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Daftar/Tabel -- BlackBerry products

The following is a partial list of BlackBerry products. BlackBerry is a line of wireless handheld devices first introduced in 1996[1] and manufactured by the Canadian company BlackBerry, formerly known as Research In Motion (RIM).

Contents

Early pager models

These two-way pager models had thumb keyboards, with a thumbwheel for scrolling its monochrome text display. The first model, the Inter@ctive Pager, was announced on September 18, 1996.[1] Within a year, Yankee Group was estimating that devices like the Inter@ctive Pager were in use by fewer than 400,000 people and expected two-way wireless messaging services to attract 51 million users by 2002.[2]

They provided e-mail and WAP services, with limited HTML access provided via third party software such as WolfeTech PocketGenie or GoAmerica browser.

They were built for use with two 1G data-only packet switched networks: Mobitex and DataTAC. They did not support Java without the use of a Java Virtual Machine add-on.

FamilyModelPhotoScreenNetworkNotes
85x850132 × 65 pixelsDataTAC
857160 × 160 pixels
95x900 132 × 65 pixelsMobitex 
950 132 × 65 pixels4MB of flash memory[3]
957 160 × 160 pixelsAlso known as the "Proton"
962 132 × 65 pixels2MB version of the Model 950[3]

Monochrome Java-based models (5000 and 6000 series)

Most of these models were the first BlackBerry models that had a built-in mobile phone, were the first models that natively ran Java, and transmitted data over the normal 2G cellular network. RIM began to advertise these devices as email-capable mobile phones rather than as 2-way pagers. At this time, the primary market was still businesses rather than consumers.

The 5810 was released on March 4, 2002.[4] An aberration in this list, the 5790, was released at a much later date as a niche model in 2004 after many color BlackBerry models were out. This non-phone BlackBerry was made available due to the demand for a Java-based model that could run on the Mobitex data-only network. The 5810/5820 shared the same physical casing and keyboard layout as the earlier 957 device.

The 6000 series was launched in 2003 with 6210 entering the influential Time All Time 100 Gadgets list.[5]

FamilyModelPhotoScreenNetworkNotes
Specialty5790 large 160x160 pixel monochrome900 MHz Mobitexe-mail services only
Early Java-based5810large monochrome screen 160x160 pixel1900 MHz GSM/GPRSphone but headset required
5820900/1800 MHz GSM/GPRS
"Quark"6210medium 160x100 pixel monochrome900/1900 MHz GSM/GPRSintegrated phone
6220900/1800 MHz GSM/GPRS
6230BlackBerry 6230900/1800/1900 MHz GSM/GPRS
6280 850/1800/1900 MHz GSM/GPRS
65XX6510 medium monochromeiDENintegrated phone, integrated two-way radio
67XX6710large monochrome 160x160 pixel900/1900 MHz GSM/GPRSintegrated phone
6720900/1800 MHz GSM/GPRS
6750800/1900 MHz CDMA2000 1xRTT

First color models (7000 series)

In 2003, the monochrome models were revised to include a color screen, while retaining the same form factor and casing. Early color models, such as the 7230, typically used a dim electroluminescent backlight, leading to an initial reputation of poor image quality. Later color models, such as the 7290, typically used a LED backlight, yielding much better screen quality. The color LCD screens used in these series were either reflective or transflective, so these screens yielded better image quality in direct sunlight even with the backlight turned off.

Nearly all models in this list were 16 MB models with no Bluetooth. The only model with 32 MB and Bluetooth is the 7290, which was the last model released in the early BlackBerry form factor, and was the first BlackBerry model with Bluetooth. The 7290 was also the first quad-band BlackBerry.

An aberration in this list is the 7270, the first Wi-Fi BlackBerry, released later. It is built into the old form factor in the same vein as the 7200 series.

