Pernikahan sejenis
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Pernikahan sesama jenis (juga dikenal sebagai pernikahan gay) merupakan pernikahan antara dua orang yang memiliki jenis kelamin dan/atau identitas gender. Pengakuan hukum pernikahan sesama jenis atau kemungkinan untuk melakukan pernikahan sesama jenis kadang-kadang disebut sebagai kesetaraan perkawinan atau pernikahan setara, terutama oleh para pendukungnya.[1][2][3][4][5]
Hukum pertama pada zaman modern yang memungkinkan pernikahan sesama jenis diberlakukan selama dekade pertama abad ke-21. Pada 19 Agustus 2013 (2013-8-19)[update], lima belas negara (Afrika Selatan, Argentina, Belanda,[nb 1] Belgia, Brazil, Denmark,[nb 2] Islandia, Kanada, Norwegia, Perancis, Portugal, Selandia Baru,[nb 3] Spanyol, Swedia, Uruguay), dan beberapa yuridiksi sub-nasional (bagian dari Meksiko dan Amerika Serikat), mengizinkan pasangan sesama jenis untuk menikah. Sebuah undang-undang telah disahkan oleh Britania Raya, efektif dalam Inggris dan Wales, yang diharapkan sepenuhnya berlaku di 2014.[6] Polling di berbagai negara menunjukkan bahwa ada peningkatan dukungan untuk mengakui secara hukum pernikahan sesama jenis di seluruh ras, etnis, usia, agama, afiliasi politik, dan status sosial ekonomi.[7]
Pendahuluan hukum pernikahan sesama jenis bervariasi oleh yurisdiksi, yang dicapai melalui dengan berbagai perubahan legislatif hukum pernikahan, keputusan pengadilan didasarkan pada kesetaraan jaminan konstitusional, maupun berdasarkan suara langsung (melalui inisiatif pemungutan suara atau referendum). Pengakuan pernikahan sesama jenis adalah isu politik, social, HAM dan hak-hak sipil, serta isu agama di banyak negara di seluruh dunia, dan perdebatan terus muncul mengenai apakah pasangan sesama jenis harus diizinkan menikah, diminta untuk memegang status yang berbeda (sebuah serikat sipil), atau ditolak pengakuan hak-hak tersebut.[8][9][10] Pernikahan sesama jenis dapat memberikan LGBT wajib pajak dengan pelayanan pemerintah dan membuat tuntutan keuangan pada mereka sebanding dengan yang diberikan dan dibutuhkan pasangan heteroseksual. Pernikahan sesama jenis juga memberi mereka perlindungan hukum seperti warisan dan hak kunjungan rumah sakit.[11]
Beberapa analisis menyatakan bahwa keuangan, psikologis dan kesejahteraan fisik diperkuat oleh pernikahan, dan bahwa anak-anak dari pasangan sesama jenis mendapat manfaat dibesarkan oleh dua orang tua yang berada dalam serikat yang diakui secara hukum yang didukung oleh lembaga-lembaga masyarakat.[12][13][14][15][16] Court documents filed by American scientific associations also state that singling out gay men and women as ineligible for marriage both stigmatizes and invites public discrimination against them.[17] The American Anthropological Association avers that social science research does not support the view that either civilization or viable social orders depend upon not recognizing same-sex marriage.[18]
Pernikahan sesama jenis dapat dilakukan di upacara sipil yang sekuler atau dalam pengaturan agama. Berbagai komunitas agama di seluruh dunia mendukung izin pasangan sesama jenis untuk menikah atau melakukan upacara pernikahan sesama jenis, seperti: Gereja Swedia, Quakers, Episkopal Amerika Serikat, Gereja Komunitas Metropolitan, Gereja Kristus Serikat, Gereja Kanada Serikat, Buddhisme di Australia, Yahudi Reformasi dan Konservatif, Wicca, Druid, Unitarian Universalis, dan agama Pribumi Amerika dengan tradisi dua-roh, serta berbagai Kristen, Islam, Hindu, Buddha, dan kelompok-kelompok Yahudi dan berbagai agama dan denominasi kecil lainnya yang progresif dan modern.
Daftar isi
Pernikahan sesama jenis dalam budaya populer
Pernikahan sesama jenis dan hubungan telah menjadi tema dalam beberapa cerita fiksi, mitologi, kultus klasik, dan permainan video.
