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Abandonware

Abandonware is a product, typically a software, ignored by its owner and manufacturer, and for which no product support is available. It is differentiated from a discontinued product because the manufacturer has not issued an official notice of discontinuance, instead, the manufacturer is simply ignoring the product. Copyright ownership may be unclear because while the manufacturer is ignoring the product it may not be tracking or enforcing copyright violations.

Abandonware is a variant of the general concept Orphan works.

Contents

Definition

Definitions of "abandoned" vary, but in general it is like any item that is abandoned - it is ignored by the owner, and as such copyright enforcement and product support is also "abandoned". It can refer to a product that is no longer available for legal purchase, over the age where the product creator feels an obligation to continue to support it, or where operating systems or hardware platforms have evolved to such a degree that the creator feels continued support cannot be financially justified. In such cases, copyright and support issues are ignored. Software might also be considered abandoned when it can be used only with obsolete technologies, such as pre-Macintosh Apple computers.

Abandonware may be computer software or physical devices which are usually computerised in some fashion, such as personal computer games, productivity applications, utility software, or mobile phones.

Types

The term "abandonware" is broad, and encompasses many types of old software.

  • Commercial software unsupported but still owned by a viable company: The availability of the software depends on the company's attitude toward the software. In many cases, the company which owns the software rights may not be that which originated it, or may not recognize their ownership. Some companies, such as Borland, make some software available online,[1] in a form of freeware. Others do not make old versions available for free use and do not permit people to copy the software.
  • Commercial software owned by a company no longer in business: Often, no entity defends the copyright if such software is put onto abandonware websites. An example of this is Digital Research's original PL/I compiler for DOS. The rights to the software cannot be bought by another company, therefore there is no possibility for a lawsuit.
  • Shareware whose author still makes it available: Finding historical versions, however, can be difficult since most shareware archives remove past versions with the release of new versions. Authors may or may not make older releases available. Some websites collect and offer for download old versions of shareware, freeware, and (in some cases) commercial applications. In some cases these sites had to remove past versions of software, particularly if the company producing that software still maintains it, or if later software releases introduce Digital Rights Management, whereby old versions could be viewed as DRM circumvention.[citation needed]
  • Unsupported or unmaintained shareware: Again, finding historical versions may be possible, but very difficult.
  • Open source and freeware programs that have been abandoned: In some cases, source code remains available, which can prove a historical artifact. An interesting case is PC-LISP, still found online, which implements the Franz Lisp dialect. The DOS based PC-LISP still runs well within emulators and on Microsoft Windows.

Implications

If a software product reaches End-of-life and become abandonware, users are confronted with several potential problems: missing purchase availability (beside used software) and missing technical support, e.g. compatiblity fixes for newer hardware and operating systems. These problems are exacerbated if software is bound ("dongle") to physical media with a limited life-expectancy (floppy discs, optical media etc.) and backups are impossible because of copy protection or copyright law. If the software product is without alternative, the missing replacement availability becomes a challenge for continued software usage.

Also, once a software product has become Abandonware for a developer, even historically important software might get lost forever very easily, as several examples have shown.[2][3] One of many examples is the closure of Atari in Sunnyvale in 1996, when the original source code of several milestones of video game history (like Asteroids or Centipede) was thrown out as trash.[4][5]

Response to Abandonware

Abandonware Websites

As response to the missing availability of abandonware, people have distributed old software since shortly after the beginning of personal computing, but the activity remained low-key until the advent of the Internet. While trading old games has taken many names and forms, the term "abandonware" was coined by Peter Ringering in late 1996.[citation needed] Ringering found classic game websites similar to his own, contacted their webmasters, and formed the original Abandonware Ring in February 1997.[6] This original webring was little more than a collection of sites linking to adventureclassicgaming.com. Another was a site indexing them all to provide a rudimentary search facility. In October 1997, the Interactive Digital Software Association sent cease and desist letters to all sites comprising the Abandonware Ring, which led to most shutting down. An unintended consequence (called the Streisand effect in internet parlance) was that it spurred others to create new abandonware sites and organizations that came to outnumber the original Ring members. Sites formed after the demise of the original Abandonware Ring include Abandonia and Home of the Underdogs.

