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Philosophy

The Thinker, a statue by Auguste Rodin, is often used to represent philosophy.

There are at least two senses in which the term philosophy is used. In the more formal sense, philosophy is an intellectual endeavor focusing on the fields of metaphysics, logic, ethics, epistemology, and aesthetics. In the more informal sense, philosophy is a way of life whose focus is resolving the existential questions about the human condition. Philosophy is distinguished from other ways of addressing these questions (such as mysticism or mythology) by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on reasoned argument.

Philosophy is a general and comprehensive study of fundamental questions about the nature of existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. The word "philosophy" comes from the Greek φιλοσοφία [philosophia], which literally means "love of wisdom".

Selected article

Eudaimonism is a philosophy that defines right action as that which leads to "well-being." The concept originates in Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics. In Aristotle eudaimonism means that all correct actions lead to the greater well-being of the individual human. By extending well-being from the narrowest concerns to the largest, all social rules can be adduced. Augustine of Hippo adopted the concept as beatitudo, and Thomas Aquinas worked it out into a Christian ethical scheme. For Aquinas, well-being is found ultimately in a direct perception of God, or complete blessedness.

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Portrait of Francisco de Vitoria

…that Francisco de Vitoria (pictured), a Spanish Renaissance Roman Catholic theologian, was the founder of the tradition in philosophy known as the School of Salamanca?
...that Collective Intentionality is a topic in the Philosophy of Mind that has been explored by John Searle, Margaret Gilbert, and J. David Velleman, among others?
…that a 2001 discovery of lost manuscripts by Majorcan philosopher and writer Ramon Llull showed that he had indeed discovered the Borda count and Condorcet criterion, and as a result he has been called the father of computation theory?
…that although the paradox, Buridan's ass, is named after French priest Jean Buridan, it had already been previously stated in De Caelo by Aristotle?
…that besides being a philosopher, Gottfried Leibniz was an engineer, lawyer, philologist, sinophile, and a famed mathematician who co-invented calculus?
…that while most Enlightenment scholars criticized the Byzantine system of the Eastern Roman Empire, Konstantin Leontiev, a scholar from the Russian Empire praised it for the very same reasons?
…that Marc Sautet started the philosophical cafe known as Café Philosophique?
…that criteria of truth are standards and rules used to judge the accuracy of statements and claims?
…that a deductive fallacy is an argument that has true premises, but may still have a false conclusion?
…that Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers is the first dated book printed in England?
…that Wikipedia has information on everything?
…that a successful experimental system must be stable and reproducible enough for scientists to make sense of the system's behavior, but unpredictable enough that it can produce useful results?
…that the ancient Chinese text Huangdi Yinfujing, attributed to the mythical emperor Huangdi in the 3rd century BCE, may have been a forgery from the Tang Dynasty (618–907 CE)?
…that Time magazine editor Otto Fuerbringer was responsible for the controversial 1966 Is God Dead? cover?
…that alternative theories of speciation besides natural selection include Lamarckism and orthogenesis?
…that before the 17th century it was believed that all organisms grew from miniature versions of themselves that had existed since the beginning of creation, a theory called preformationism?
…that children have trouble attributing implicit meaning to aspect verbs implicating non-completion such as start, but find implicit meaning in degree modifiers such as half, as in half-finished?

Sebastian Petrycy's tomb effigy in Kraków

…that the philosopher Sebastian Petrycy (pictured) (1554–1626), in Poland, created a vernacular philosophical terminology not much later than did philosophers in France and Germany?
…that Richard Hanley's book South Park and Philosophy: Bigger, Longer, and More Penetrating analyzes issues of applied ethics as presented in South Park?
…that subjective logic can help you deal with uncertainty?
…that the philosophical question of temporal finitism has never been fully settled?
…that The Simpsons and Philosophy: The D'oh! of Homer, a book that analyzes The Simpsons using philosophical concepts, is the main textbook in some university philosophy courses?
…that an appeals court overturned one formulation of the toothpaste tube theory in administrative law?"
…that William Frankena "played an especially critical role in defense of fundamental academic freedoms during the McCarthy era" while chair of the philosophy department at the University of Michigan?
…that Bron Taylor coined the term "dark green religion" as a set of beliefs characterized by a conviction that "nature is sacred, has intrinsic value, and is therefore due reverent care"?

Rāmabhadrācārya meditating on the banks of Mandakini river during a Payovrata. He is seated in the Sukhasana pose with fingers folded in the Chin Mudra.

