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OpenStreetMap

OpenStreetMap
Openstreetmap logo.svg
URLOpenStreetMap.org
SloganThe Free Wiki World Map
Commercial?No
Type of siteCollaborative mapping
RegistrationRequired for contributors
Available language(s)Over 50 site translations and unlimited map languages [1]
Users1,057,309 [2]
Content licenseODbL
OwnerOpenStreetMap Community. Project support by OpenStreetMap Foundation.[3]
Created bySteve Coast
Launched1 July 2004; 8 years ago (2004-07-01)

OpenStreetMap (OSM) is a collaborative project to create a free editable map of the world. Two major driving forces behind the establishment and growth of OSM have been restrictions on use or availability of map information across much of the world and the advent of inexpensive portable satellite navigation devices.[4]

Founded by Steve Coast in the UK in 2004, it was inspired by the success of Wikipedia and preponderance of proprietary map data in the UK and elsewhere.[5] Since then, it has grown to over one million contributors, who collect data with GPS devices, aerial photography, and other free sources. These crowdsourced data are then made available under the Open Database License. The site is supported by the OpenStreetMap Foundation, a non-profit organization registered in England.

Rather than the map itself, the data generated by the OpenStreetMap project are considered their primary output. The data are then available for use in both traditional applications, like their usage by Craigslist and Foursquare to replace Google Maps, and more unusual roles, like replacing default data included with GPS receivers.[6] These data have been favorably compared with proprietary datasources,[7] though data quality varies worldwide.

Contents

History

Steve Coast (2009)

Steve Coast founded the project in 2004, initially focusing on mapping the United Kingdom. In the UK and elsewhere, government-run and tax-funded projects like the Ordnance Survey created massive datasets but failed to freely and widely distribute them. In April 2006, the OpenStreetMap Foundation was established to encourage the growth, development and distribution of free geospatial data and provide geospatial data for anybody to use and share. In December 2006, Yahoo confirmed that OpenStreetMap could use its aerial photography as a backdrop for map production.[8]

In April 2007, Automotive Navigation Data (AND) donated a complete road data set for the Netherlands and trunk road data for India and China to the project[9] and by July 2007, when the first OSM international The State of the Map conference was held, there were 9,000 registered users. Sponsors of the event included Google, Yahoo and Multimap. In October 2007, OpenStreetMap completed the import of a US Census TIGER road dataset.[10] In December 2007, Oxford University became the first major organisation to use OpenStreetMap data on their main website.[11]

Ways to import and export data have continued to grow – by 2008, the project developed tools to export OpenStreetMap data to power portable GPS units, replacing their existing proprietary and out-of-date maps.[12] In February 2008, a series of workshops were held in India.[13] In March, two founders announced that they have received venture capital funding of 2.4M euros for CloudMade, a commercial company that uses OpenStreetMap data.[14]

In 2012, the launch of pricing for Google Maps led several prominent websites to switch from their service to OpenStreetMap and other competitors.[15] Chief amongst these were Foursquare, Craigslist who adopted OpenStreetMap, and Apple, Inc., which ended a contract with Google and launched a self-built mapping platform which uses TomTom and OpenStreetMap data.[16]

Contributors

Unique Contributors to OSM Per Month
Registered users.

The project has a geographically diverse user-base, due to emphasis of local knowledge and ground truth in the process of data collection. Many early contributors are cyclists who survey with and for bicycles, charting cycletracks and navigable trails.[17] Others are GIS professionals who contribute data with Esri tools.[18]

By August 2008, shortly after the second The State of the Map conference was held, there were over 50,000 registered contributors; by March 2009, there were 100,000 and by the end of 2009 the figure was nearly 200,000. In April 2012, OpenStreetMap cleared 600,000 registered contributors.[2] On January 6, 2013, OpenStreetMap reached 1 million registered users, a minority of whom contribute the majority of content.[19] Around 30% of users have contributed at least one point to the OpenStreetMap database.[20]

Map production

Technique

The initial map data were collected from scratch by volunteers performing systematic ground surveys using a handheld GPS unit and a notebook, digital camera, or a voice recorder. These data were then entered into the OpenStreetMap database.

More recently, the availability of aerial photography and other data sources from commercial and government sources has greatly increased the speed of this work and has allowed land-use data to be collected more accurately by the process of digitization. When especially large datasets become available, a technical team manages the conversion and import of the data.