Archives

Several websites archive abandonware for download, including old versions of applications which are difficult to find by any other means. Much of this software fits the definition of "software that is no longer current, but is still of interest", but the line separating the use and distribution of abandonware from copyright infringement is blurry, and the term abandonware could be used to distribute software without proper notification of the owner.

The Internet Archive has created an archive of what it describes as "vintage software", as a way to preserve them.[7] The project advocated for an exemption from the United States Digital Millennium Copyright Act to permit them to bypass copy protection, which was approved in 2003 for a period of 3 years.[8] The exemption was renewed in 2006, and as of 27 October 2009 (2009-10-27)[update], has been indefinitely extended pending further rulemakings.[9] The Archive does not offer this software for download, as the exemption is solely "for the purpose of preservation or archival reproduction of published digital works by a library or archive."[10]

Also the Library of Congress began with the long-time preservation of video games with the Game canon list around 2006. In September 2012 the collection had nearly 3,000 games from many platforms and also around 1,500 strategy guides.[11]

Continued support by the User-Community

As response to the missing software support, sometimes the user-community of a software themselves begins to provide support (bugfixes, compatibility adaptions etc) even without available source code, internal software documentation and original developer tools.[12] Methods are Debugging, Reverse Engineering of file and data formats and hacking on the binary executables. Often the results are distributed as unofficial patches. Notable examples are Fallout 2,[13] Vampire: The Masquerade – Bloodlines[14] or even Windows 98.[15]

Re-release in the Digital Distribution

With the new possiblity of the digital distribution in mid-2000 the commercial distribution for many old titles became feasible again as deployment and storage costs significant drop.[16] A Digital Distributor specialized in bringing old games out of abandonware is GOG.com (formerly called Good Old Games) who started 2008 to search for copyright holders of classic games to release them legally and DRM-free again.[17]

Case for preservation

Proponents of abandonware preservation argue that it is more ethical to make copies of such software than new software that still sells. Those ignorant of copyright law have incorrectly taken this to mean that abandonware is legal to distribute, although no software written since 1964 is old enough for copyright to have expired in the US.[18] Even in cases where the original company no longer exists, the rights usually belong to someone else, though no one may be able to trace actual ownership, including the owners themselves.

Abandonware advocates also frequently cite historical preservation as a reason for trading abandoned software.[6] Older computer media are fragile and prone to rapid deterioration, necessitating transfer of these materials to more modern, stable media and generation of many copies to ensure the software will not simply disappear. Users of still-functional older computer systems argue for the need of abandonware because re-release of software by copyright holders will most likely target modern systems or incompatible media instead, preventing legal purchase of compatible software.

Those who oppose these practices argue that distribution denies the copyright holder potential sales, in the form of re-released titles, official emulation, and so on. Likewise, they argue that if people can acquire an old version of a program for free, they may be less likely to purchase a newer version if the old version meets their needs.

Some game developers showed sympathy for abandonware websites as they preserve their classical game titles.

