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R (programming language)

R
Rlogo.png
Paradigm(s)multi-paradigm: array, object-oriented, imperative, functional, procedural, reflective
Appeared in1993[1]
Designed byRoss Ihaka and Robert Gentleman
DeveloperR Development Core Team
Stable release2.15.3 (March 1, 2013; 18 days ago (2013-03-01))
Preview releaseThrough Subversion
Typing disciplineDynamic
Influenced byS, Scheme, XLispStat
OSCross-platform
LicenseGNU General Public License

R is a free software programming language and a software environment for statistical computing and graphics. The R language is widely used among statisticians and data miners for developing statistical software[2][3] and data analysis.[3] Polls and surveys of data miners are showing R's popularity has increased substantially in recent years.[4][5][6]

R is an implementation of the S programming language combined with lexical scoping semantics inspired by Scheme. S was created by John Chambers while at Bell Labs. R was created by Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman[7] at the University of Auckland, New Zealand, and now, R is developed by the R Development Core Team, of which Chambers is a member. R is named partly after the first names of the first two R authors (Robert Gentleman and Ross Ihaka), and partly as a play on the name of S.[8]

R is a GNU project.[9][10] The source code for the R software environment is written primarily in C, Fortran, and R.[11] R is freely available under the GNU General Public License, and pre-compiled binary versions are provided for various operating systems. R uses a command line interface; however, several graphical user interfaces are available for use with R.

Contents

Statistical features

R provides a wide variety of statistical and graphical techniques, including linear and nonlinear modeling, classical statistical tests, time-series analysis, classification, clustering, and others. R is easily extensible through functions and extensions, and the R community is noted for its active contributions in terms of packages. There are some important differences, but much code written for S runs unaltered. Many of R's standard functions are written in R itself, which makes it easy for users to follow the algorithmic choices made. For computationally intensive tasks, C, C++, and Fortran code can be linked and called at run time. Advanced users can write C or Java[12] code to manipulate R objects directly.

R is highly extensible through the use of user-submitted packages for specific functions or specific areas of study. Due to its S heritage, R has stronger object-oriented programming facilities than most statistical computing languages. Extending R is also eased by its lexical scoping rules.[13]

Another strength of R is static graphics, which can produce publication-quality graphs, including mathematical symbols. Dynamic and interactive graphics are available through additional packages.[14]

R has its own LaTeX-like documentation format, which is used to supply comprehensive documentation, both on-line in a number of formats and in hard copy.

Programming features

R is an interpreted language typically used through a command line interpreter. If a user types "2+2" at the command prompt and presses enter, the computer replies with "4", as shown below:

> 2+2[1] 4

Like many other languages, R supports matrix arithmetic. R's data structures include scalars, vectors, matrices, data frames (similar to tables in a relational database) and lists.[15] The R object system is extensible and includes objects for, among others, regression models, time-series and geo-spatial coordinates.

R supports procedural programming with functions and, for some functions, object-oriented programming with generic functions. A generic function acts differently depending on the type of arguments it is passed. In other words the generic function dispatches the function (method) specific to that type of object. For example, R has a generic print() function that can print almost every type of object in R with a simple "print(objectname)" syntax.

Although R is mostly used by statisticians and other practitioners requiring an environment for statistical computation and software development, it can also be used as a general matrix calculation toolbox with performance benchmarks comparable to GNU Octave or MATLAB.[16]

Examples

Example 1

The following examples illustrate the basic syntax of the language and use of the command-line interface.

In R, the widely preferred[17][18][19][20] assignment operator is an arrow made from two characters "<-", although "=" can be used instead.[21]

> x <- c(1,2,3,4,5,6)   # Create ordered collection (vector)> y <- x^2  # Square the elements of x> print(y)  # print (vector) y[1]  1  4  9 16 25 36> mean(y)   # Calculate average (arithmetic mean) of (vector) y; result is scalar[1] 15.16667> var(y) # Calculate sample variance[1] 178.9667> lm_1 <- lm(y ~ x) # Fit a linear regression model "y = f(x)" or "y = B0 + (B1 * x)"  # store the results as lm_1> print(lm_1)   # Print the model from the (linear model object) lm_1 Call:lm(formula = y ~ x) Coefficients:(Intercept) x   -9.333 7.000  > summary(lm_1)  # Compute and print statistics for the fit # of the (linear model object) lm_1 Call:lm(formula = y ~ x) Residuals:1   2   3   4   5   63.3333 -0.6667 -2.6667 -2.6667 -0.6667  3.3333 Coefficients: Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)(Intercept)  -9.3333 2.8441  -3.282 0.030453 *x 7.0000 0.7303   9.585 0.000662 ***---Signif. codes:  0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1 Residual standard error: 3.055 on 4 degrees of freedomMultiple R-squared: 0.9583, Adjusted R-squared: 0.9478F-statistic: 91.88 on 1 and 4 DF,  p-value: 0.000662 > par(mfrow=c(2, 2)) # Request 2x2 plot layout> plot(lm_1) # Diagnostic plot of regression model