…that Jagadguru Rāmabhadrācārya (pictured), a Blind Hindu religious leader has observed nine Payovrata, a six-month diet of only milk and fruits, per the fifth verse of the Dohāvalī composed by Tulasidāsa, which says that chanting the name of Rāma subsisting on a diet of milk and fruits for six months will result in all the auspiciousness and accomplishments in one's hand?

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In the news

June 12 - John Hospers has died.link
December 26 - Matthew Lipman has died.link
December 28 - Denis Dutton has died. link
November 18 — UNESCO Philosophy Day
October 21 — Malmesbury named the UK’s first Philosophy Town
October 16 — A monument to Armenian 14th century philosopher Grigor Tatevatsi was unveiled in Goris, Syunik province of Armenia.
October 9 — October 24 - Philosophy in the City festival held in Liverpool. link link
October 4 — Philosopher Claude Lefort has died.
October 4 — Key philosophers pull out of UNESCO event Congress for World Philosophy Day in Tehran, Iran. A parallel online event is planned in solidarity with the protesting philosophers. link link
October 3 — Philippa Foot, British moral philosopher has died.
August 13 — Isaac Passy, Bulgarian philosopher has died in Sophia.

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Academic Branches of Philosophy

Philosophy ponders the most fundamental questions humankind has been able to ask. These are increasingly numerous and over time they have been arranged into the overlapping branches of the philosophy tree:

Aesthetics: What is art? What is beauty? Is there a standard of taste? Is art meaningful? If so, what does it mean? What is good art? Is art for the purpose of an end, or is "art for art's sake?" What connects us to art? How does art affect us? Is some art unethical? Can art corrupt or elevate societies?
Epistemology: What are the nature and limits of knowledge? What is more fundamental to human existence, knowing (epistemology) or being (ontology)? How do we come to know what we know? What are the limits and scope of knowledge? How can we know that there are other minds (if we can)? How can we know that there is an external world (if we can)? How can we prove our answers? What is a true statement?
Ethics: Is there a difference between ethically right and wrong actions (or values, or institutions)? If so, what is that difference? Which actions are right, and which wrong? Do divine commands make right acts right, or is their rightness based on something else? Are there standards of rightness that are absolute, or are all such standards relative to particular cultures? How should I live? What is happiness?
Logic: What makes a good argument? How can I think critically about complicated arguments? What makes for good thinking? When can I say that something just does not make sense? Where is the origin of logic?
Metaphysics: What sorts of things exist? What is the nature of those things? Do some things exist independently of our perception? What is the nature of space and time? What is the relationship of the mind to the body? What is it to be a person? What is it to be conscious? Do gods exist?
Political philosophy: Are political institutions and their exercise of power justified? What is justice? Is there a 'proper' role and scope of government? Is democracy the best form of governance? Is governance ethically justifiable? Should a state be allowed? Should a state be able to promote the norms and values of a certain moral or religious doctrine? Are states allowed to go to war? Do states have duties against inhabitants of other states?

Related Academic Fields

Agricultural philosophy
Axiology
Ecosophy
Environmental philosophy
Hermeneutics
History of philosophy
Jurisprudence
Meta-ethics
Metalogic
Metaphilosophy
Neurophilosophy
Phenomenology
Philosophical anthropology
Philosophy and literature
Philosophy of artificial intelligence
Philosophy of biology
Philosophy of business
Philosophy of chemistry
Philosophy of copyright
Philosophy of design
Philosophy of economics
Philosophy of education
Philosophy of engineering
Philosophy of environment
Philosophy of film
Philosophy of geography
Philosophy of healthcare
Philosophy of history
Philosophy of information
Philosophy of language
Philosophy of language film analysis
Philosophy of life
Philosophy of logic
Philosophy of love
Philosophy of mathematics
Philosophy of mathematics education
Philosophy of mind
Philosophy of music
Philosophy of perception
Philosophy of physics
Philosophy of probability
Philosophy of psychology
Philosophy of religion
Philosophy of science
Philosophy of sex
Philosophy of social science
Philosophy of space and time
Philosophy of statistics
Philosophy of technology
Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics
Philosophy of war
Praxeology

Selected philosopher

Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein was an Austrian philosopher who contributed several ground-breaking works to modern philosophy, primarily on the foundations of logic, the philosophy of mathematics, the philosophy of language, and the philosophy of mind. He is widely regarded as one of the most influential philosophers of the 20th century. [1]

Although numerous collections from Wittgenstein's notebooks, papers, and lectures have been published since his death, he published only one philosophical book in his lifetime — the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus in 1921. Wittgenstein's early work was deeply influenced by Arthur Schopenhauer, and by the new systems of logic put forward by Bertrand Russell and Gottlob Frege. When the Tractatus was published, it was taken up as a major influence by the Vienna Circle positivists. However, Wittgenstein did not consider himself part of that school and alleged that logical positivism involved grave misunderstandings of the Tractatus...