[...] personally, I think that sites that support these old games are a good thing for both consumers and copyright owners. If the options are (a) having a game be lost forever and (b) having it available on one of these sites, I'd want it to be available. That being said, I believe a game is 'abandoned' only long after it is out of print. And just because a book is out of print does not give me rights to print some for my friends."
—Richard Garriott, Saltzman, Marc (2002). "Flashbacks For Free: The Skinny On Abandonware". gamespot.com. pp. 4. Archived from the original on 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/2005122515 1237/http://www.gamespot.com/gamespot /features/pc/abandonware/p2_04.html. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
"Is it piracy? Yeah, sure. But so what? Most of the game makers aren't living off the revenue from those old games anymore. Most of the creative teams behind all those games have long since left the companies that published them, so there's no way the people who deserve to are still making royalties off them. So go ahead--steal this game! Spread the love!"
—Tim Schafer, Saltzman, Marc (2002). "Flashbacks For Free: The Skinny On Abandonware". gamespot.com. pp. 4. Archived from the original on 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/2005122515 1237/http://www.gamespot.com/gamespot /features/pc/abandonware/p2_04.html. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
"If I owned the copyright on Total Annihilation, I would probably allow it to be shared for free by now (four years after it was originally released)"
—Chris Taylor, Saltzman, Marc (2002). "Flashbacks For Free: The Skinny On Abandonware". gamespot.com. pp. 5. Archived from the original on 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/2005122515 1237/http://www.gamespot.com/gamespot /features/pc/abandonware/p2_05.html. Retrieved 2012-12-29.

Law

In most cases, software classed as abandonware is not in the public domain, as it has never had its original copyright officially revoked and some company or individual may still own rights. While sharing of such software is usually considered copyright infringement, in practice copyright holders rarely enforce their abandonware copyrights and may allow the product to de facto lapse into the public domain to such an extent that enforcement becomes impractical.

Rarely has any abandonware case gone to court. But it is still unlawful to distribute copies of old copyrighted software and games, with or without compensation, in any Berne Convention signatory country.[19]

Enforcement of copyright

Old copyrights are usually left undefended. This can be due to intentional non-enforcement by owners due to software age or obsolescence, but sometimes results from a corporate copyright holder going out of business without explicitly transferring ownership, leaving no one aware of the right to defend the copyright.

Even if the copyright is not defended, copying of such software is still unlawful in most jurisdictions when a copyright is still in effect. Abandonware changes hands on the assumption that the resources required to enforce copyrights outweigh benefits a copyright holder might realize from selling software licenses. Additionally, abandonware proponents argue that distributing software for which there is no one to defend the copyright is morally acceptable, even where unsupported by current law. Companies that have gone out of business without transferring their copyrights are an example of this; many hardware and software companies that developed older systems are long since out of business and precise documentation of the copyrights may not be readily available.

Often the availability of abandonware on the Internet is related to the willingness of copyright holders to defend their copyrights. For example, unencumbered games for Colecovision are markedly easier to find on the Internet than unencumbered games for Mattel Intellivision in large part because there is still a company that sells Intellivision games while no such company exists for the Colecovision.

DMCA

The DMCA can be a problem for the preservation of old software as it prohibits required techniques. In October 2003, the congress passed 4 clauses to the DMCA which allow for reverse engineering software in case of preservation.

"3. Computer programs and video games distributed in formats that have become obsolete and which require the original media or hardware as a condition of access. ...The register has concluded that to the extent that libraries and archives wish to make preservation copies of published software and videogames that were distributed in formats that are (either because the physical medium on which they were distributed is no longer in use or because the use of an obsolete operating system is required), such activity is a noninfringing use covered by section 108(c) of the Copyright Act."
—Exemption to Prohibition on Circumvention of Copyright Protection Systems for Access Control Technologies (PDF)

In November 2006 the Library of Congress approved an exemption to the DMCA that permits the cracking of copy protection on software no longer being sold or supported by its copyright holder so that they can be archived and preserved without fear of retribution.

US copyright law

Copyright law does not recognize the term or concept of "abandonware". There is a long held concept of abandonment in trademark law as a direct result of the infinite term of trademark protection. Currently, a copyright can be released into the public domain if the owner clearly does so in writing; however this formal process is not considered abandoning, but rather releasing. Those who do not own a copyright cannot merely claim the copyright abandoned and start using protected works without permission of the copyright holder, who could then seek legal remedy.