Surveys

Surveying routes with a GPS receiver

Ground surveys are performed by a mapper, on foot, bicycle, or in a car or boat. Map data are usually collected using a GPS unit, although this is not strictly necessary if an area has already been traced from satellite imagery.

Once the data have been collected, they are entered into the database by uploading them to the project's website. At that point, no information about the kind of uploaded track is available – it could be e.g., a motorway, a footpath, or a river. Thus, in a second step, editing takes place using one of several purpose-built map editors (e.g., JOSM). This is usually done by the same mapper, sometimes by other contributors registered at OpenStreetMap.

As the tasks of collecting and uploading data are separate from editing objects, contribution to the project is possible also without using a GPS unit. In particular, placing and editing objects such as schools, hospitals, taxi ranks, bus stops, pubs, etc. is done based on editors' local knowledge.

Some committed contributors adopt the task of mapping whole towns and cities, or organizing mapping parties to gather the support of others to complete a map area. A large number of less-active users contribute corrections and small additions to the map.

Government data

Some government agencies have released official data under appropriate licenses. Many of these data have come from the United States, where works of the federal government are placed under public domain. [21]

In the United States, OSM uses Landsat 7 satellite imagery, Prototype Global Shoreline from NOAA, and TIGER from the Census. In the UK, some Ordnance Survey OpenData information is imported, while Canada's NRCan's CanVec vector data and GeoBase information provide landcover and streets.

Out-of-copyright maps can be good source of information about features that do not change frequently. Copyright periods vary, but in the UK Crown copyright expires after 50 years, hence Ordnance Survey maps until the 1960s can legally be used. A complete set of UK 1 inch/mile maps from the late 1940s and early 1950s has been collected, scanned, and is available online as a resource for contributors.

Commercial data

OpenStreetMap data are assisted by companies that choose to freely license either actual street data or satellite imagery sources from which OSM contributors can trace roads and features.

Notably, Automotive Navigation Data provided a complete road data set for Netherlands and details of trunk roads in China and India. In December 2006, Yahoo! confirmed that OpenStreetMap was able to make use of their vertical aerial imagery and this photography was available within the editing software as an overlay. Contributors could create their vector based maps as a derived work, released with a free and open license,[8] until the shutdown of the Yahoo! Maps API on 13 September 2011.[22] In November 2010, Microsoft announced that the OpenStreetMap community could use Bing vertical aerial imagery as a backdrop in its editors.[23] For a period from 2009 to 2011, NearMap Pty Ltd made their high-resolution PhotoMaps (currently of major Australian cities, plus some rural Australian areas) available for deriving OpenStreetMap data under a CC-BY-SA licence.[24]

Licensing

OpenStreetMap GPS trace density

OpenStreetMap data were originally published under a Creative Commons open content license with the intention of promoting free use and redistribution of the data. In September 2012, the license was changed to the Open Database License (ODbL) from Open Data Commons (ODC) in order to more specifically define its bearing on data rather than representation.[25]

As part of this relicensing process, some of the map data were removed from the public distribution. This included all data contributed by members that did not agree to the new licensing terms, as well as all subsequent edits to those affected objects. It also included any data contributed based on input data that were not compatible with the new terms. Estimates suggested that over 97% of data would be retained globally, however certain regions would be affected more than others, such as in Australia where 24 to 84% of objects would be retained (depending on the type of object).[26] Ultimately, more than 99% of the data were retained, with Australia and Poland being the countries most severely affected by the change.[27]

All data added to the project need to have a license compatible with the Open Database License. This can include out-of-copyright information, public domain or other licenses. Contributors agree to a set of terms which require compatibility with the current license. This may involve examining licenses for government data to establish whether they are compatible.

Software used in the production and presentation of OpenStreetMap data is available from many different projects and each may have their own licencing. The application — what users access to edit maps and view changelogs, is powered by Ruby on Rails. The application also uses PostgreSQL for storage of user data and edit metadata. The default map is rendered by Mapnik, stored in PostGIS, and powered by an Apache module called mod_tile. Certain parts of the software, such as the map editor Potlatch2, have been made available as public domain.[28]

Using OpenStreetMap

While OpenStreetMap aims to be a central data source, its map rendering and aesthetics are meant to be only one of many options, some which highlight different elements of the map or emphasize design and performance. The OpenStreetMap project keeps a list of OSM based services which serves as a complete reference.

