to be released in June 2012[56] but the release was delayed several times.[57] It is now released. This new version marks a major change in the platform, with hardware-accelerated graphics, QML and JavaScript playing a major role. The traditional C++-only QWidgets continue to be supported, but do not benefit from the performance improvements available through the new architecture.[58] Qt5 brings significant improvements to the speed and ease of developing user interfaces.[10]

Framework development of Qt 5 moved to open governance, taking place at qt-project.org. It is now possible for developers outside Nokia to submit patches and have them reviewed.[59]

Design

The innovation of Qt when it was first released relied on a few key concepts.

Modules

  • Modules for general software development
    • QtCore – contains core non-GUI classes, including the event loop and Qt's signal and slot mechanism, platform independent abstractions for Unicode, threads, mapped files, shared memory, regular expressions, and user and application settings
    • QtGui – contains most GUI classes; including many table, tree and list classes based on model–view–controller design pattern; also provides sophisticated 2D canvas widget able to store thousands of items including ordinary widgets
    • QtMultimedia – implements low-level multimedia functionality
    • QtNetwork – contains classes for writing UDP and TCP clients and servers; implementing FTP and HTTP clients, supporting DNS lookups; network events are integrated with the event loop making it very easy to develop networked applications
    • QtOpenGL – contains classes that enable the use of OpenGL in rendering 3D graphics
    • QtOpenVG – a plugin that provides support for OpenVG painting
    • QtScript – an ECMAScript-based scripting engine
    • QtScriptTools – provides added components for applications using QtScript
    • QtSql – contains classes that integrate with open-source and proprietary SQL databases. It includes editable data models for database tables that can be used with GUI classes. It also includes an implementation of SQLite
    • QtSvg – contains classes for displaying the contents of SVG files. It supports the static features of SVG 1.2 Tiny
    • QtWebKit – provides a WebKit-based layout engine as well as classes to render and interact with web content
    • QtXml – implements SAX and DOM interfaces to Qt's XML parser
    • QtXmlPatterns – provides support for XPath, XQuery, XSLT and XML Schema validation
    • Phonon – multimedia API, provides simple multimedia control
    • Qt3Support – provides classes that ease porting from Qt 3 to Qt 4
    • Qt Declarative[60] module is a declarative framework for building fluid user interfaces in QML
  • Modules for working with Qt's tools
    • QtDesigner
    • QtUiTools
    • QtHelp
    • QtTest
  • Modules for Unix developers
    • QtDBus – a library to perform inter-process communication via D-Bus protocol
  • Modules for Windows developers
    • QAxContainer – an extension for accessing ActiveX controls and COM objects
    • QAxServer – a static library to turn a standard Qt binary into a COM server

Use of native UI-rendering APIs

Qt used to emulate the native look of its intended platforms, which occasionally led to slight discrepancies where that emulation was imperfect. Recent versions of Qt use the native style APIs of the different platforms to query metrics and draw most controls, and so do not suffer from such issues as much.[61]

On some platforms (such as MeeGo and KDE) Qt is the native API.

Metaobject compiler

The metaobject compiler, termed moc, is a tool that is run on the sources of a Qt program. It interprets certain macros from the C++ code as annotations, and uses them to generate added C++ code with Meta Information about the classes used in the program. This meta information is used by Qt to provide programming features not available natively in C++: the signal/slot system, introspection and asynchronous function calls.

QtScript ECMAScript interpreter

QtScript is a cross-platform toolkit that allows developers to make their Qt/C++ applications scriptable using an interpreted scripting language: Qt Script (based on ECMAScript/JavaScript).

From Qt 4.3.0 onward, the scripting API,[62] which is based on QSA,[63] is integrated as a core part of Qt and is no longer a separate library.

Bindings

As shown in the table below, Qt has a range of bindings for various languages[64] that implement some or all of its feature set.