Hosting and distributing copyrighted software without permission is illegal. Copyright holders, sometimes through the Entertainment Software Association, send cease and desist letters, and some sites have shut down or removed infringing software as a result. However, most of the Association's efforts are devoted to new games, due to those titles possessing the greatest value.[20]

Copyright expiration

Main article: Daftar/Tabel -- countries' copyright length

Once the copyright on a piece of software has expired, it automatically falls into public domain. Such software can be legally distributed without restrictions. However, due to the length of copyright terms in most countries, this has yet to happen for most software. All countries that observe the Berne Convention enforce copyright ownership for at least 50 years after publication or the author's death. However, individual countries may choose to enforce copyrights for longer periods. In the United States, copyright durations are determined based on authorship. For most published works, the duration is 70 years after the author's death. However, for anonymous works, works published under a pseudonym or works made for hire, the duration is 120 years after publication. In France, copyright durations are 70 years after the relevant date (date of author's death or publication) for either class.

However, because of the length of copyright enforcement in most countries, it is likely that by the time a piece of software defaults to public domain, it will have long become obsolete, irrelevant, or incompatible with any existing hardware. Additionally, due to the relatively short commercial, as well as physical, lifespans of most digital media, it is entirely possible that by the time the copyright expires for a piece of software, it will no longer exist in any form. However, since the largest risk in dealing with abandonware is that of distribution, this may be mitigated somewhat by private users (or organizations such as the Internet Archive) making private copies of such software, which would then be legally redistributable at the time of copyright expiry.

Alternatives to software abandoning

There are alternatives for companies with a software product which faces the end-of-life instead of abandoning the software in a unsupported state.

Availability as freeware

Main article: Daftar/Tabel -- commercial video games released as freeware

Sometimes user-communities convince companies to voluntarily relinquish copyright on software, putting it into the public domain, or re-license it as free software or as freeware. Transfer of public domain or freely licensed software is perfectly legal, distinguishing it from abandonware which still has full copyright restrictions.

Amstrad is an example which supports emulation and free distribution of CPC and ZX Spectrum hardware ROMs and software.[21] Borland is another example for a company who released "antique software" as freeware.[22]

There are groups that lobby companies to release their software as freeware. These efforts have met with mixed results. One example is the library of educational titles released by MECC. MECC was sold to Brøderbund, which was sold to The Learning Company. When TLC was contacted about releasing classic MECC titles as freeware, the documentation proving that TLC held the rights to these titles could not be located, and therefore the rights for these titles are "in limbo" and may never be legally released.[23]

Support by source code release

Main article: Daftar/Tabel -- commercial video games with later released source code

The problem of missing technical support for a software can be most effectively solved when the source code becomes available. Therefore several companies decided to release the source code specifically to allow the user communities to provide further technical software support (bugfixes, compatiblity adaptions etc.) themselves,[24][25] e.g. by community patches or Source ports to new computing platforms.

Id Software and 3D Realms are early proponents in this practice, releasing the source code for the game engines of some older titles under a free software license (but not the actual game content, such as levels or textures).

The chilling effect of drawing a possible lawsuit can discourage release of source code. Efforts to persuade IBM to release OS/2 as open source software were ignored[26] since some of the code was co-developed by Microsoft.

Nevertheless, several notable examples of successfully opened commercial software exists, e.g. the office suite StarOffice which was released by Sun Microsystems in October 2000[27] and is in continued development as OpenOffice. Another important example is the Browser Netscape Communicator which was released on March 31, 1998 by Netscape Communications, and is now developed under the umbrella of the Mozilla Foundation and is the base of several Browsers like e.g. Mozilla Firefox.[28]

Also, there are many examples in the computer game domain: Revolution Software released their game Beneath a Steel Sky as freeware and gave the engine's source code to the authors of ScummVM to add support for the game. Another examples are Myth II,[29] Call to Power II[30] and even Microsoft's Allegiance[25] which were released to allow the community to continue the support.