Commercial Services

Homepage of OpenStreetMap.org

A variety of popular services incorporate some sort of geolocation or map-based component. Notable services using OSM for this include:

Flickr uses OpenStreetMap data for various cities around the world, including Baghdad, Beijing, Kabul, Santiago, Sydney and Tokyo.[29][30][31] In 2012, the maps switched to use Nokia data primarily, with OSM being used in areas where the commercial provider lacked performance.[32] MapQuest announced a service based on OpenStreetMap in 2010, which eventually became MapQuest Open.[33]

On 29 February 2012, Foursquare started using OpenStreetMap via MapBox's rendering and infrastructure.[34] Craigslist also switched to OpenStreetMap in 2012, rendering their own tiles based on the data.[35]

Wikipedia uses OpenStreetMap data to render custom maps used by the articles. Many languages are included in the WIWOSM project (Wikipedia Where in OSM) which aims to show OSM objects on a slippy map, directly visible on the article page.[36]

Pictometry uses OpenStreetMap as the default map in their web based products for displaying their patented 3D aerial photography.

Moovit uses maps based on OpenStreetMap in their free mobile application for public transit navigation.[37]

Apple Inc. unexpectedly created an OpenStreetMap-based map for iPhoto for iOS on 7 March 2012 (2012-03-07), and launched the maps without properly citing the data source – though this was corrected in 1.0.1. OpenStreetMap is one of the many cited sources for Apple's custom maps in iOS 6, though the majority of map data is provided by TomTom.

In 2009, Hasbro, the games company behind the property trading board game Monopoly, launched Monopoly City Streets, a massively multiplayer online game which allowed players to "buy" streets all over the world. The game used map tiles from Google Maps and the Google Maps API to display the game board, but the underlying street data were obtained from OpenStreetMap.[38] The online game was meant to be a limited time offering, closing at the end of January 2010.[39]

Humanitarian Aid

During the 2010 Haiti earthquake, OpenStreetMap and Crisis Commons volunteers used available satellite imagery[40] to map the roads, buildings and refugee camps of Port-au-Prince in just two days, building "the most complete digital map of Haiti's roads".[41]

The resulting data and maps have been used by several organisations providing relief aid, such as the World Bank,[42] the European Commission Joint Research Centre,[43] the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs,[44] UNOSAT[44] and others.[45]

Along with post-disaster work, the Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team has worked to build better risk models for Uganda and elsewhere, in partnership with the Red Cross, World Bank,[46] and other humanitarian groups.[47]

Software

Map rendering and presentation

OpenStreetMap of Soho, central London (Mapnik layer)

OpenStreetMap provides an OpenLayers based slippy map interface, displaying map tiles rendered by the Mapnik rendering engine, and tiles from other sources including OpenCycleMap.org and MapQuest Open.

Routing

OpenStreetMap maintains lists of online and offline routing engines available; since the data are open, open-source projects and companies are free to build routing applications. Thus, OSM is a popular[citation needed] datasource for researchers in the area of routing.

Data format

OpenStreetMap uses a topological data structure, with four core elements (also known as data primitives):

  • Nodes are points with a geographic position, stored as coordinates (pairs of a latitude and a longitude) according to WGS 84.[48] Outside of their usage in ways, they are used to represent map features without a size, such as points of interest or mountain peaks.
  • Ways are ordered lists of nodes, representing a polyline, or possibly a polygon if they form a closed loop. They are used both for representing linear features such as streets and rivers, and areas, like forests, parks, parking areas and lakes.
  • Relations are ordered lists of nodes and ways (together called "members"), where each member can optionally have a "role" (a string). Relations are used for representing the relationship of existing nodes and ways. Examples include turn restrictions on roads, routes that span several existing ways (for instance, a long-distance motorway), and areas with holes.
  • Tags are key-value pairs (both arbitrary strings). They are used to store metadata about the map objects (such as their type, their name and their physical properties). Tags are not free-standing, but are always attached to an object: to a node, a way, a relation, or to a member of an relation. A recommended ontology of map features (the meaning of tags) is maintained on a wiki.

