Kota terbesar di Uni Eropa menurut jumlah populasi di dalam batas kota

Berikut ini adalah daftar kota terbesar di Uni Eropa menurut jumlah populasi di dalam batas kota yang memiliki populasi lebih dari 300.000 jiwa.[1] Daftar ini berkaitan dengan batas-batas administratif yang berada di dalam kota, tidak termasuk kawasan perkotaan atau kawasan metropolitan, yang umumnya populasinya lebih besar dari populasi kota utama.

Daftar 100 kota terbesar

Catatan: Kota-kota di bawah ini diurutkan menurut total penduduk resminya. Kota yang berhuruf tebal adalah ibu kota negara masing-masing.

PeringkatKotaNegaraPopulasi menurut Eurostat (2004)[2]Populasi resmi 2012Tanggal sensus/perkiraanReferensiFoto
1London[3] Britania Raya&100000000074292000000007.429.200&100000000081740000000008.174.00002011-03-2727 Maret 2011[4]City of London skyline from London City Hall - Oct 2008.jpg
2Berlin Jerman&100000000033878280000003.387.828&100000000035018720000003.501.87202011-12-3131 Desember 2011[5]PotsdamerPlatz Vogelperspektive 2004 1.jpg
3Madrid Spanyol&100000000032283190000003.228.319&100000000032841100000003.284.11002011-01-011 Januari 2011[6]Plaza de Cibeles (Madrid) 05.jpg
4Roma Italia&100000000025538730000002.553.873&100000000027833000000002.783.30002011-11-3030 November 2011[7]Victor Emanuel II Rome 2011 10.jpg
5Paris Perancis&100000000021813740000002.181.374&100000000022038170000002.203.81702007-01-011 Januari 2007[8]Paris - Eiffelturm und Marsfeld2.jpg
6Hamburg[9] Jerman&100000000017348300000001.734.830&100000000018020410000001.802.04102012-03-3030 Maret 2012[10]Hamburg Rathaus.jpg
7Budapest Hongaria&100000000016958140000001.695.814&100000000017336850000001.733.68502011-01-011 Januari 2011[11]Országház (509. számú műemlék) 45.jpg
8Wina Austria&100000000015986260000001.598.626&100000000017302780000001.730.27802012-01-011 Januari 2012[12]Vienna city view.jpg
9Warsawa Polandia&100000000017168550000001.716.855&100000000017006120000001.700.61202012-07-011 Juli 2012[13]Warsaw - Royal Castle Square.jpg
10Bukares Rumania&100000000019274480000001.927.448&100000000016779850000001.677.98502011-10-2020 Oktober 2011[14]Bucharest-Calea-Victoriei-Aerial-View.jpg
11Barcelona Spanyol&100000000016215370000001.621.537&100000000016215370000001.621.53702009-01-011 Januari 2009[6] 
12Munich Jerman&100000000012491760000001.249.176&100000000013781760000001.378.17602011-12-3131 Desember 2011[15]Munich view.jpg
13Milan Italia&100000000012994390000001.299.439&100000000013423370000001.342.33702011-11-3030 November 2011[7] 
14Praha Ceko&100000000012908460000001.290.846&100000000012908460000001.290.84602011-06-1717 Juni 2011[16]Praag (met Moldau).jpg
15Sofia Bulgaria&100000000013138060000001.313.806&100000000012046850000001.204.68502011-02-01Februari 2011[17]BusinessParkSofia view1.jpg
16Brussels[18] Belgia&10000000000999899000000999.899&100000000011190880000001.119.08802011-01-011 Januari 2011[19]Montdesarts.jpg
17Birmingham Britania Raya&10000000000992400000000992.400&100000000010168000000001.016.80002008-08-2727 Agustus 2008[4]Birmingham-Skyline-from-the-West.jpg
18Cologne Jerman&10000000000969709000000969.709&100000000010002980000001.000.29802009-05-3131 Mei 2009[20]Cologne panorama.jpg
19Naples Italia&10000000000995171000000995.171&10000000000957838000000957.83802011-11-3030 November 2011[7]Napoli.jpg
20Turin Italia&10000000000902255000000902.255&10000000000906057000000906.05702011-11-3030 November 2011[7]Torino.jpg