Permainan
Jumlah pernikahan sesama jenis dalam permainan video modern mulai meningkat termasuk: Fable II,[19] The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim,[20] Fallout 2,[21] dan The Sims 3.[22] Dalam edisi #51 dari serial komik Astonishing X-Men, pahlawan super Jean-Paul Beaubier menikahi pasangannya Kyle Jinadu, membuatnya pahlawan super pertama dalam serial komik yang melakukan pernikahan sesama jenis.[23]
Televisi
Pernikahan sesama jenis juga diceritakan, biasanya dalam cahaya yang positif pada zaman modern, di acara televisi Amerika Serikat termasuk The Simpsons, Family Guy , Modern Family, Queer as Folk, dan The New Normal.[24][25]
Lihat juga
- Hukum keluarga
- Homoseksualitas
- Legislasi perserikatan sesama jenis
- Hubungan sesama jenis
- Hak LGBT menurut negara dan teritori
- Serikat sipil
- Hak dan kewajiban pernikahan
- Pernikahan, serikat dan hubungan menurut negara
Dokumenter dan literatur
- A Union in Wait
- Freedom to Marry
- Marriage Equality USA
- Marriage Under Fire
- Pursuit of Equality
- The Gay Marriage Thing
Sejarah
- Adelphopoiesis
- The Leveret Spirit
Agama
- Pemberkatan pernikahan sesama jenis dan perserikatan sesama jenis di gereja Kristen
- Agama dan seksualitas
- Pernikahan sesama jenis dan Yudaisme
- Alkitab dan homoseksualitas
Catatan
Referensi
- ^ Pratt, Patricia (29 May 2012). "Albany area real estate and the Marriage Equality Act". Albany Examiner. Diakses 25 December 2012. "On July 24, 2011 the Marriage Equality Act became a law in New York State forever changing the state's legal view of what a married couple is."
- ^ "Vote on Illinois marriage equality bill coming in January: sponsors". Chicago Phoenix. 13 December 2012. Diakses 23 December 2012.
- ^ "Commission endorses marriage and adoption equality". Human Right Commission New Zealand. No date. Diakses 23 December 2012.
- ^ Mulholland, Helene (27 September 2012). "Ed Miliband calls for gay marriage equality". The Guardian (London). Diakses 23 December 2012.
- ^ Ring, Trudy (20 December 2012). "Newt Gingrich: Marriage Equality Inevitable, OK". The Advocate (Los Angeles). "He [Newt Gingrich] noted to HuffPo that he not only has a lesbian half-sister, LGBT rights activist Candace Gingrich, but has gay friends who've gotten married in Iowa, where their unions are legal. Public opinion has shifted in favor of marriage equality, he said, and the Republican Party could end up on the wrong side of history if it continues to go against the tide."
- ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamaBBC23338279 - ^ See
- Newport, Frank. "For First Time, Majority of Americans Favor Legal Gay Marriage". Gallup. Diakses 25 September 2012.
- "Survey – Generations at Odds: The Millennial Generation and the Future of Gay and Lesbian Rights". Public Religion Research Institute. Diakses 25 September 2012.
- "Data Points: Support for Legal Same-Sex Marriage". The Chronicle of Higher Education. 16 March 2010. Diakses 25 September 2012.
- "Pew Forum Part 2: Public Opinion on Gay Marriage". Pew Research Center. Diakses 25 September 2012.
- "Same-Sex Marriage: Let's Make a Change". Montrealites Justice. Diakses 25 September 2012.
- "Support for Same‐Sex Marriage in Latin America". Vanderbilt University. Diakses 25 September 2012.
- "Most Irish people support gay marriage, poll says". PinkNews. 24 February 2011. Diakses 25 September 2012.
- Jowit, Juliette (12 June 2012). "Gay marriage gets ministerial approval". The Guardian (London). Diakses 25 September 2012.
- "Gay Life in Estonia". globalgayz.com. Diakses 25 September 2012.
- "Public Opinion: Nationally". australianmarriageequality.com. Diarsipkan dari aslinya tanggal 17 January 2013. Diakses 3 October 2012.
- ^ Taylor, Pamela K. (31 July 2009). "Marriage: Both Civil and Religious". The Washington Post. Diakses 20 September 2012.
- ^ Smith, Susan K. (30 July 2009). "Marriage a Civil Right, not Sacred Rite". The Washington Post. Diakses 20 September 2012.
- ^ "Decision in Perry v. Schwarzenegger". Diakses 6 August 2010.
- ^ Handbook of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Administration and Policy — Page 13, Wallace Swan - 2004
- ^ American Psychological Association (2004). "Resolution on Sexual Orientation and Marriage". Diakses 10 November 2010.
- ^ American Sociological Association. "American Sociological Association Member Resolution on Proposed U.S. Constitutional Amendment Regarding Marriage". Diakses 10 November 2010.
- ^ "Brief of the American Psychological Association, The California Psychological Association, the American Psychiatric Association, and the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy as amici curiae in support of plaintiff-appellees – Appeal from United States District Court for the Northern District of California Civil Case No. 09-CV-2292 VRW (Honorable Vaughn R. Walker)". Diakses 5 November 2010.
- ^ "Marriage of Same-Sex Couples – 2006 Position Statement". Canadian Psychological Association. Diakses 28 September 2012.
- ^ Pawelski JG, Perrin EC, Foy JM, et al. (July 2006). "The effects of marriage, civil union, and domestic partnership laws on the health and well-being of children". Pediatrics 118 (1): 349–64. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-1279. PMID 16818585. available online: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org /cgi/content/full/118/1/349
- ^ "Brief of Amici Curiae American Anthropological Association et al., supporting plaintiffs-appellees and urging affirmance – Appeal from United States District Court for the Northern District of California Civil Case No. 09-CV-2292 VRW (Honorable Vaughn R. Walker)". Diakses 5 November 2010.
