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Industrial Light & Magic

Industrial Light & Magic
TypeDivision
IndustryVisual effects, computer-generated imagery
FoundedMay 1975
HeadquartersLetterman Digital Arts Center,
Presidio of San Francisco, California, United States
Key peopleGeorge Lucas
Dennis Muren
John Knoll
Lynwen Brennan
Owner(s)The Walt Disney Company
ParentThe Walt Disney Company
WebsiteILM.com
Industrial Light & Magic original logo, designed by Drew Struzan

Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) is an American Academy Award-winning motion picture visual effects company that was founded in May 1975 by George Lucas. It is a division of the film production company, Lucasfilm, which Lucas founded, and was created when Lucas began production of the film Star Wars. ILM originated in Van Nuys, California, then later moved to San Rafael in 1978, and since 2005 it has been based at the Letterman Digital Arts Center in the Presidio of San Francisco. Lynwen Brennan, who joined the company in 1999, currently serves as ILM's President and General Manager.[1] In 2012, The Walt Disney Company acquired ILM as part of its purchase of Lucasfilm.[2]

Contents

History

Lucas wanted his 1977 film Star Wars to include visual effects that had never been seen on film before. After discovering that the in-house effects department at 20th Century Fox was no longer operational, Lucas approached Douglas Trumbull, famous for the effects on 2001: A Space Odyssey. Trumbull declined as he was already committed to working on Steven Spielberg's film Close Encounters of the Third Kind, but suggested his assistant John Dykstra to Lucas. Dykstra brought together a small team of college students, artists and engineers who became the Special Visual Effects department on Star Wars. Alongside Dykstra, other leading members of the original ILM team were Ken Ralston, Richard Edlund, Dennis Muren, Joe Johnston, Phil Tippett, Steve Gawley, Lorne Peterson and Paul Huston.

In late 1978, when in pre-production for The Empire Strikes Back, Lucas reformed most of the team into Industrial Light & Magic in Marin County, California. From here on, the company expanded and has since gone on to produce special effects for nearly three hundred films, including the entire Star Wars saga, the Indiana Jones series, the Harry Potter series, the Jurassic Park series, the Back to the Future trilogy, many of the Star Trek films, Ghostbusters II, Who Framed Roger Rabbit, the Pirates of the Caribbean series, the Terminator sequels, the Transformers films, the Men in Black series, Wild Wild West, most of the Mission: Impossible films, E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, *batteries not included, The Abyss, Flubber, and also provided work for Avatar, alongside Weta Digital.

In addition to their work for George Lucas, ILM also collaborates with Steven Spielberg on most films that he directs, and for many that he produces as well. Dennis Muren has acted as Visual Effects Supervisor on many of these films.

Apart from flashy special effects, the company also works on more subtle effects - such as widening streets, digitally adding more extras to a shot, and inserting the film's actors into preexisting footage - in films including Schindler's List, Forrest Gump, Snow Falling on Cedars, Magnolia, and several Woody Allen films.

ILM began creating computer-generated imagery when they hired Edwin Catmull from NYIT in 1979. John Lasseter worked for ILM in the early 1980s as a computer animator. The computer graphics (CG) division, now known as Pixar, was sold to Steve Jobs and created the first CG animated feature, Toy Story.

In 2000, ILM created the OpenEXR format for High Dynamic Range Imaging.[3]

ILM operated from an inconspicuous property in San Rafael, California until 2005. The company was known to locals as The Kerner Company. In 2005, when Lucas decided to move locations to The Presidio of San Francisco and focus on digital effects, a management-led team bought the five physical and practical effects divisions and formed a new company that included the George Lucas Theater, retained the "Kerner" name as Kerner Technologies, Inc. and provided physical effects for major motion pictures, often working with ILM, until its Chapter 7 bankruptcy in 2011.

In 2005, ILM extended its operations to Lucasfilm Singapore, which also includes the Singapore arm of Lucasfilm Animation. In 2011, it was announced the company was considering a project-based facility in Vancouver.[4]

In 2006, ILM invented IMoCap (Image Based Motion Capture Technology).

As of 2009[update], ILM has received 15 Best Visual Effects Oscars and 23 additional nominations. It has also received 24 Scientific and Technical Awards from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.

In 2012, Disney bought ILM's parent company, Lucasfilm, and acquired ILM in the process. Disney has stated that it has no immediate plans to change ILM's operations.[5]

ILM is currently the largest visual effects vendor in the motion picture industry, with regards to workforce, with more than 500 artists. It has one of the largest renderfarms currently available with more than 7500 nodes.