21Stockholm Swedia&10000000000761721000000761.721&10000000000861010000000861.01002011-09-3030 September 2011[21]Stockholm old town 2002.jpg
22Marseille Perancis&100000000010239730000001.023.973&10000000000850602000000850.60202009-01-012009[22]Marseille-la-nuit-by-F.Laffont-feraud.jpg
23Valencia Spanyol&100000000012947320000001.294.732&10000000000814208000000814.20802009-01-011 Januari 2009[6]Desde el micalet mirando hacia el sureste.jpg
24Amsterdam Belanda&10000000000000767849000767.849&10000000000789285000000789.28502012-01-011 Januari 2012[23]Amsterdam airphoto.jpg
25Kraków Polandia&10000000000757430000000757.430&10000000000756666000000756.66602007-06-3030 Juni 2007[24]Krakow rynek 01.jpg
26Leeds Britania Raya&10000000000443247000000443.247&10000000000000751500000751.50002008-08-2727 Agustus 2008[4]Leeds-Cityscape-1.jpg
27Łódź Polandia&10000000000744541000000744.541&10000000000750125000000750.12502009-01-011 Januari 2009[24]Lodz skyline.jpg
28Athena Yunani&10000000000796442000000796.442&10000000000745514000000745.51402001-01-011 Januari 2001[25]Attica 06-13 Athens 20 View from Acropolis Hill - pano.jpg
29Riga Latvia&10000000000735241000000735.241&10000000000713000000000713.00002009-01-011 Januari 2009[26]Riian vanhakaupunki.jpg
30Sevilla Spanyol&10000000000704203000000704.203&10000000000703206000000703.20602009-01-011 Januari 2009[27]Cathedral and Archivo de Indias - Seville.jpg
31Frankfurt Jerman&10000000000646889000000646.889&10000000000691518000000691.51802011-12-3131 Desember 2011[28]Frankfurt Am Main-Stadtpanorama von der Deutschherrnbruecke am fruehen Abend-20110310.jpg
32Zaragoza Spanyol&10000000000638799000000638.799&10000000000674317000000674.31702009-01-011 Januari 2009[6]0849 pilar ebro 2004.png
33Palermo Italia&10000000000675277000000675.277&10000000000654211000000654.21102011-11-3030 November 2011[7]Palermo02 flickr.jpg
34Wrocław Polandia&10000000000636268000000636.268&10000000000633950000000633.95002007-06-3030 Juni 2007[24]Wroclaw18395.jpg
35Rotterdam Belanda&10000000000598923000000598.923&10000000000615937000000615.93702012-01-011 Januari 2012[23]RotterdamMaasNederland.jpg
36Genoa Italia&10000000000605084000000605.084&10000000000607280000000607.28002011-11-3030 November 2011[7]Genova-Castello d'Albertis-panorama.jpg
37Helsinki Finlandia&10000000000559716000000559.716&10000000000600551000000600.55102011-04-3030 April 2011[29]Skyline of Helsinki as seen from the Erottaja fire station.jpg
38Stuttgart Jerman&10000000000590657000000590.657&10000000000595452000000595.45202007-02-2828 Februari 2007[30]Burgholzhof Panorama-pjt.jpg
39Düsseldorf Jerman&10000000000572663000000572.663&10000000000592393000000592.39302011-12-3131 Desember 2011[31]Nacht in Düsseldorf cropped.jpg
40Glasgow Britania Raya&10000000000629501000000629.501&10000000000581900000000581.90002007-06-3030 Juni 2007[4]Skyline of Glasgow.jpg
41Dortmund Jerman&10000000000588680000000588.680&10000000000580444000000580.44402010-12-3131 Desember 2010[23]Dortmund Panorama.jpg
42Essen Jerman&10000000000588084000000588.084&10000000000574635000000574.63502010-12-3131 Desember 2010[32]Essen-Panorama.jpg
43Málaga Spanyol&10000000000547731000000547.731&10000000000568305000000568.30502009-01-011 Januari 2009[6]PuertodeMalaga1.jpg
44Poznań Polandia&10000000000570778000000570.778&10000000000564035000000564.03502007-06-3030 Juni 2007[24]Poznan centrum.jpg
45Vilnius Lituania&10000000000552800000000552.800&10000000000553553000000553.55302006-01-011 Januari 2006[33]Vilnius city.jpg