See also

References

  1. ^ "CDN » Museum". Archived from the original on 20 October 2007. http://bdn.borland.com/museum. Retrieved October 21, 2007.
  2. ^ Andersen, John (2011-01-27). "Where Games Go To Sleep: The Game Preservation Crisis, Part 1". Gamasutra. http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature /6271/where_games_go_to_sleep_the_gam e_.php?print=1. Retrieved 2013-01-10. "The existence of decaying technology, disorganization, and poor storage could in theory put a video game to sleep permanently -- never to be played again. Troubling admissions have surfaced over the years concerning video game preservation. When questions concerning re-releases of certain game titles are brought up during interviews with developers, for example, these developers would reveal issues of game production material being lost or destroyed. Certain game titles could not see a re-release due to various issues. One story began to circulate of source code being lost altogether for a well-known RPG, preventing its re-release on a new console."
  3. ^ "Bubble Bobble". Arcade History. 2012-09-11. http://www.arcade-history.com/?n=bubb le-bobble&page=detail&id=343. Retrieved 2013-01-10. "In 1996, Taito announced that they lost the original source code program to Bubble Bobble following a reorganization - when it came to the recent ports and sequels, they had to work from program disassembly, playing the game and (mainly) the various home computer ports."
  4. ^ Parrish, Kevin (2009-07-07). "Atari 7800 Source Code Rescued - Atari released the source code for the 7800 console and games". tomsguide.com. http://www.tomsguide.com/us/Atari-780 0-Source-Code,news-4187.html. Retrieved 2012-01-09.
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  8. ^ "Internet Archive Gets DMCA Exemption To Help Archive Vintage Software". Archived from the original on 20 October 2007. http://www.archive.org/about/dmca.php. Retrieved October 21, 2007.
  9. ^ Library of Congress Copyright Office (28 October 2009). "Exemption to Prohibition on Circumvention of Copyright Protection Systems for Access Control Technologies" (PDF). Federal Register 27 (206): 55137–55139. Archived from the original on 2 December 2009. http://www.copyright.gov/fedreg/2009/ 74fr55138.pdf. Retrieved December 17, 2009.
  10. ^ Library of Congress Copyright Office (November 27, 2006). "Exemption to Prohibition on Circumvention of Copyright Protection Systems for Access Control Technologies". Federal Register 71 (227): 68472–68480. Archived from the original on 1 November 2007. http://www.copyright.gov/fedreg/2006/ 71fr68472.html. Retrieved October 21, 2007. "Computer programs and video games distributed in formats that have become obsolete and that require the original media or hardware as a condition of access, when circumvention is accomplished for the purpose of preservation or archival reproduction of published digital works by a library or archive. A format shall be considered obsolete if the machine or system necessary to render perceptible a work stored in that format is no longer manufactured or is no longer reasonably available in the commercial marketplace."
  11. ^ Owens, Trevor (2012-09-26). "Yes, The Library of Congress Has Video Games: An Interview with David Gibson". blogs.loc.gov. http://blogs.loc.gov/digitalpreservat ion/2012/09/yes-the-library-of-congre ss-has-video-games-an-interview-with- david-gibson/. Retrieved 2013-01-18.
  12. ^ Voyager (2007-04-08). "Ultima The Reconstruction - Fanpatches". reconstruction.voyd.net. http://reconstruction.voyd.net/index. php?event=project&typeKeyword=fan patch. Retrieved 2011-05-28. "Fan patches are those packages released by an Ultima fan to either repair bugs in a game that were never fixed by Origin, solve platform compatibility issues, or enhance the gaming experience."
  13. ^ Sines, Shawn (2008-01-08). "Fallout 2 Restoration Project". gamefront.com. http://www.gamefront.com/fallout-2-re storation-project. Retrieved 2011-04-03.