FamilyModelPhotoScreenNetworkNotes
72XX7210medium 240x160 pixel colour900/1900 MHz GSM/GPRSintegrated phone
7220900/1800 MHz GSM/GPRSintegrated phone
7230BlackBerry 7230900/1800/1900 MHz GSM/GPRSintegrated phone
7250BlackBerry 7250800/1900 MHz CDMA2000 1x (EVDO-capable w/firmware update)integrated phone, Bluetooth
7270corporate WLAN 802.11b networks for data and VOIP 
7280850/1800/1900 MHz GSM/GPRSintegrated phone
7290850/900/1800/1900 MHz GSM/GPRSintegrated phone with Bluetooth
75XX7510medium 240x160 pixel colouriDENintegrated phone with speakerphone, integrated two-way radio
7520integrated phone with speakerphone, integrated two-way radio, GPS and Bluetooth
77XX7730large 240x240 pixel colour900/1800/1900 MHz GSM/GPRSintegrated phone
7750800/1900 MHz CDMA2000 1x
7780850/1800/1900 MHz GSM/GPRS

First SureType models (7100 series)

RIM expanded the market by introducing the first BlackBerry models without a discrete QWERTY keyboard, in the candybar form factor. They developed a predictive text technology called SureType with a QWERTY-like layout, using two keys per button. By using only two letters per button, rather than three letters per button as in T9 using ten-digit keypads, predictive text accuracy could be improved dramatically. The use of a QWERTY-like layout took advantage of people's memory of the computer keyboard, since each button was roughly relative to each key. At the same time, the size of the BlackBerry could be dramatically reduced, as keyboards only needed to be 5-buttons wide rather than 10-buttons wide. These BlackBerries became more popular with the mass market as they became similarly sized to competing consumer-market cellphones.

These models were among the first BlackBerry models to be aggressively marketed to consumers, rather than to businesses. RIM continued to manufacture QWERTY models, to give the market a choice between the traditional QWERTY thumb keyboard, and the compressed SureType keyboard.

FamilyModelPhotoScreenNetworkNotesCarriers
"Charm"7100tBlackBerry 7100tlarge 240x260 colour850/900/1800/1900 MHz GSM/GPRSwith integrated phone with speakerphone, BluetoothAirtel, Vodafone, T-Mobile
7105t
7100r
7100v
7100g[6]
7100xO2 (UK), O2 (Ireland)
7100iiDENwith integrated phone with speakerphone, Bluetooth, Push-to-talk, GPS, 64MBNextel and Telus and SouthernLINC
71307130elarge 240x260 colour800/1900 MHz CDMA2000 1x and EV-DOwith integrated phone with speakerphone, BluetoothVerizon Wireless, Sprint, Telus, Alltel, and Bell Mobility
7130c850/900/1800/1900 MHz GSM/GPRS/EDGEAT&T
7130gO2 (UK), O2 (Ireland), Airtel
7130v Vodafone

Consumer models (8000 - 9000 series)

Beginning with the 8700-series models in 2006, RIM began to aggressively add consumer features to BlackBerry models, in an aim to capture more of the consumer market from competitors such as Treo and Motorola Q. In this progression of models, the additions include better quality screens, more memory, built-in chat software, first cameraphone, microSD memory card slot, built-in mapping software, and other consumer-specific features. The BlackBerry Pearl 8100 was the first BlackBerry without a trackwheel, which was replaced by a miniature trackball to enable full 4-way and mouse-style navigation on a BlackBerry. The look of the new trackball gave the "Pearl" its name.

The 9000 series was launched in 2008.