46Bremen Jerman&10000000000545932000000545.932&10000000000548477000000548.47702006-11-1111 November 2006[34]BremenWeser-04.jpg
47Sheffield Britania Raya&10000000000516100000000516.100&10000000000534500000000534.50002008-08-2727 Agustus 2008[4]Sheffield skyline.png
48Leipzig Jerman&10000000000498491000000498.491&10000000000533374000000533.37402012-03-3131 Maret 2012[35]AUGUSTUSPLATZ-014.jpg
49Dresden Jerman&10000000000487421000000487.421&10000000000530548000000530.54802012-03-3131 Maret 2012[35]Dresden-nightpanorama-dri.jpg
50Dublin Republik Irlandia&10000000000471841000000471.841&10000000000525383000000525.38302011-04-1010 April 2011[36] 
51Copenhagen Denmark&10000000000501664000000501.664&10000000000520659000000520.65902009-04-011 April 2009[37]Rundetårn view 2 new version.jpg
52Hannover Jerman&10000000000515841000000515.841&10000000000517251000000517.25102007-09-3030 September 2007[38]Marktkirche Hannover vom Rathaus.jpg
53Gothenburg Swedia&10000000000466990000000466.990[39]&10000000000507330000000507.33002009-12-3131 Desember 2009[21]Göteborg 2009 ubt.jpg
54Bradford Britania Raya&10000000000481100000000481.100&10000000000501700000000501.70002008-08-2727 Agustus 2008[4]Bradford Cityscape.jpg
55Nuremberg Jerman&10000000000495302000000495.302&10000000000500967000000500.96702007-02-2828 Februari 2007[40]Nürnberg panorama.jpg
56Lisbon Portugal&10000000000529485000000529.485&10000000000499700000000499.70002007-12-3131 Desember 2007[41]Expo16.jpg
57Duisburg JermanN/A&10000000000496665000000496.66502007-12-3131 Desember 2007[42]Duisburg Innenhafen Ludwigturm.jpg
58Antwerp Belgia&10000000000455148000000455.148&10000000000493517000000493.51702011-01-011 Januari 2011[19]Antwerpen from Scheldt.jpg
59Edinburgh Britania Raya&10000000000453700000000453.700&10000000000477660000000477.66002009-06-3030 Juni 2009[4][43]Edinburgh Night Panorama from Calton Hill.jpg
60The Hague Belanda&10000000000469059000000469.059&10000000000473941000000473.94102007-01-011 Januari 2007[23]The Hague skyline.jpg
61Lyon Perancis&100000000012262490000001.226.249&10000000000472304000000472.30402006-01-012006[44]Lyon vue depuis fourviere.jpg
62Manchester Britania Raya&10000000000437000000000437.000&10000000000503000000000503.00002011-03-2727 Maret 2011[4]Manchester Skyline.jpg
63Gdańsk Polandia&10000000000459072000000459.072&10000000000456103000000456.10302007-06-3030 Juni 2007[24]Brosen gdansk panview.jpg
64Toulouse Perancis&10000000000651586000000651.586&10000000000437715000000437.71502006-01-012006[45]Toulouse toits depuis Boulbonne.jpg
65Murcia Spanyol&10000000000398815000000398.815&10000000000436870000000436.87002009-01-011 Januari 2009[6]Murcia.jpg
66Liverpool Britania Raya&10000000000444500000000444.500&10000000000434900000000434.90002008-08-2727 Agustus 2008[4]Liverpool Waterfront - geograph.org.uk - 1004690.jpg
67Bratislava Slowakia&10000000000425155000000425.155&10000000000431061000000431.06102009-12-3131 Desember 2009[46]Pozsinycivertanéegi3.jpg
68Bristol Britania Raya&10000000000393900000000393.900&10000000000421300000000421.30002008-08-2727 Agustus 2008[4]Colston Avenue, Bristol.jpg
69Szczecin Polandia&10000000000411900000000411.900&10000000000408583000000408.58302007-06-3030 Juni 2007[24]2009-05-30-polska-by-RalfR-26.jpg
70Brno Ceko&10000000000367729000000367.729&10000000000403407000000403.40702011-06-1717 Juni 2011[47]01 airshots.cz-wallpaper16x10-noTm.jpg
71Palma Spanyol&10000000000368974000000368.974&10000000000401270000000401.27002009-01-011 Januari 2009[6]Eixample de Palma.jpg