  14. ^ Meer, Alec (2011-07-15). "Undying: Vampire Bloodlines Patched Anew". Rock, Paper, Shotgun. http://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2011/ 07/15/undying-vampire-bloodlines-patc hed-anew/. Retrieved 2011-08-02. "Bloodlines […] was essentially abandoned by its publisher after its developer closed a few months after release, but the fans have just kept on going, fixing things, improving things, digging up locked away extra content […]"
  15. ^ Dirscherl, Hans-Christian (2005-11-29). "Nicht tot zu kriegen: Win 98 Service Pack 2.1" (in german). PCWelt.de. http://www.pcwelt.de/news/Nicht-tot-z u-kriegen-Win-98-Service-Pack-2-1-402 036.html. Retrieved 2013-01-10. "Einige Informationen zu diesem kuriosen Update-Pack: Da Microsoft nie ein Servicepack für Windows 98 SE (Zweite Ausgabe) herausgebracht hat, hat ein Programmierer aus der Türkei kurzerhand sein eigenes Servicepack für Windows 98 SE-Anwender erstellt. Es beinhaltet alle Windows 98 SE Updates von der Windows Update-Seite und weitere Updates sowie Verbesserungen."
  16. ^ Walker, John (2007-11-21). "RPS Exclusive: Gabe Newell Interview". Rock, Paper, Shotgun. http://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2007/ 11/21/rps-exclusive-gabe-newell-inter view/. Retrieved 2013-01-10. "Gabe: The worst days [for game development] were the cartridge days for the NES. It was a huge risk – you had all this money tied up in silicon in a warehouse somewhere, and so you’d be conservative in the decisions you felt you could make, very conservative in the IPs you signed, your art direction would not change, and so on. Now it’s the opposite extreme: we can put something up on Steam, deliver it to people all around the world, make changes. We can take more interesting risks.[...] On Steam there’s no shelf-space restriction. It’s great because they’re a bunch of old, orphaned games."
  17. ^ Caron, Frank (2008-09-09). "First look: GOG revives classic PC games for download age". Ars Technica. http://arstechnica.com/gaming/news/20 08/09/first-look-gog-revives-classic- pc-games-for-download-age.ars. Retrieved 2012-12-27. "[...] [Good Old Games] focuses on bringing old, time-tested games into the downloadable era with low prices and no DRM."
  18. ^ Hollaar, Lee (2002). "Copyright of Computer Programs". Archived from the original on 11 July 2008. http://digital-law-online.info/lpdi1. 0/treatise17.html. Retrieved August 7, 2008.
  19. ^ Miller, Ross. "US Copyright Office grants abandonware rights". Archived from the original on 28 January 2008. http://www.joystiq.com/2006/11/23/us- copyright-office-grants-abandonware-r ights/. Retrieved January 2, 2008.
  20. ^ King, Brad (January 19, 2002). "Abandonware: Dead Games Live On". Wired. Archived from the original on 2012-09-21. http://www.wired.com/gaming/gamingrev iews/news/2002/01/49723?currentPage=1. Retrieved April 2, 2007.
  21. ^ Lawson, Cliff (1999-08-31). "Amstrad ROM permissions". comp.sys.amstrad.8bit. https://groups.google.com/forum/?from groups=#!msg/comp.sys.amstrad.8bit/Ht pBU2Bzv_U/HhNDSU3MksAJ. Retrieved 2013-01-19. "1) What exactly do you have to do to use Sinclair ROMs in an emulator, such as acknowledgements etc?" Amstrad are happy for emulator writers to include images of our copyrighted code as long as the (c)opyright messages are not altered and we appreciate it if the program/manual includes a note to the effect that "Amstrad have kindly given their permission for the redistribution of their copyrighted material but retain that copyright"."
  22. ^ "CDN » Museum". Archived from the original on 2007-10-20. http://bdn.borland.com/museum. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  23. ^ Savetz, Kevin (September 17, 2001). "Can "Abandonware" Revive Forgotten Programs?". byte.com. Archived from the original on 2012-09-21. http://www.savetz.com/articles/byte-a bandonware.php?sort=date. Retrieved March 8, 2007.
  24. ^ Largent, Andy (2003-10-08). "Homeworld Source Code Released". www.insidemacgames.com. http://www.insidemacgames.com/news/st ory.php?ArticleID=8516. Retrieved 2012-11-24. "With the release of Homeworld 2 for the PC, Relic Entertainment has decided to give back to their impressive fan community by releasing the source code to the original Homeworld."