See also

Portal iconAtlas portal

References

  1. ^ "Translating OpenStreetMap". http://translatewiki.net/wiki/Transla ting:OpenStreetMap/stats/trunk. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
  2. ^ a b "Stats". OpenStreetMap Wiki. http://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/St ats. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
  3. ^ "FAQ". OpenStreetMap Wiki. http://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/FA Q#Who_owns_OpenStreetMap.3F. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  4. ^ Anderson, Mark (18 October 2006). "Global Positioning Tech Inspires Do-It-Yourself Mapping Project". National Geographic News. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/ne ws/2006/10/061018-street-maps.html. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
  5. ^ Frederick Ramm,Jochen Topf, Steve Chilton (2011). OpenStreetMap: Using and Enhancing the Free Map of the World. UIT Cambridge.
  6. ^ "OSM Map on Garmin". OpenStreetMap Wiki. http://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/OS M_Map_On_Garmin. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
  7. ^ Zielstra, Dennis. "Comparing Shortest Paths Lengths of Free and Proprietary Data for Effective Pedestrian Routing in Street Networks". University of Florida, Geomatics Program. http://flrec.ifas.ufl.edu/hochmair/pu bs/TRR_zielstra_hochmair_2012_finaldr aft.pdf. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
  8. ^ a b Coast, Steve (4 December 2006). "Yahoo! aerial imagery in OSM". OpenGeoData. http://old.opengeodata.org/2006/12/04 /yahoo-aerial-imagery-in-osm/index.ht ml. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  9. ^ Coast, Steve (4 July 2007). "AND donate entire Netherlands to OpenStreetMap". OpenGeoData. http://old.opengeodata.org/2007/07/04 /and-donate-entire-netherlands-to-ope nstreetmap/index.html. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  10. ^ Willis, Nathan (11 October 2007). "OpenStreetMap project imports US government maps". Linux.com. http://www.linux.com/archive/feature/ 119493. Retrieved 16 April 2011.
  11. ^ Batty, Peter (3 December 2007). "Oxford University using OpenStreetMap data". Geothought. http://geothought.blogspot.com/2007/1 2/oxford-university-using-openstreetm ap.html. Retrieved 16 April 2011.
  12. ^ Fairhurst, Richard (13 January 2008). "Cycle map on your GPS". Système D. http://www.systemed.net/blog/legacy/e ntry080113140415.html. Retrieved 16 April 2011.
  13. ^ "WikiProject India". OpenStreetMap Wiki. http://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Wi kiProject_India. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  14. ^ "We’re funded!". CloudMade. 17 March 2008. http://blog.cloudmade.com/2008/03/17/ were-funded/. Retrieved 16 April 2011.
  15. ^ Fossum, Mike (March 20, 2012). "Websites Bypassing Google Maps Due to Fees". http://www.webpronews.com/websites-by passing-google-maps-due-to-new-fees-2 012-03. Retrieved 13 November 2012.
  16. ^ Ingraham, Nathan (June 11, 2012). "Apple using TomTom and OpenStreetMap data in iOS 6 Maps app". http://www.theverge.com/2012/6/11/307 8987/apple-tomtom-openstreemap-ios-6- maps-app. Retrieved 13 November 2012.
  17. ^ "Key and More Info". OpenCycleMap. http://www.opencyclemap.org/docs/. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  18. ^ Vines, Emily. "Esri Releases ArcGIS Editor for OpenStreetMap". Esri. http://www.esri.com/news/releases/10_ 3qtr/openstreetmap.html. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  19. ^ Wood, Harry. "1 million OpenStreetMappers". OpenGeoData. http://opengeodata.org/1-million-open streetmappers. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
  20. ^ Neis, Pascal. "The OpenStreetMap Contributors Map aka Who’s around me?". http://neis-one.org/2013/01/oooc/. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
  21. ^ See Copyright status of work by the U.S. government for more details.
  22. ^ Mata, Raj (13 June 2011). "Yahoo! Maps APIs Service Closure Announcement – New Maps Offerings Coming Soon!". Yahoo! Developer Network. Archived from the original on 23 June 2011. http://developer.yahoo.com/blogs/ydn/ posts/2011/06/yahoo-maps-apis-service -closure-announcement-new-maps-offeri ngs-coming-soon/. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
  23. ^ Coast, Steve (30 November 2010). "Microsoft Imagery details". OpenGeoData. http://opengeodata.org/microsoft-imag ery-details. Retrieved 10 January 2011.
