| Perbandingan -- programming languages (strings) ConcatenationDifferent languages use different symbols for the concatenation operator. Many languages use the "+" symbol, though several deviate from this. Common variants| Operator | Languages |
|---|
| + | ALGOL 68, BASIC, C++, C#, Pascal, Object Pascal, Eiffel, Go, JavaScript, Java, Python, Turing, Ruby, Windows PowerShell, Objective-C, F# | | ++ | Haskell, Erlang | | $+ | mIRC Scripting Language | | & | Ada, AppleScript, Curl, Seed7, VHDL, Visual Basic, Excel, FreeBASIC | | nconc | Common Lisp | | . | Perl (before version 6), PHP, and Maple (up to version 5), Autohotkey | | ~ | Perl 6 and D | | || | Icon, Standard SQL, PL/I, Rexx, and Maple (from version 6) | | <> | Mathematica | | .. | Lua | | , | J programming language, Smalltalk | | ^ | OCaml, Standard ML, F#, rc | | // | Fortran |
Unique variants- Awk uses the empty string: two expressions adjacent to each other are concatenated. This is called juxtaposition. Unix shells have a similar syntax. Rexx uses this syntax for concatenation including an intervening space.
- C allows juxtaposition for string literals, however, for strings stored as character arrays, the
strcat function must be used. - MATLAB and Octave use the syntax "
[x y]" to concatenate x and y. - Visual Basic Versions 1 to 6 can also use the "
+" sign but, this leads to ambiguity if a string representing a number and a number is added together. - Microsoft Excel allows both "
&" and the function "=CONCATENATE(X,Y)".
String literalsThis section compares styles for declaring a string literal. Quoted raw| Syntax | Language(s) |
|---|
| @"Hello, world!" | C#, F# | | "Hello, world!" | Java, JavaScript, FreeBASIC | | r"Hello, world!" | Python | | 'Hello, world!' | Pascal, Object Pascal, PHP, Perl, Windows PowerShell, JavaScript | | `Hello, world!` | Go, Smalltalk |
Quoted interpolated| Syntax | Language(s) |
|---|
| "Hello, $name!" | PHP, Perl, Windows PowerShell | | "Hello, #{name}!" | Ruby | | (format t "Hello, ~A" name) | Common Lisp |
Escaped quotes| Syntax | Language(s) |
|---|
| "I said "Hello, world!"" | C, C++, C#, F#, Java, Ocaml, Python, JavaScript, Mathematica | | "I said `"Hello, world!`"" | Windows Powershell | | "I said ^"Hello, world!^"" | REBOL | | "I said, %"Hello, World!%"" | Eiffel | | !"I said "Hello, world!"" | FreeBASIC |
Dual quoting| Syntax | Language(s) |
|---|
| "I said ""Hello, world!""" | Ada, ALGOL 68, Excel, Fortran, Visual Basic, FreeBASIC, COBOL | | 'I said ''Hello, world!''' | Fortran, rc |
Multiple quoting| Syntax | Language(s) |
|---|
| qq(I said "Hello, world!") | Perl | %Q(I said "Hello, world!")
%(I said "Hello, world!") | Ruby | | {I said "Hello, world!"} | REBOL |
Here document| Syntax | Language(s) |
|---|
<<EOF
I have a lot of things to say
and so little time to say them
EOF | Perl, PHP, Ruby | @"
I have a lot of things to say
and so little time to say them
"@ | Windows Powershell | "[
I have a lot of things to say
and so little time to say them
]" | Eiffel | """
I have a lot of things to say
and so little time to say them
""" | CoffeeScript |
Unique quoting variants| Syntax | Variant name | Language(s) |
|---|
| ′I said ′′Hello, world!′′.′ | Double quoting | Smalltalk | 'I said ''Hello, world!''.' | Double quoting | Pascal, Object Pascal, SQL standard | | """Hello, world!""" | Triple quoting | Python | | 13HHello, world! | Hollerith notation | Fortran 66 | | (indented with whitespace) | Indented with whitespace and newlines | YAML |
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