  25. ^ a b Colayco, Bob (2004-02-06). "Microsoft pledges Allegiance to its fanbase". gamespot.com. http://www.gamespot.com/pc/sim/allegi ance/news.html?sid=6087574&om_act =convert&om_clk=newsfeatures& tag=newsfeatures;title;1. Retrieved 2011-07-22. "The release of the source code came in response to the enthusiasm of Allegiance's small-but-dedicated fanbase. Microsoft's Joel Dehlin commented that the development team has, "been amazed at the level to which some of the Allegiance fans have remained hard-core. We’re astounded at the progress that has been made at creating new factions, hosting new servers, replacing authentication, etc. It seems that Allegiance hasn’t really died. With that in mind, we’re releasing the Allegiance source code to the community.""
  26. ^ Reed, Michael (February 7, 2008). "I'm Glad That IBM Declined to Release the OS/2 Source". OSNews LLC. Archived from the original on 2012-09-09. http://www.osnews.com/story/19298/_I_ m_Glad_That_IBM_Declined_to_Release_t he_OS_2_Source_. Retrieved May 30, 2012.
  27. ^ Proffitt, Brian (2000-10-13). "StarOffice Code Released in Largest Open Source Project". linuxtoday.com. http://www.linuxtoday.com/developer/2 000101300221NWDTSW. Retrieved 2013-01-10. "Sun's joint effort with CollabNet kicked into high gear on the OpenOffice Web site at 5 a.m. PST this morning with the release of much of the source code for the upcoming 6.0 version of StarOffice. According to Sun, this release of 9 million lines of code under GPL is the beginning of the largest open source software project ever."
  28. ^ "MOUNTAIN VIEW, Calif., April 1 /PRNewswire/ -- Netscape Communications and open source developers are celebrating the first anniversary, March 31, 1999, of the release of Netscape's browser source code to mozilla.org". Netscape Communications. 1999-03-31. http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releas es/netscape-celebrates-first-annivers ary-of-open-source-software-release-t o-mozillaorg-73806207.html. Retrieved 2013-01-10. "[...]The organization that manages open source developers working on the next generation of Netscape's browser and communication software. This event marked a historical milestone for the Internet as Netscape became the first major commercial software company to open its source code, a trend that has since been followed by several other corporations. Since the code was first published on the Internet, thousands of individuals and organizations have downloaded it and made hundreds of contributions to the software. Mozilla.org is now celebrating this one year anniversary with a party Thursday night in San Francisco."
  29. ^ Wen, Howard (2004-06-10). "Keeping the Myths Alive". linuxdevcenter.com. http://linuxdevcenter.com/pub/a/linux /2004/06/10/mythdevelopers.html. Retrieved 2012-12-22. "[...]fans of the Myth trilogy have taken this idea a step further: they have official access to the source code for the Myth games. Organized under the name MythDevelopers, this all-volunteer group of programmers, artists, and other talented people devote their time to improving and supporting further development of the Myth game series."
  30. ^ Bell, John (2009-10-01). "Opening the Source of Art". Technology Innovation Management Review. http://timreview.ca/article/294. Retrieved 2012-12-30. "[...]that no further patches to the title would be forthcoming. The community was predictably upset. Instead of giving up on the game, users decided that if Activision wasn't going to fix the bugs, they would. They wanted to save the game by getting Activision to open the source so it could be kept alive beyond the point where Activision lost interest. With some help from members of the development team that were active on fan forums, they were eventually able to convince Activision to release Call to Power II's source code in October of 2003."

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