Qt language bindings
LanguageName: description of bindingQtCoreQtDesignerQtGuiEquivalent for uicQtNetworkQtOpenGLQtSqlQtScriptQtSvgQtTestQtUiToolsQtWebKitQtXmlLicense for open source applicationsLicense for proprietary applications
AdaQtAdaYesYesYesNoNo[65]YesYesNoNoNoYesNoYesGPLGMGPL + free
C++Qt – native C++YesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesGPL or LGPLLGPL or Proprietary + free
C# & .NETQyoto – See also Kimono for KDEYesYesYesYes (uics)YesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesLGPLLGPL
C# & .NETqt4dotnetYes YesWIP[66]YesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesLGPLLGPL
DQtDYesYesYesYes (duic)YesYesNoNoYesNoNoYesYesBoost Software License+GPLBoost Software License+GPL
HaskellQt Haskell   No           
HarbourHbQtYesYesYesYes (hbmk2)YesYesYesYesYesNoNoYesYesGPLLGPL like
JavaQt JambiYesYesYesYes (juic)YesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesLGPLLGPL
LispCommonQt – Bindings for Common LispYesYesYesNoYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesBSD LicenseBSD License
Lualqt – BindingsYesYesYesNoYesYesYesYesYesNoYesYesYesMITMIT
LuaQtLua – Bindings and script engine             LGPLLGPL
PascalFreePascal Qt4YesYes (lazarus RAD IDE)YesNoYesNoNoNoNoNoNoYesYesLGPLLGPL
PerlPerlQt4YesYesYesYes (puic)YesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesGPL+Artistic LicenseArtistic License
PHPPHP-QtYesYesYesWIPYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesLGPLLGPL
PythonPyQtYesYesYesYes (pyuic)YesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesGPLProprietary + fee
PythonPySide – from OpenBossa (a subsidiary of Nokia).YesYesYesYes (pysideuic)YesYesYesYesYes YesYesYesLGPLLGPL
PythonPythonQtYesNoYesN/AYesYesYesNoYes YesYesYesLGPLLGPL
QMLQML – It is part of QtYesYesYesN/AYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesLGPLLGPL or Proprietary + fee
RqtbaseYesYesYes YesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesGPLNo
RubyQtRubyYesYesYesYes (rbuic)YesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesLGPLLGPL
SchemeQt Egg for Chicken SchemeNoYesYesNoYesYesNoNoNoNoYesNoNoBSD LicenseBSD License
Tclqtcl   No         GPLNo
LanguageName: description of bindingQtCoreQtDesignerQtGuiEquivalent for uicQtNetworkQtOpenGLQtSqlQtScriptQtSvgQtTestQtUiToolsQtWebKitQtXmlLicense for open source applicationsLicense for proprietary applications

Qt hello world

#include <QApplication>#include <QLabel> int main(int argc, char *argv[]){ QApplication app(argc, argv); QLabel label("Hello, world!"); label.show(); return app.exec();}

Compiling and executing Qt hello world program

1. Create a folder named Hello (or any other name)
2. Copy and paste the above program as file Hello.cpp in directory Hello
3. With Hello as the current directory, run

 a. qmake -project (it will create a file with the pro extension) b. qmake Hello.pro (or whatever the file is named) c. make/gmake/nmake – as needed by OS and compiler environment

4. Execute ./Hello (Or release\Hello.exe in Windows)

Tools

  • Qt Creator, a cross-platform IDE for C++ and QML
  • qmake, a tool that automates the generation of Makefiles for development project across different platforms
  • Qt Designer
  • Qt Assistant
  • Qt Linguist
  • lupdate
  • lrelease
  • lconvert
  • QVFb
  • makeqpf
  • uic (User Interface Compiler)
  • rcc (Resource Compiler)
  • qtconfig
  • qconfig
  • qtdemo
  • qt3to4
  • qdbusxml2cpp
  • D-Bus Viewer
  • Qt Visual Studio Add-in
  • Qt Eclipse Integration
  • Qt Simulator
  • Nokia Smart Installer for Symbian
  • qmlviewer
  • Qt Quick, a QML based user interface development kit

Migration tools

History

Haavard Nord and Eirik Chambe-Eng (the original developers of Qt and the CEO and President, respectively, of Trolltech) began development of "Qt" in 1991, three years before the company was incorporated as Quasar Technologies, then changed the name to Troll Tech and then to Trolltech.

The toolkit was called Qt because the letter Q looked appealing in Haavard's Emacs font, and "t" was inspired by Xt, the X toolkit.[67]

The first two versions of Qt had only two flavors: Qt/X11 for Unix and Qt/Windows for Windows. The Windows platform was only available under a proprietary license, which meant free/open source applications written in Qt for X11 could not be ported to Windows without purchasing the proprietary edition.