Milestones

  • 1975: Resurrected the use of VistaVision; first use of a motion control camera (Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope)
  • 1982: First completely computer-generated sequence (the "Genesis sequence" in Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan)
  • 1985: First completely computer-generated character, the "stained glass man" in Young Sherlock Holmes
  • 1988: First morphing sequence, in Willow
  • 1988: Integrating 2D animated characters with live-action footage in Who Framed Roger Rabbit
  • 1989: First computer-generated 3-D character, the pseudopod in The Abyss
  • 1991: First partially computer-generated main character, the T-1000 in Terminator 2: Judgment Day
  • 1992: First time the texture of human skin was computer generated, in Death Becomes Her
  • 1993: First time digital technology used to create a complete and detailed living creature, the dinosaurs in Jurassic Park, which earned ILM its thirteenth Oscar
  • 1995: First fully synthetic speaking computer-generated character, with a distinct personality and emotion, to take a leading role in Casper
  • 1995: First computer-generated photo-realistic hair and fur (used for the digital lion and monkeys) in Jumanji
  • 1996: First completely computer-generated main character, Draco in Dragonheart
  • 1999: First computer generated character to have a full human anatomy, Imhotep in The Mummy
  • 2000: Creates OpenEXR imaging format.[3]
  • 2006: Develops iMocap system, which uses computer vision techniques to track live-action performers on set. Used in the creation of Davy Jones and ship's crew in the film Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest
  • 2011: First animated feature produced by ILM, Rango

ILM selected filmography

YearNotable films
1977
  • Star Wars
1980
  • Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back
1981
  • Raiders of the Lost Ark
  • Dragonslayer (first non-Lucasfilm production)
1982
  • Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan
  • E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial
  • The Dark Crystal
  • Poltergeist
1983
  • Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi
  • Twice Upon a Time
1984
  • Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom
  • Star Trek III: The Search for Spock
  • The NeverEnding Story (uncredited)
  • Caravan of Courage: An Ewok Adventure (TV)
  • Starman
1985
  • The Goonies
  • Cocoon
  • Back to the Future
  • Explorers
  • Amazing Stories (TV) (1985–87)
  • Ewoks: The Battle for Endor (TV)
  • Young Sherlock Holmes
  • Enemy Mine
1986
  • The Money Pit
  • Labyrinth
  • Howard the Duck
  • Captain EO (Disney theme park film)
  • Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home (also co-produced the film)
  • The Golden Child (also co-produced the film)
1987
  • Harry and the Hendersons
  • Star Tours (Disney theme park film)
  • Innerspace
  • Star Trek: The Next Generation pilot episode "Encounter at Farpoint" (stock footage used throughout series)
  • *batteries not included
  • Spaceballs
  • The Witches of Eastwick
1988
  • Willow
  • Who Framed Roger Rabbit
  • Cocoon: The Return
  • The Last Temptation of Christ
  • The Accidental Tourist
1989
  • The 'burbs
  • Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade
  • Star Trek V: The Final Frontier
  • Ghostbusters II
  • The Abyss
  • Body Wars (Disney theme park film)
  • Always
  • Back to the Future Part II
  • Leviathan
1990
  • Joe Versus the Volcano
  • Dreams
  • Total Recall
  • Die Hard 2
  • Arachnophobia
  • Back to the Future Part III
  • Ghost
1991
  • Flight of the Intruder
  • Switch
  • Hudson Hawk
  • The Rocketeer
  • Terminator 2: Judgment Day
  • Backdraft
  • Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country
  • Hook
1992
  • The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (TV) (1992–93)
  • Death Becomes Her
  • Memoirs of an Invisible Man
1993
  • Alive
  • Last Action Hero
  • The Meteor Man
  • Jurassic Park
  • Fire in the Sky
1994
  • The Hudsucker Proxy
  • Maverick
  • Wolf
  • Baby's Day Out
  • Disclosure
  • In the Mouth of Madness
  • Star Trek: The Next Generation final episode "All Good Things..."
  • The Flintstones
  • Forrest Gump
  • The Mask
  • Radioland Murders
  • Star Trek Generations
1995
  • The Indian in the Cupboard
  • Congo
  • Casper
  • Jumanji
  • The Dig (Video game)
1996
  • Mission: Impossible
  • Eraser
  • Special Effects: Anything Can Happen
  • 101 Dalmatians
  • Daylight
  • Mars Attacks!
  • Twister
  • Dragonheart
  • Star Trek: First Contact
1997
  • The Lost World: Jurassic Park
  • Men in Black
  • Contact
  • Titanic
  • Starship Troopers
  • Flubber
  • Spawn
1998
  • Deep Rising
  • Jack Frost
  • Mighty Joe Young
  • Deep Impact
  • Saving Private Ryan
  • Small Soldiers
1999
  • October Sky
  • Wild Wild West
  • The Haunting
  • Deep Blue Sea
  • Sleepy Hollow
  • The Mummy
  • Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace
  • Galaxy Quest
2000
  • Mission to Mars
  • The Adventures of Rocky & Bullwinkle
  • The Perfect Storm
  • Space Cowboys
2001
2002
  • Signs
  • Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones
  • Minority Report
  • Men in Black II
  • Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
  • The Time Machine
2003
  • Dreamcatcher
  • The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen
  • Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World
  • Timeline
  • Peter Pan
  • Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl
  • Hulk
  • Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines
2004
  • Van Helsing
  • The Chronicles of Riddick
  • Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events
  • Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
  • The Day After Tomorrow
  • Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow
2005
  • Son of the Mask
  • Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith
  • War of the Worlds
  • The Island
  • Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire
  • The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe
2006
  • Mission: Impossible III
  • Poseidon
  • Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest
  • The Nightmare Before Christmas 3-D conversion
  • Eragon
2007
  • Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End
  • Evan Almighty
  • Transformers
  • Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix
  • National Treasure: Book of Secrets
2008
  • The Spiderwick Chronicles
  • Iron Man
  • Speed Racer
  • The Happening
  • Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull
  • Twilight
2009
  • Star Trek
  • Terminator Salvation
  • Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen
  • Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
  • Surrogates
  • Avatar
2010
  • Iron Man 2
  • The Last Airbender
2011
  • I Am Number Four
  • Rango (first fully animated feature)
  • Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides
  • Star Tours: The Adventures Continue (Disney theme park film)
  • Super 8
  • Transformers: Dark of the Moon
  • Cowboys & Aliens
  • Hugo
  • Transformers: The Ride (Universal Studios dark ride)[6]
  • Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol
2012
  • Red Tails
  • The Hunger Games
  • The Avengers
  • Battleship
  • Cloud Atlas[7][8]
2013
  • Identity Thief[9]
  • G.I. Joe: Retaliation