- ^ American Anthropological Association (2005). "Statement on Marriage and the Family from the American Anthropological Association". Diakses 10 November 2010.
- ^ Masaki, Lyle. "Same-sex marriage in the Fable games was no big deal for Peter Molyneux". AfterElton.com. Diakses 25 September 2012.
- ^ Hopkins, Tom. "Skyrim Includes Same-Sex Marriage". nowgamer.com. Diakses 25 September 2012.
- ^ Hirshman, Linda (28 April 2007). "Why can't gay dwarves get married in Middle-earth?". Salon. Diakses 11 February 2012.
- ^ Masaki, Lyle. ""The Sims 3" makes full-on gay marriage a virtual reality". AfterElton.com. Diakses 25 September 2012.
- ^ Peeples, Jase (19 June 2012). "Comic Books Take a Big Leap Forward With Gay Wedding". The Advocate. Diakses 23 July 2012.
- ^ "Media’s Gay Marriage Consensus — FAIR: Fairness & Accuracy In Reporting". Fair.org. 1 February 2013. Diakses 5 February 2013.
- ^ Puente, Maria (24 August 2010). "Hollywood now opening arms to gay characters, families". Usatoday30.usatoday.com. Diakses 5 February 2013.
Daftar pustaka
- Boswell, John (1995). The Marriage of Likeness: Same-sex Unions in Pre-modern Europe. New York: Simon Harper and Collins. ISBN 0-00-255508-5.
- Boswell, John (1994). Same-sex Unions in Premodern Europe. New York: Villard Books. ISBN 0-679-43228-0.
- Calò, Emanuele (2009). Matrimonio à la carte — Matrimoni, convivenze registrate e divorzi dopo l'intervento comunitario. Milano: Giuffrè.
- Caramagno, Thomas C. (2002). Irreconcilable Differences? Intellectual Stalemate in the Gay Rights Debate. Westport, CT: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-97721-8.
- Cere, Daniel (2004). Divorcing Marriage: Unveiling the Dangers in Canada's New Social Experiment. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 0-7735-2895-4.
- Chauncey, George (2004). Why Marriage?: The History Shaping Today's Debate over Gay Equality. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-00957-3.
- Dobson, James C. (2004). Marriage Under Fire. Sisters, Or.: Multnomah. ISBN 1-59052-431-4.
- George, Robert P.; Elshtain, Jean Bethke (Eds.), ed. (2006). The Meaning of Marriage: Family, State, Market, And Morals. Dallas: Spence Publishing Company. ISBN 1-890626-64-3.
- Goss, Robert E.; Strongheart, Amy Adams Squire (Eds.), ed. (2008). Our Families, Our Values: Snapshots of Queer Kinship. New York, NY: The Harrington Park Press, An Imprint of the Haworth Press, Inc. ISBN 1-56023-910-7.
- Larocque, Sylvain (2006). Gay Marriage: The Story of a Canadian Social Revolution. Toronto: James Lorimer & Company. ISBN 1-55028-927-6.
- Laycock, Douglas; Picarello, Anthony Jr.; Wilson, Robin Fretwell (Eds.), ed. (2008). Same-Sex Marriage and Religious Liberty: Emerging Conflicts. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0-7425-6326-X.
- Moats, David (2004). Civil Wars: A Battle For Gay Marriage. New York, NY: Harcourt, Inc. ISBN 0-15-101017-X.
- Oliver, Marilyn Tower (1998). Gay and lesbian rights: a struggle. Enslow Publishers. ISBN 978-0-89490-958-0.
- Rauch, Jonathan (2004). Gay Marriage: Why It Is Good for Gays, Good for Straights, and Good for America. New York, NY: Henry Holt and Company, LLC. ISBN 0-8050-7815-0.
- Smart, Carol; Heaphy, Brian; Einarsdottir, Anna (2013). Same sex marriages: new generations, new relationships. Genders and sexualities in the social sciences. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9780230300231.
- Spedale, Darren (2006). Gay Marriage: For Better or For Worse? What We've Learned From the Evidence. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-518751-2.
- Sullivan, Andrew (Editor), ed. (2004). Same-Sex Marriage: Pro and Con — A Reader, Revised Updated Edition. New York, NY: Vintage Books, a division of Random House, Inc. ISBN 1-4000-7866-0.
- Truluck, Rembert S. (2000). Steps to Recovery from Bible Abuse. Gaithersburg, MD: Chi Rho Press, Inc. ISBN 1-888493-16-X.
- Wolfson, Evan (2004). Why Marriage Matters: America, Equality, and Gay People's Right to Marry. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-6459-2.
Pranala luar
- (Inggris) Pernikahan sejenis di Proyek Direktori Terbuka
- (Inggris) Same-Sex Marriage, Civil Unions, and Domestic Partnerships - Berita dan komentar di The New York Times
- Considerations Regarding Proposals to Give Legal Recognition to Unions between Homosexual Persons
- Same-Sex Marriage: Developments in the Law", Emily Doskow, NOLO.
- U.S. Census Gay Marriage Statistics from April 1999
- Same-Sex Marriage
Templat:Status serikat sesama jenis Templat:Amandemen pernikahan
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