FamilyModelPhotoScreenNetworkNotesCarriers
"Electron"8700cBlackBerry 8700clarge 320x240 pixels (QVGA) and 65K colors depth850/900/1800/1900 MHz GSM/GPRS/EDGEintegrated phone with speakerphone, BluetoothAT&T
8700r Rogers Wireless
8700f Orange,
8700gBlackBerry 8700gMany GSM providers including Sprint, T-Mobile, O2 (UK), O2 (Ireland), and Telefonica Moviles
8703e 800/1900 MHz CDMA, CDMA2000 1X and EVDOVerizon Wireless, Sprint, Alltel, Bell Mobility, Telus, US Cellular
8707g 850/900/1800/1900 MHz GSM/GPRS 2100 MHz UMTSO2 (UK), O2 (Ireland), Viettel
8707h 850/900/1800/1900 MHz GSM/GPRS 2100 MHz W-CDMANTT DoCoMo (Japan)
8707v 850/900/1800/1900 MHz GSM/GPRS 2100 MHz UMTSVodafone UK, Vodafone Smartone (Hong Kong), Vodafone (Italy), M1/Vodafone (Singapore)
"Pearl"8100BlackBerry 8100240x260 with 65K colors850/900/1800/1900 MHz GSM/GPRS/EDGEnew trackball interface, 1.3 MP camera, speakerphone, Bluetooth, microSDHC (to 8 GB with handheld code 4.5), polyphonic ringtones, media playerRogers Wireless, Cincinnati Bell, AT&T, Vodafone, Orange (UK), T-Mobile (UK/US), O2 (UK), O2 (Ireland) and Vodafone (Ireland), Telcel (Mexico), Vodafone and TIM (Italy), Vodafone and Essar (India), Airtel (India), Mobily (Saudi Arabia), Mobilink (Pakistan), MTN (Nigeria) and Ufone (Pakistan), Viettel
8110 trackball interface, 2 MP camera, speakerphone, Bluetooth, external microSDHC (to 8 GB with handheld code 4.5), polyphonic ringtones, media player, GPSAT&T, Vodafone, O2 (UK), O2 (Ireland), iWireless, and T-Mobile.
8120BlackBerry 8120trackball interface, 2 MP camera, speakerphone, Bluetooth, external microSDHC (to 8 GB with handheld code 4.5), polyphonic ringtones, media player, Wi-Fi, UMAO2 (UK), AT&T, and T-Mobile.
8130BlackBerry 8130800/1900 CDMA/EVDOTrackball Interface, 2 MP camera, speakerphone, Bluetooth, microSDHC (to 8 GB with handheld code 4.5), polyphonic/MP3 ringtones, media player, GPSBell Mobility, Telus Mobility, Sprint, Verizon Wireless, Alltel, US Cellular
9100 360x400 pixels850/900/1800/1900 GSM/GPRS/EDGE, (800/850)/1900/2100 or 900/1700/2100 MHz UMTSoptical trackpad interface, 3.2 MP camera, speakerphone, Bluetooth, external microSD (to 32 GB, 2 GB included), 256MB internal Flash Memory SDRAM, mp3 ringtones, media player, GPS, Wi-Fi 802.11 b/g/n[7]WIND Mobile, Entel PCS
"Pearl Flip"8220 Internal Display: 240 x 320 pixels (QVGA) 65K colors. External Display: 128 x 160 pixel 65K colors850/900/1800/1900 MHz GSM/GPRS/EDGEtrackball interface, 2 MP camera, speakerphone, Bluetooth, external microSDHC (up to 16 GB), polyphonic ringtones, media player, "Clamshell" form factor, 128 MB flash memory Wi-Fi, UMAO2 (UK), T-Mobile (USA), TIM (Italy), iWireless, and Rogers Wireless (Canada).
8230 800/1900 MHz CDMA2000 1xRTT/EVDOtrackball interface, 2 MP camera, speakerphone, Bluetooth, external microSDHC (up to 16 GB), polyphonic ringtones, media player, "Clamshell" form factor, 128 MB flash memoryVerizon (USA), Alltel (USA), US Cellular (USA), Telus Mobility (Canada).
"88XX"8800BlackBerry 8800320x240 pixels (QVGA) with 65K colors850/900/1800/1900 MHz GSM/GPRS/EDGEtrackball interface, GPS receiver, speakerphone, Bluetooth, external microSDHC (to 8 GB with handheld code 4.5), polyphonic ringtones, media playerAT&T, T-Mobile, Rogers Wireless, T-Mobile (EU), Vodafone (EU), TIM (Italy), O2 (UK), Orange (EU), Proximus (Belgium), Bouygues Telecom (France), SFR (France), Telefónica Móviles (Spain), LUXGSM (Luxembourg), Telenor (Pakistan), Turkcell (Turkey), Sure Mobile (Isle of Man), BeeLine (Russia)
8820 850/900/1800/1900 MHz GSM/GPRS/EDGE, WiFi a+b/g +WMM Multiple IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi standard support (a/b/g)Orange (EU), AT&T, T-Mobile (USA), Mobistar (Belgium), SFR (France), British Telecom (UK), M1/Vodafone (Singapore), Telcel (Mexico), Vodafone (Netherlands), Ufone (Pakistan), O2 (UK), iWireless.