Future releases:

  • The Great Gatsby (2013)[8]
  • Now You See Me (2013)[8]
  • Star Trek Into Darkness (2013)[7][8]
  • The Lone Ranger (2013)[7][8]
  • Pacific Rim (2013)[7][8]
  • Noah (2014)[8]
  • Transformers 4 (2014)
  • Jurassic Park IV (2014)[8]
  • Star Wars Episode VII (2015)

Notable employees and clients

Photoshop was first used at the Industrial Light & Magic studios as an image-processing program. Photoshop was created by ILM Visual Effects Supervisor John Knoll and his brother Thomas as a summer project. It was used on The Abyss. The Knoll brothers sold the program to Adobe shortly before the film's release.

Adam Savage, Grant Imahara and Tory Belleci of Mythbusters fame have all worked at Industrial Light & Magic.

Industrial Light & Magic is also famous for their commercial work. Their clients include Energizer Holdings, Nike, Coca Cola, Pepsi, Budweiser, Nickelodeon and other companies.

Actor Masi Oka worked on several major ILM productions as a programmer, including Revenge of the Sith, before joining the cast of the NBC show Heroes as Hiro Nakamura. Oka still works at ILM.[10]

American film director David Fincher worked at ILM for four years in the early 1980s.

Film director Joe Johnston was a Visual effects artist and a Art Director.

References

  1. ^ "Inside Lucasfilm | Lynwen Brennan", Lucasfilm. Retrieved 2012-09-30.
  2. ^ "LATimes title=Disney would acquire a visual effects firm with Lucasfilm deal". Los Angeles Times. 31 October 2012. Retrieved 4 November 2012. 
  3. ^ a b "About OpenEXR". ILM. Retrieved 5 November 2012. 
  4. ^ Lucasfilm's Industrial Light + Magic Exploring Opening New Facility in Vancouver, The Hollywood Reporter
  5. ^ LATimes title=Disney would acquire a visual effects firm with Lucasfilm deal (31 October 2012). Los Angeles Times http://articles.latimes.com/2012/oct/ 31/business/la-fi-ct-disney-lucasfilm -20121101Bare URL needs a title. Retrieved 4 November 2012. 
  6. ^ Universal Studios Singapore (15 November 2011). "Behind the scenes – The Magic of Visual Effects". Resorts World Sentosa. Retrieved 23 November 2011. 
  7. ^ a b c d "In Production", Industrial Light & Magic. Retrieved 2012-09-30.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h "Industrial Light & Magic (ILM)". IMDb. Retrieved 2012-09-30. 
  9. ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2024432/c ompanycredits?ref_=tt_dt_coBare URL needs a title. Citation has no title
  10. ^ Gaudiosi, John (25 October 2006). "Masi Oka: Coder, Actor, Hero". Wired. 

External links

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