At the end of 2001, Trolltech released Qt 3.0, which added support for Mac OS X. The Mac OS X support was available only in the proprietary license until June 2003, when Trolltech released Qt 3.2 with Mac OS X support available under the GPL.

In June 2005, Trolltech released Qt 4.0.[68]

Nokia acquired Trolltech ASA on 17 June 2008 and changed the name first to Qt Software, then to Qt Development Frameworks. Since then it focused on Qt development to turn it into the main development platform for its devices, including a port to the Symbian S60 platform. Version 1.0 of the Nokia Qt SDK was released on 23 June 2010.[69] The source code was made available over Gitorious, a community oriented git source code repository, to gather an even broader community that is not only using Qt but also helping to improve it.

Licensing

At all times, Qt was available under a commercial license that allows developing proprietary applications with no restrictions on licensing. In addition, Qt has been gradually made available under several increasingly free licenses.

Until version 1.45, source code for Qt was released under the FreeQt license. This was viewed as not compliant with the open source principle by the Open Source Initiative and the free software definition by Free Software Foundation because, while the source was available, it did not allow the redistribution of modified versions.

Controversy erupted around 1998 when it became clear that KDE's KDE Software Compilation was going to become one of the leading desktop environments for Linux. As it was based on Qt, many people in the free software movement worried that an essential piece of one of their major operating systems would be proprietary.

With the release of version 2.0 of the toolkit, the license was changed to the Q Public License (QPL), a free software license but one regarded by the Free Software Foundation as incompatible with the GPL. Compromises were sought between KDE and Trolltech whereby Qt would not be able to fall under a more restrictive license than the QPL, even if Trolltech was bought out or went bankrupt. This led to the creation of the KDE Free Qt foundation, which guarantees that Qt would fall under a BSD-style license should no free/open source version of Qt be released during 12 months.

In 2000, Qt 2.2 was released under the GPL v2,[70] ending all controversy regarding GPL compatibility.

In 2002, members of the KDE on Cygwin project began porting the GPL licensed Qt/X11 code base to Windows.[71] This was in response to Trolltech's refusal to license Qt/Windows under the GPL on the grounds that Windows was not a free/open source software platform.[72][73] The project achieved reasonable success although it never reached production quality.

This was resolved when Trolltech released Qt/Windows 4 under the GPL in June 2005. Qt 4 now supports the same set of platforms in the free software/open source editions as in the proprietary edition, so it is now possible to create GPL-licensed free/open source applications using Qt on all supported platforms. The GPL v3 with special exception[74] was later added as an added licensing option. The GPL exception allows the final application to be licensed under various GPL-incompatible free software/open source licenses such as the Mozilla Public License 1.1.

On 14 January 2009, Qt version 4.5 added another option, the LGPL,[75] which should make Qt even more attractive for non-GPL open source projects and for closed applications.[76]

In March 2011, Nokia sold the commercial licensing part of Qt to Digia creating Qt Commercial.

Uses

Qt is most notably used in Autodesk Maya,[77][78] The Foundry's Nuke, [79] Adobe Photoshop Elements, Skype, [80] VLC media player,[81] VirtualBox, Dassault DraftSight [82] and Mathematica,[83] and by the European Space Agency,[84] DreamWorks,[85][86] Google, HP,[87] KDE,[88] Lucasfilm,[89][90] Panasonic,[91] Philips,[92] Samsung,[93] Siemens,[94] Volvo,[95] Walt Disney Animation Studios[96] and Research In Motion.[97] The Opera web browser (up to version 10.0) also uses Qt, but only as an interface to the Linux platform.[98]

UI environments

Window managers for X Window system

The following window managers use the Qt toolkit:

Applications

Main category: Software that uses Qt

Software libraries

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ "Qt Project". Qt Project. http://qt-project.org/. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
  2. ^ "Qt 5.0.1 Released". 31 January 2013. http://blog.qt.digia.com/blog/2013/01 /31/qt-5-0-1-released/. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
  3. ^ "Qt 5.0 RC 2 released". 13 December 2012. http://blog.qt.digia.com/blog/2012/12 /13/qt-5-0-rc2-released/. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
  4. ^ a b "Qt GNU LGPL v. 2.1 Version". http://qt.nokia.com/products/licensin g/licensing#qt-gnu-lgpl-v.
  5. ^ a b "Qt Commercial version under the Qt Commercial License". http://qt.nokia.com/products/licensin g/licensing#qt-commercial-license.
  6. ^ "That Smartphone Is So Qt". Ashlee Vance. 16 February 2010. http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/02 /16/that-smartphone-is-so-qt/. Retrieved 19 February 2010.
  7. ^ "The Qt 4 Dance" (video). http://video.google.com/videoplay?doc id=-1435432529445611697. Retrieved 19 February 2010.
  8. ^ Qt Software – Nokia acquired Trolltech[dead link]
  9. ^ Nystrom, Sebastian (7 March 2011). "Nokia and Digia working together to grow the Qt community". http://blog.qt.nokia.com/2011/03/07/n okia-and-digia-working-together/. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
  10. ^ a b Knoll, Lars (9 May 2011). "Thoughts about Qt 5". http://labs.qt.nokia.com/2011/05/09/t houghts-about-qt-5/. Retrieved 9 May 2011.
  11. ^ "Final Qt 5.0 release delayed until August". H-online.com. 2012-05-01. http://www.h-online.com/open/news/ite m/Final-Qt-5-0-release-delayed-until- August-1564405.html. Retrieved 2013-03-19.
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  13. ^ Qt Blog. "Investment in Qt planned to continue @ Digia | Qt Blog". Blog.qt.digia.com. http://blog.qt.digia.com/2012/08/09/i nvestment-in-qt-planned-to-continue-d igia/. Retrieved 2013-03-19.
  14. ^ Qt Blog. "Digia extends its commitment to Qt with plans to acquire full Qt software technology and business From Nokia | Qt Blog". Blog.qt.digia.com. http://blog.qt.digia.com/2012/08/09/d igia-extends-its-commitment-to-qt-wit h-plans-to-acquire-full-qt-software-t echnology-and-business-from-nokia/. Retrieved 2013-03-19.
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  21. ^ Qt Blog. "Qt Commercial Formally Supports QNX | Qt Blog". Blog.qt.digia.com. https://blog.qt.digia.com/blog/2011/1 1/29/qt-commercial-formally-supports- qnx-2/. Retrieved 2013-03-19.
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  24. ^ "[Phoronix] Android Support Being Merged For Qt 5.1". Phoronix.com. 2013-02-07. http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page =news_item&px=MTI5NTc. Retrieved 2013-03-19.
  25. ^ "Necessitas project". http://necessitas.kde.org/. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
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  29. ^ Qt Blog. "Qt Commercial for VxWorks | Qt Blog". Blog.qt.digia.com. https://blog.qt.digia.com/blog/2012/0 6/28/qt-commercial-for-vxworks-2/. Retrieved 2013-03-19.
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  33. ^ Qt webOS port
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  46. ^ Trolltech Releases Qt 4.1, qt.nokia.com. Retrieved 27 November 2011.
  47. ^ Qt 4.2.0 released by Harald Fernengel, labs.qt.nokia.com. Retrieved 27 November 2011.
  48. ^ Qt 4.3.0 released by Girish Ramakrishnan, labs.qt.nokia.com. Retrieved 27 November 2011.
  49. ^ Trolltech: What’s New in Qt 4.3[dead link]
  50. ^ Qt 4.4.0 fully released by Thiago Macieira, labs.qt.nokia.com. Retrieved 27 November 2011.
  51. ^ Qt 4.5 hits the (virtual) shelves by Jason McDonald, labs.qt.nokia.com. Retrieved 27 November 2011.
  52. ^ Qt 4.6.0 Released Early due to Good Behaviour by Jason McDonald, labs.qt.nokia.com. Retrieved 27 November 2011.
  53. ^ Qt 4.7.0 now available by Jason McDonald, labs.qt.nokia.com. Retrieved 27 November 2011.
  54. ^ Qt 4.8.0 Released by Sinan Tanilkan, labs.qt.nokia.com. Retrieved 15 December 2011.
  55. ^ Qt Blog. "Introducing Qt 5.0 | Qt Blog". Blog.qt.digia.com. http://blog.qt.digia.com/blog/2012/12 /19/qt-5-0/. Retrieved 2013-03-19.
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  61. ^ Products – Qt – A cross-platform application and UI framework 'Qt uses the native graphics APIs of each platform it supports, taking full advantage of system resources and ensuring that applications have native look and feel.'
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Bibliography

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