72Tallinn Estonia&10000000000392306000000392.306&10000000000396193000000396.19302006-01-011 Januari 2006[48]Tallinn panorama from Toomkirik, June 2010.jpg
73Bologna Italia&10000000000374425000000374.425&10000000000382635000000382.63502011-11-3030 November 2011[7]Bologna-Torre degli Asinelli-Dscn4726.jpg
74Bochum Jerman&10000000000388179000000388.179&10000000000382195000000382.19502007-06-3030 Juni 2007[49]Bergbaumuseum Bochum Pano.jpg
75Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Spanyol&10000000000376953000000376.953&10000000000381847000000381.84702009-01-011 Januari 2009[6]Las Palmas panorama.jpg
76Florence Italia&10000000000368059000000368.059&10000000000373077000000373.07702011-11-3030 November 2011[7]Sunset over florence 1.jpg
77Thessaloniki Yunani&10000000000386627000000386.627&10000000000363987000000363.98702001-03-1818 Maret 2001[50]Overlooking modern Thessaloniki seafront from Old Town 2006.jpg
78Bydgoszcz Polandia&10000000000368235000000368.235&10000000000362397000000362.39702007-06-3030 Juni 2007[24]Panorama znad schodów na Szwederowie c 03 2011.jpg
79Kaunas Lituania&10000000000368913000000368.913&10000000000360630000000360.63002006-01-011 Januari 2006[33]Kaunas panorama.jpg
80Wuppertal Jerman&10000000000361077000000361.077&10000000000358746000000358.74602006-06-3030 Juni 2006[49]Wuppertal ansicht.jpg
81Bilbao Spanyol&10000000000352317000000352.317&10000000000354860000000354.86002009-01-011 Januari 2009[6]Vista de Bilbao (1).jpg
82Lublin Polandia&10000000000355998000000355.998&10000000000352786000000352.78602007-06-3030 Juni 2007[24]Lublin18395.jpg
83Nice Perancis&10000000000478850000000478.850[51]&10000000000347060000000347.06002006-01-012006[52]Nice France 2007 06 27.jpg
84Plovdiv BulgariaN/A&10000000000338153000000338.15302011-02-01Februari 2011[17]Plovdiv centre.jpg
85Varna BulgariaN/A&10000000000334870000000334.87002011-02-01Februari 2011[17]Varna Bay, View from Sveti Nikola.jpg
86Alicante Spanyol&10000000000310330000000310.330&10000000000334757000000334.75702008-01-011 Januari 2008[53]Alicante Spain The City and the sea.jpg
87Córdoba Spanyol&10000000000314178000000314.178&10000000000328428000000328.42802009-01-011 Januari 2009[53]Vista aérea de Córdoba (España).jpg
88Bielefeld Jerman&10000000000328012000000328.012&10000000000326268000000326.26802006-06-3030 Juni 2006[54]Blick vom Johannisberg auf Bielefeld in Richtung Osten 2.jpg
89Wakefield Britania RayaN/A&10000000000322300000000322.30002008-08-2727 Agustus 2008[4]Wakefield-1.jpg
90Cardiff Britania Raya&10000000000341054000000341.054&10000000000321000000000321.00002007-06-3030 Juni 2007[4]Mermaid Quay and Pierhead Building, Cardiff Bay - geograph.org.uk - 752977.jpg
91Bari Italia&10000000000328458000000328.458&10000000000319442000000319.44202011-11-3030 November 2011[7]Bari02.jpg
92Valladolid Spanyol&10000000000321713000000321.713&10000000000318461000000318.46102008-01-011 Januari 2008[53] 
93Katowice Polandia&10000000000319904000000319.904&10000000000317864000000317.86402009-01-011 Januari 2009[24]Altus i okolice.jpg
94Aarhus DenmarkN/A&10000000000000315192999315.19302012-04-011 April 2012.[55]Aarhus waterfront.jpg
95Ostrava Ceko&10000000000311402000000311.402&10000000000310397000000310.39702011-06-1717 Juni 2011[56]Pohled na cetnrum ze slezske ostravy - 14.11.2010.jpg
96Coventry Britania Raya&10000000000304200000000304.200&10000000000309800000000309.80002008-08-2727 Agustus 2008[4]Skyline of Coventry as seen from Baginton 3g06.jpg