  24. ^ "Community licence". NearMap. http://www.nearmap.com/products/commu nity-licence. Retrieved 16 April 2011.
  25. ^ Fairhurst, Richard (7 January 2008). "The licence: where we are, where we’re going". OpenGeoData. http://old.opengeodata.org/2008/01/07 /the-licence-where-we-are-where-were- going/index.html. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  26. ^ Simon Poole. "OSM V1 Objects ODbL acceptance statistics". http://odbl.poole.ch. Retrieved 21 May 2012.
  27. ^ Harry Wood. "Automated redactions complete". http://blog.osmfoundation.org/2012/07 /26/automated-redactions-complete/. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
  28. ^ "Legal FAQ". OpenStreetMap Wiki. http://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Le gal_FAQ. Retrieved 15 April 2011. "Several contributors additionally make their code available under different licences"
  29. ^ "Around the world and back again". blog-flickr.net. http://blog.flickr.net/en/2008/08/12/ around-the-world-and-back-again/. Retrieved 7 November 2008.
  30. ^ "More cities". blog-flickr.net. http://blog.flickr.net/en/2008/10/30/ more-cities/. Retrieved 7 November 2008.
  31. ^ Waters, Tim (16 September 2008). "Japanese progress in osm. Amazing stuff!". thinkwhere. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. http://thinkwhere.wordpress.com/2008/ 09/16/japan-osm-progress/. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
  32. ^ Ingraham, Nathan. "Flickr is Now Using Nokia Maps". The Verge. http://www.theverge.com/2012/6/29/312 6012/flickr-nokia-maps-photo-location s. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
  33. ^ "MapQuest". http://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Ma pQuest.
  34. ^ Foursquare Blog
  35. ^ Cooper, Daniel (Aug 28, 2012). Engadget. http://www.engadget.com/2012/08/28/cr aigslist-open-street-map/. Retrieved 12 November 2012.
  36. ^ "WIWOSM". http://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/WI WOSM. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
  37. ^ "Moovit online trip planner". Moovit.com. http://moovit.co.il/. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
  38. ^ Raphael, JR (8 September 2009). "'Monopoly City Streets' Online Game: Will Buying Park Place Be Any Easier?". PC World. http://www.pcworld.com/article/171610 /monopoly_city_streets_online_game_wi ll_buying_park_place_be_any_easier.ht ml. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  39. ^ "Monopoly game launches on Google". BBC Online. 9 September 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology /8245700.stm. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
  40. ^ Forrest, Brady (1 February 2010). "Technology Saves Lives In Haiti". Forbes.com. http://www.forbes.com/2010/02/01/text -messages-maps-technology-breakthroug hs-haiti.html. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  41. ^ "Digital Help for Haiti". The New York Times. 27 January 2010. http://gadgetwise.blogs.nytimes.com/2 010/01/27/digital-help-for-haiti/. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  42. ^ Turner, Andrew (3 February 2010). "World Bank Haiti Situation Room – featuring OSM". http://www.flickr.com/photos/ajturner /4329833289/in/photostream/.
  43. ^ "Haiti Earthquakes: Infrastructure Port-au-Prince 15/01/2010" (PDF). 15 January 2010. http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/jrc/downloads /jrc_pp_haiti_map_04.pdf.
  44. ^ a b Batty, Peter (14 February 2010). "OpenStreetMap in Haiti – video". http://geothought.blogspot.com/2010/0 2/openstreetmap-in-haiti-video.html.
  45. ^ "WikiProject Haiti". OpenStreetMap Wiki. http://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Wi kiProject_Haiti. Retrieved 5 February 2010.
  46. ^ "Out and about in Yogyakarta, Indonesia: An OSM workshop sponsored by the World Bank". http://hot.openstreetmap.org/updates/ 2012-07-13_out_and_about_in_yogyakart a_indonesia_an_osm_workshop_sponsored _by_the_world_bank. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  47. ^ "Preventative Mapping in Uganda with the Red Cross". Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team. http://hot.openstreetmap.org/updates/ 2012-08-21_preventative_mapping_in_ug anda_with_the_red_cross. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  48. ^ WGS 84 OpenStreetMap Wiki

Further reading

External links

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