8830 800/1900 MHz CDMA, CDMA2000 1X and EVDO, 900/1800 MHz GSM/GPRSBell Mobility, Telus, Verizon Wireless, Sprint, Alltel, US Cellular, Iusacell (Mexico)
"Curve"8300BlackBerry 8300850/900/1800/1900 MHz GSM/GPRS/EDGEtrackball interface, 2 MP camera, speakerphone, Bluetooth, internal microSDHC (to 8 GB with handheld code 4.5), polyphonic ringtones, media playerAirtel (India), Vodafone (India), Etisalat (UAE), AT&T, Mobilink (Pakistan), Rogers Wireless, O2 (UK), O2 (Ireland).
8310 trackball interface, 2 MP camera, GPS receiver, speakerphone, Bluetooth, internal microSD, polyphonic ringtones, media playerVodafone (Germany, The Netherlands), AT&T, SFR (France), Rogers Wireless, M1/Vodafone (Singapore), Bouygues Telecom France, Vodafone UK, O2 (UK), O2 (Ireland), T-Mobile (Slovakia), iWireless, China Mobile.[8]
8320 850/900/1800/1900 MHz GSM/GPRS/EDGE/Wi-FiTrackball interface, 2 Megapixel camera, speakerphone, Bluetooth, internal microSDHC (to 16 GB with handheld code 4.5.0.81), polyphonic ringtones, media player, Wi-Fi, Hotspot@Home compatible.AT&T, T-Mobile (USA), Orange (Slovakia), Viettel
8330BlackBerry 8330Dual-band 800/1900 MHz CDMA2000 1X EV-DO networksTrackball interface, 2 Megapixel camera, speakerphone, Bluetooth, internal microSDHC (to 8 GB with handheld code 4.5), polyphonic ringtones, media player, GPS.Telus Mobility, Bell Mobility, Alltel, Sprint, Verizon Wireless, US Cellular, Credo Mobile, Boost Mobile.
8350i iDEN, Wi-FiTrackball interface, 2 Megapixel camera, speakerphone, Bluetooth, internal microSDHC (to 8 GB with handheld code 4.5), polyphonic ringtones, media player, GPS, WiFi, next generation OS (4.6)Sprint Nextel
8900/8910(Javelin) 8980 (Atlas)BlackBerry 8520480x360 pixels @ 65K850/900/1800/1900 MHz GSM/GPRS/EDGETrackball interface, 3.2 MP camera with flash and autofocus, speakerphone, Bluetooth 2.0, WiFi 802.11 a/b/g (8910 no wifi), UMA, GPS, external microSDHC (to 16 GB), 3.5 mm stereo audio jackT-Mobile (USA & Germany), AT&T, Rogers (Canada), Orange (UK), O2 (UK), iWireless, AIS, China Mobile (8910 & 8980 model).
8520 (Gemini)BlackBerry 8900320x240 pixels @ 65KGSM/GPRS/EDGE 850/900/1800/1900Optical Trackpad, 2.0 MP camera with video recording, speakerphone, Bluetooth 2.x, WiFi 802.11 b/g, UMA, 3.5 mm stereo audio jackT-Mobile (USA), Rogers, Fido, iWireless, Cincinnati Bell, Vodafone (Europe), DTAC, AIS, True Move,[9]
8530 (Aries) CDMA/1xRTT/EV-DO 800/1900Optical Trackpad,  2.0 MP camera with video recording, speakerphone, Bluetooth 2.x, WiFi 802.11 b/g, UMA, 3.5 mm stereo audio jack, GPSVerizon, Sprint, Virgin Mobile USA, MetroPCS, Telus Mobility
9300/9330 9300 UMTS (800/850)/1900/2100 'OR'GSM/GPRS/EDGE 850/900/1800/1900; 9330 CDMA/1xRTT/EV-DO 800/1900Optical Trackpad,  2.0 MP camera with video recording, speakerphone, Bluetooth 2.1, WiFi 802.11 b/g/n, UMA, 3.5 mm stereo audio jack, GPSAT&T, Rogers, T-Mobile USA, Telus, Bell, Virgin Mobile, Verizon Wireless, WIND Mobile
"Bold"9000BlackBerry 9000480x320 pixels (HVGA with 65K colors850/900/1800/1900 MHz GSM/GPRS/EDGE, UMTS/HSDPA (DoCoMo model features additional 800 MHz WCDMA frequency),[10] WiFiTrackball interface, 2 MP fixed-focus camera, speakerphone, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi 802.11 a/b/g, GPS, external microSDHC (to 16 GB), 3.5 mm stereo audio jackAT&T, Rogers, Turkcell, Telenor (Pakistan), Airtel DoCoMo, O2 (UK), DTAC, AIS, True Move, Viettel
9650BlackBerry 9650480x360 pixels (HVGA with 65K colorsGSM/GPRS/EDGE 850/900/1800/1900, UMTS/HSDPA 2100 and CDMA/EV-DO 800/1900Trackpad interface, 3.2 MP camera, speakerphone, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi 802.11 b/g, GPS, external microSDHC (to 32 GB), 3.5 mm stereo audio jackVerizon, Sprint