97Wirral Britania Raya&10000000000313100000000313.100&10000000000309500000000309.50002008-08-2727 Agustus 2008[4]Queens Dock towards Birkenhead.jpg
98Cluj-Napoca Rumania&10000000000311528000000311.528&10000000000309136000000309.13602011-10-2020 Oktober 2011[57]CJROCluj-Napoca 19.jpg
99Timişoara Rumania&10000000000303908000000303.908&10000000000303708000000303.70802011-10-2020 Oktober 2011[58]Timisoara PiataVictoriei.jpg
100Mannheim JermanN/A&10000000000300793000000300.79302009-12-3131 Desember 2009[59]Mannheim.jpg

Lihat juga

Referensi

  1. ^ Uni Eropa adalah sebuah organisasi politik dan ekonomi yang terdiri dari 27 anggota, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and the Britania Raya. (See "European Countries". Europa. Diakses 2007-09-05. ).
  2. ^ Total population in Urban Audit cities - Core city
  3. ^ Refers to Greater London, which is composed of 32 independent borough councils
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n 7 2012 The populations of the regions and where these have changed the most. Office for National Statistics. Diakses 16 7 2012. 
  5. ^ http://www.statistik-berlin-brandenbu rg.de//Publikationen/OTab/2012/OT_A01 -01-00_124_201112_BE.pdf
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Instituto Nacional de Estadística. (National Statistics Institute)". Ine.es. Diakses 2008-10-13. 
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Bilancio Demografico Istat della Popolazione Residente - Anno 2011" (dalam bahasa Italian). The Office of Statistics and Census of the Italy. Diakses 23 5 2012. 
  8. ^ INSEE. "Estimation de population au 1er janvier, par département, sexe et grande classe d'âge" (XLS). Diakses 2009-01-27. 
  9. ^ Refers to the city and federal state of Hamburg, which is composed of 7 boroughs
  10. ^ http://www.statistik-nord.de/index.ph p?id=1273
  11. ^ http://portal.ksh.hu/pls/ksh/docs/hun /hnk/hnk_2011.pdf
  12. ^ "STATISTIK AUSTRIA – Bevölkerung zu Quartalsbeginn seit 2002 nach Bundesland". Statistik.at. 20 October 2011. Diakses 20 October 2011. 
  13. ^ http://www.stat.gov.pl/gus/5840_13169 _PLK_HTML.htm
  14. ^ http://www.bucuresti.insse.ro/cmsbuc/ rw/resource/comunicat%20date%20proviz orii%20rpl%202011%20bucuresti.pdf
  15. ^ https://www.statistikdaten.bayern.de/ genesis/online?language=de&sequen z=tabelleErgebnis&selectionname=1 2411-009r&sachmerkmal=QUASTI& sachschluessel=SQUART04&startjahr =2011&endjahr=2011
  16. ^ "Adresy v České republice: PRAHA" (dalam bahasa cs). Mvcr.cz. Diakses 2010-03-06. 
  17. ^ a b c "ПРЕБРОЯВАНЕ 2011" (dalam bahasa Bulgarian). National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria. 2011. 
  18. ^ Refers to Brussels Capital Region
  19. ^ a b "Wettelijke bevolking". Statbel.fgov.be. Diakses 2012-05-04. 
  20. ^ "Amtliche Bevölkerungszahlen". Lds.nrw.de. Diarsipkan dari aslinya tanggal May 22, 2008. Diakses 2010-10-01. 
  21. ^ a b "SCB". Statistics Sweden. Diakses 2011-09-30. 
  22. ^ "Resultats du recensement de la population - 2006". INSEE. Diakses 13 10 2009. 
  23. ^ a b c d "CBS StatLine". Statline.cbs.nl.  Unknown parameter |http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/public ation/?DM= ignored (help); Missing or empty |url= (help); |accessdate= requires |url= (help)
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Polska w liczbach 2012. As of 1 7 2012" (dalam bahasa pl). Wikipedia. Diakses 2012-08-05. 
