Programming languages can be grouped by the number and types of paradigms supported.
Paradigm summaries
A concise reference for the programming paradigms listed in this article.
- Concurrent programming – have language constructs for concurrency, these may involve multi-threading, support for distributed computing, message passing, shared resources (including shared memory), or futures
- Actor programming – concurrent computation with actors that make local decisions in response to the environment (capable of selfish or competitive behavior)
- Constraint programming – relations between variables are expressed as constraints (or constraint networks), directing allowable solutions (uses constraint satisfaction or simplex algorithm)
- Dataflow programming – forced recalculation of formulas when data values change (e.g. spreadsheets)
- Declarative programming – describes actions (e.g. HTML describes a page but not how to actually display it)
- Distributed programming – have support for multiple autonomous computers that communicate via computer networks
- Functional programming – uses evaluation of mathematical functions and avoids state and mutable data
- Generic programming – uses algorithms written in terms of to-be-specified-later types that are then instantiated as needed for specific types provided as parameters
- Imperative programming – explicit statements that change a program state
- Logic programming – uses explicit mathematical logic for programming
- Metaprogramming – writing programs that write or manipulate other programs (or themselves) as their data, or that do part of the work at compile time that would otherwise be done at runtime
- Template metaprogramming – metaprogramming methods in which templates are used by a compiler to generate temporary source code, which is merged by the compiler with the rest of the source code and then compiled
- Reflective programming – metaprogramming methods in which a program modifies or extends itself
- Object-oriented programming – uses data structures consisting of data fields and methods together with their interactions (objects) to design programs
- Class-based – object-oriented programming in which inheritance is achieved by defining classes of objects, versus the objects themselves
- Prototype-based – object-oriented programming that avoids classes and implements inheritance via cloning of instances
- Pipeline programming – a simple syntax change to add syntax to nest function calls to language originally designed with none
- Rule-based programming – a network of rules of thumb that comprise a knowledge base and can be used for expert systems and problem deduction & resolution
- Visual programming – manipulating program elements graphically rather than by specifying them textually (e.g. Simulink); also termed diagrammatic programming[1]
Language overview
See also
References
- ^ Driskill, C.G. (20-22 September 1994). "Diagrammatic-graphical programming languages and DoD-STD-2167A". IEEEXplore. IEEE. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeab s_all.jsp?arnumber=381508.
- ^ PHP Manual, Chapter 17. Functions
- ^ PHP Manual, Chapter 19. Classes and Objects (PHP 5)
- ^ PHP Manual, Anonymous functions
- ^ The Little JavaScripter demonstrates fundamental commonality with Scheme, a functional language.
- ^ Object Oriented Programming in JavaScript gives an overview of object-oriented programming techniques in JavaScript.
- ^ Thread support
- ^ Atomics support
- ^ Memory model
- ^ Gecode
- ^ SystemC
- ^ Boost.Iostreams
- ^ Boolinq
- ^ AraRat
- ^ OpenMPI
- ^ Boost.MPI
- ^ Boost.MPL
- ^ LC++
- ^ Castor
- ^ Reflect Library
- ^ Boost.Spirit
- ^ Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3, Section 9: Tasks and Synchronization
- ^ Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3 Annex E: Distributed Systems
- ^ Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3, Section 12: Generic Units
- ^ Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3, Section 6: Subprograms
- ^ Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3, 3.9 Tagged Types and Type Extensions
- ^ D Language Feature Table
- ^ Phobos std.algorithm
- ^ An Overview of the Scala Programming Language
- ^ Scala Language Specification
- Multiparadigm Design for C++, by Jim Coplien, 1998.