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Lists

Index of philosophy
Daftar/Tabel -- philosophers
Daftar/Tabel -- philosophical concepts
Daftar/Tabel -- philosophical theories
Daftar/Tabel -- philosophy journals
Daftar/Tabel -- philosophy anniversaries

Index of aesthetics articles
Index of epistemology articles
Index of ethics articles
Index of logic articles
Index of metaphysics articles
Index of social and political philosophy articles

Index of philosophy of law articles
Index of philosophy of language articles
Index of philosophy of mind articles
Index of philosophy of religion articles
Index of philosophy of science articles

Index of ancient philosophy articles
Index of medieval philosophy articles
Index of modern philosophy articles
Index of contemporary philosophy articles

Lists of anarchism topics
Index of analytic philosophy articles
Index of continental philosophy articles
Index of Eastern philosophy articles

Daftar/Tabel -- aestheticians
Daftar/Tabel -- analytic philosophers
Daftar/Tabel -- anarchist theorists
Daftar/Tabel -- ancient Platonists
Daftar/Tabel -- contributors to Marxist theory
Daftar/Tabel -- critical theorists
Daftar/Tabel -- Eastern philosophers
Daftar/Tabel -- ethicists

Daftar/Tabel -- epistemologists
Daftar/Tabel -- female philosophers
Daftar/Tabel -- logicians
Daftar/Tabel -- metaphysicians
Daftar/Tabel -- political philosophers
Daftar/Tabel -- scholastic philosophers
Daftar/Tabel -- social and political philosophers
Daftar/Tabel -- thinkers influenced by deconstruction

Task Forces

WikiProject Philosophy

- Philosophers
- Φ Literature

- Aesthetics
- Epistemology
- Ethics
- Logic
- Metaphysics
- Social Φ

- Ancient Φ
- Medieval Φ
- Modern Φ
- Contemporary Φ

- Analytic Φ
- Continental Φ
- Anarchism
- Marxism
- Eastern Φ

- Φ of Language
- Φ of Mind
- Φ of Religion
- Φ of Science

Related WikiProjects

Alternative views
Arts
Atheism
Biblical criticism
Biography
Christianity theology
Hindu Philosophy
History of Science
History
Islam
Judaism
Linguistics
Literature
Mathematics
Middle ages
Mythology
Physics
Rational skepticism
Religion
Science
Spirituality

Things to do

WikiProject Philosophy task list

Optimism should have a separate page that focuses on the philosophical idea of optimism and distinguishes the philosophical view from "positive thinking" and other everyday uses of the word.
Philosophy of social science, has some okay points but requires elaboration on Wittgenstein and Winch, perhaps other linguistic critiques, whether logical positivist or postmodernist.
Exchange value needs to be redone, it shouldn't be under 'marxist theory'- although it's an important component of marxist theory it's also vital for all economics. That said the articles weight on Marx is also absurd.
German Idealism and the articles related to it may need to be rewritten or expanded to avoid undue weight on Arthur Schopenhauer.
Protected values first section confuses right action and values and needs a copy edit, moving and wikifying
Quality (philosophy) needs a more clear explanation.
Socratic dialogues could do with some tidying and clarification. See the talk page for one suggested change.
Problem of universals: The introductory definition is (perhaps) fixed. But, the article is poor. Check out the German version.
Teleology: the article is shallow and inconsistent.
Existentialism: the quality of this article varies wildly and is in desperate need of expert attention.
Analytic philosophy This is a very major topic, but still has several sections which are stubs, and several topics which are not covered.
Lifeworld A philosophical concept that seems to have fallen exclusively into the hands of the sociologists. Could use some attention; it's a major and complex issue in phenomenology.
Amorality This page needs great attention as it is currently totally uninformative and, in my opinion, risks more to confuse readers than inform them, as most people will come here with no knowledge of amoralism and worse, often with huge bias against it.
Percept The proposed content needs attention of philosophically minded Wikipedians. This is only a start in overhaul of perception and related articles.

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