  25. ^ "S1101_SAP_01_TB_DC_01_03_Y.xls" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari aslinya tanggal June 24, 2008. Diakses 2008-10-13. 
  26. ^ http://data.csb.lv/EN/Database/annual statistics/annualstatistics.asp
  27. ^ http://www.ine.es
  28. ^ http://www.statistik-hessen.de/themen auswahl/bevoelkerung-gebiet/regionald aten/bevoelkerung-der-hessischen-geme inden/index.html
  29. ^ "(in Finnish and Swedish). Population Information System. Population Register Center of Finland.". vrk.fi. Diakses 2010-05-14. 
  30. ^ "Stadt - Stuttgart". Stuttgart.de. Diarsipkan dari aslinya tanggal December 14, 2007. Diakses 2008-10-13. 
  31. ^ http://www.it.nrw.de/statistik/a/date n/amtlichebevoelkerungszahlen/rp1_dez 2011.html
  32. ^ http://www.essen.de/Deutsch/Rathaus/S tatistik/Bev%C3%B6lkerungszahlen.pdf
  33. ^ a b "Naujas adresas". Std.lt. Diarsipkan dari aslinya tanggal February 28, 2008. Diakses 2008-10-13. 
  34. ^ "Quaest.io on Bremen". Informat.io. Diakses 2008-10-13. 
  35. ^ a b http://www.statistik.sachsen.de/downl oad/010_GB-Bev/Bev_Gemeinde.pdf
  36. ^ "CSO". Cso.ie. Diakses 2011-07-11. 
  37. ^ "StatBank Denmark". Statbank.dk. Diakses 2008-10-13. 
  38. ^ http://www1.nls.niedersachsen.de/stat istik/html/mustertabelle.asp
  39. ^ Figure for 2001 (2004 data not available)
  40. ^ http://www.statistik.nuernberg.de/akt uelles/old/monat200702.pdf
  41. ^ http://www.ine.pt/ngt_server/attachfi leu.jsp?look_parentBoui=24541487& att_display=n&att_download=y
  42. ^ [1]
  43. ^ "General Register Office for Scotland - mid 2009 population estimates by sex, single year of age and administrative area". 
  44. ^ "Resultats du recensement de la population - 2006". INSEE. Diakses 13 10 2009. 
  45. ^ "Resultats du recensement de la population - 2006". INSEE. Diakses 13 10 2009. 
  46. ^ http://app.statistics.sk/mosmis/sk/ur oven.jsp?txtUroven=410190
  47. ^ "Adresy v České republice: BRNO" (dalam bahasa cs). Mvcr.cz. Diakses 2010-03-06. 
  48. ^ "Statistical database". Pub.stat.ee. Diakses 2008-10-13. 
  49. ^ a b nrw.de
  50. ^ "ΑΘΗΝΑ 2001". Statistics.gr. Diarsipkan dari aslinya tanggal June 13, 2008. Diakses 2008-10-13. 
  51. ^ Figure for 1993 (1996, 2001 and 2004 figures not available)
  52. ^ "Resultats du recensement de la population - 2006". INSEE. Diakses 13 10 2009. 
  53. ^ a b c "Instituto Nacional de Estadística. (National Statistics Institute)". Ine.es. Diakses 2008-10-13. 
  54. ^ "Bielefeld - History". Bielefeld.de. Diakses 2008-10-13. 
  55. ^ http://www.dst.dk/da/Statistik/emner/ kommuner-paa-landkortet.aspx
  56. ^ "Adresy v České republice: OSTRAVA" (dalam bahasa cs). Mvcr.cz. Diakses 2010-03-06. 
  57. ^ http://www.cluj.insse.ro/cmscluj/file s%5Cdeclaratii%5CComunicat%20CLUJ%20- %20DATE%20PROVIZORII%20RPL%202011.pdf
  58. ^ http://www.timis.insse.ro/cmstimis/rw /resource/comunicat-date_provizorii_r pl_2011_timis.pdf
  59. ^ [2]


Sumber :
id.wikipedia.org, ilmu-pendidikan.com, wiki.gilland-ganesha.com, dsb.