9700BlackBerry 9700UMTS/HSDPA 2100 / 1900 / 850 / 800 MHz and GSM/GPRS/EDGE 1900 / 1800 / 900 / 850 MHz 'OR' UMTS 2100 / 1700 / 900 MHz and GSM/GPRS/EDGE 1900 / 1800 / 900 / 850 MHz WiFiAT&T, Bell, Rogers, T-Mobile USA, Telus, True Move, Ufone, Wind Mobile
9780 Trackpad interface, 5 MP autofocus camera, speakerphone, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi 802.11 b/g, GPS, external microSDHC (to 32 GB), 3.5 mm stereo audio jackBell, Mobilicity, Rogers, T-Mobile USA, Telus, WIND Mobile
"Storm"9500BlackBerry 9530360x480 pixels @ 262KGSM/GPRS/EDGE 850/900/1800/1900, UMTS HSPA 2100Clickable Touchscreen interface, 3.2 MP camera, Bluetooth, 1 GB Internal Flash, 3.5 mm stereo audio jack, external microSDHC (to 32 GB)Vodafone
9530CDMA EV-DO 800/1900, GSM/GPRS/EDGE 850/900/1800/1900, UMTS HSPA 2100Verizon, Telus (Canada), Bell (Canada)
"Storm2"9520360x480 pixels @ 262KGSM/GPRS/EDGE 850/900/1800/1900, UMTS HSPA 2100Clickable Touchscreen interface, 3.2 MP camera, Bluetooth, 2 GB Internal Flash, 3.5 mm stereo audio jack, external microSDHC (to 32 GB)Vodafone
9550CDMA EV-DO 800/1900, GSM/GPRS/EDGE 850/900/1800/1900, UMTS HSPA 2100Verizon, Telus (Canada), Bell (Canada)
"Tour"9630BlackBerry 9630480x360 pixels @ 262KCDMA EV-DO 800/1900, GSM/GPRS/EDGE 850/900/1800/1900, UMTS HSPA 2100Trackball interface, 3.2 MP camera, speakerphone, Bluetooth, GPS, external microSDHC (to 32 GB), 3.5 mm stereo audio jackVerizon, Sprint, Credo Mobile, Telus (Canada), Bell (Canada)
"Style"9670 360x400 pixels (internal), 240x320 (external) Full Qwerty flip design, Optical Trackpad, 5 MP camera, speakerphone, Bluetooth, GPS, microSDHC (to 32 GB), 3.5 mm stereo audio jack, wifiSprint, TELUS Mobility (Canada)
"Torch"9800BlackBerry Torch360X480 pixelsUMTS 2100/1900/850/800 and GSM/GPRS/EDGE 850/900/1800/1900 3g/wi-f1Optical Trackpad, Capacitive Touchscreen interface, 5 MP camera, speakerphone, Bluetooth 2.1, Wi-Fi 802.11 b/g/n, GPS, external microSDHC, 3.5 mm stereo audio jackAT&T, Bell Mobility (Canada), TELUS Mobility (Canada), Rogers Wireless (Canada)
"Torch"9810BlackBerry Torch 9810480X640 pixelsUMTS 2100/1900/850/800 and GSM/GPRS/EDGE 850/900/1800/1900 HSPA+Optical Trackpad, Capacitive Touchscreen interface, 5 MP camera, speakerphone, Bluetooth 2.1, Wi-Fi 802.11 b/g/n, GPS, external microSDHC, 3.5 mm stereo audio jackAT&T, Bell Mobility (Canada), TELUS Mobility (Canada), Rogers Wireless (Canada)
"Torch"9850BlackBerry Torch 9850480X800 pixelsCDMA EV-DO 800/1900, GSM/GPRS/EDGE 850/900/1800/1900, UMTS HSPA 2100Optical Trackpad, Capacitive Touchscreen interface, 5 MP camera, speakerphone, Bluetooth 2.1, Wi-Fi 802.11 b/g/n, GPS, external microSDHC, 3.5 mm stereo audio jackVerizon, Sprint, U.S. Cellular
"Torch"9860BlackBerry Torch 9860480X800 pixelsUMTS 2100/1900/850/800 and GSM/GPRS/EDGE 850/900/1800/1900Optical Trackpad, Capacitive Touchscreen interface, 5 MP camera, speakerphone, Bluetooth 2.1, Wi-Fi 802.11 b/g/n, GPS, external microSDHC, 3.5 mm stereo audio jackAT&T, Bell Mobility (Canada), TELUS Mobility (Canada), Rogers Wireless (Canada)
"Bold Touch"9900 640x480 pixelsUMTS 2100/1900/850/800 MHz or 2100/1700/900 MHz and GSM/GPRS/EDGE 850/900/1800/1900Optical Trackpad, Capacitive Touchscreen interface, 5 MP camera, speakerphone, Bluetooth 2.1, Wi-Fi 802.11 a/b/g/n, GPS, external microSDHC, 3.5 mm stereo audio jack, 1.2 GHz processor, Thinnest BlackBerry, NFC Mobile Payment SystemT-Mobile, AT&T, Rogers, Bell, Telus
"Bold Touch"9930 640x480 pixelsCDMA EV-DO 800/1900, GSM/GPRS/EDGE 850/900/1800/1900, UMTS HSPA 2100/900Optical Trackpad, Capacitive Touchscreen interface, 5 MP camera, speakerphone, Bluetooth 2.1, Wi-Fi 802.11 a/b/g/n, GPS, external microSDHC, 3.5 mm stereo audio jack, 1.2 GHz processor, Thinnest BlackBerry, NFC Mobile Payment SystemVerizon, Sprint
"BlackBerry Porsche Design"9981   Limited edition 

BlackBerry 10

FamilyModelPhotoScreenProcesserBattery LifeNetworkCarriers
BlackBerry 10Z10File:BlackBerry Z10.JPG4.2" 1280X768 pixelsDual-Core 1.5 GHz10 hours (talk)4G LTEAT&T, Verizon, T-Mobile, Bell Mobility (Canada), TELUS Mobility (Canada), Rogers Wireless (Canada)

Other references

References

  1. ^ a b "RIM and RAM Mobile Data Announce Inter@ctive Pager". Research In Motion. September 18, 1996. Archived from the original on 2001-01-18. Retrieved 2009-08-23. "At the PCS '96 conference today, RAM Mobile Data [renamed to BellSouth Wireless Data, March 18, 1998] and Research In Motion announced the Interactive Pager for the RAMfirst interactive paging service. The Inter@ctive Pager uses new technologies evolving out of a close cooperation between Intel Corporation and RIM, also announced today." 
  2. ^ Steven V. Brull (November 24, 1997). "Pagers Aren't Just For Paging Anymore". Business Week. Retrieved 2009-08-23. "Yankee Group Research Inc. estimates that two-way wireless messaging, now used by fewer than 400,000 people, will explode to 50.9 million by 2002. If so, there will be little excuse for missing E-mail messages, no matter where you are." 
  3. ^ a b "Reload this Page RIM 962 - Does it work in the US?". Forum. PDAStreet.com. 2002-11-07. Retrieved 2009-08-23. "The 962 is a 2MB version of the 950. 950's have 4MB." 
  4. ^ http://www.blackberry.com/news/press/ 2002/pr-04_03_2002-01.shtml
  5. ^ Time All Time 100 Gadgets
  6. ^ http://katalogmobilu.cz/img/blackberr y-7100g-1.jpg
  7. ^ "Blackberry Pearl 3G Specs". Retrieved 2010-04-28. 
  8. ^ [1]
  9. ^ "BlackBerry Curve 8520: Specifications". Research In Motion. Retrieved 2009-08-23. 
  10. ^ "Blackberry Bold Launching in Japan". NTT DoCoMo. Retrieved 2009-02-26. 
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