Diagnostic graphs produced by plot.lm() function. Features include mathematical notation in axis labels, as at lower left.

Example 2

Short R code calculating Mandelbrot set through the first 20 iterations of equation z = z² + c plotted for different complex constants c. This example demonstrates:

  • use of community developed external libraries (called packages), in this case caTools package
  • handling of complex numbers
  • multidimensional arrays of numbers used as basic data type, see variables C, Z and X.
library(caTools) # external package providing write.gif functionjet.colors <- colorRampPalette(c("#00007F", "blue", "#007FFF", "cyan", "#7FFF7F",  "yellow", "#FF7F00", "red", "#7F0000")) m <- 1200 # define sizeC <- complex( real=rep(seq(-1.8,0.6, length.out=m), each=m ),   imag=rep(seq(-1.2,1.2, length.out=m), m ) ) C <- matrix(C,m,m)   # reshape as square matrix of complex numbersZ <- 0   # initialize Z to zeroX <- array(0, c(m,m,20)) # initialize output 3D arrayfor (k in 1:20) { # loop with 20 iterations  Z <- Z^2+C # the central difference equation    X[,,k] <- exp(-abs(Z)) # capture results} write.gif(X, "Mandelbrot.gif", col=jet.colors, delay=100)

"Mandelbrot.gif" – Graphics created in R with 14 lines of code in Example 2

Packages

The capabilities of R are extended through user-created packages, which allow specialized statistical techniques, graphical devices, import/export capabilities, reporting tools, etc. These packages are developed primarily in R, and sometimes in Java, C and Fortran. A core set of packages are included with the installation of R, with 5300 additional packages (as of April 2012[update]) available at the Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN), Bioconductor, and other repositories. [22]

The "Task Views" page (subject list) on the CRAN website lists the wide range of applications (Finance, Genetics, Machine Learning, Medical Imaging, Social Sciences and Spatial statistics) to which R has been applied and for which packages are available.

Other R package resources include Crantastic, a community site for rating and reviewing all CRAN packages, and also R-Forge, a central platform for the collaborative development of R packages, R-related software, and projects. It hosts many unpublished, beta packages, and development versions of CRAN packages.

The Bioconductor project provides R packages for the analysis of genomic data, such as Affymetrix and cDNA microarray object-oriented data handling and analysis tools, and has started to provide tools for analysis of data from next-generation high-throughput sequencing methods.

Reproducible research and automated report generation can be accomplished with packages that support execution of R code embedded within LaTeX, OpenDocument format and other markups.[23]

Speed-up and memory efficiency

There is a package jit which provides JIT-compilation, and another package compiler which offers a byte-code compiler for R.[24]

There are several packages (snow, multicore, parallel) which provide parallelism for R [1].

The package ff saves memory by storing data on disk [2]. The data structures behave as if they were in RAM. The package ffbase provides basic statistical functions for 'ff'.

Milestones

The full list of changes is maintained in the NEWS file. Some highlights are listed below.

  • Version 0.16 – This is the last alpha version developed primarily by Ihaka and Gentleman. Much of the basic functionality from the "White Book" (see S history) was implemented. The mailing lists commenced on April 1, 1997.
  • Version 0.49 – April 23, 1997 – This is the oldest available source release, and compiles on a limited number of Unix-like platforms. CRAN is started on this date, with 3 mirrors that initially hosted 12 packages. Alpha versions of R for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS are made available shortly after this version.
  • Version 0.60 – December 5, 1997 – R becomes an official part of the GNU Project. The code is hosted and maintained on CVS.
  • Version 1.0.0 – February 29, 2000 – Considered by its developers stable enough for production use.[25]
  • Version 1.4.0 – S4 methods are introduced and the first version for Mac OS X is made available soon after.
  • Version 2.0.0 – October 4, 2004 – Introduced lazy loading, which enables fast loading of data with minimal expense of system memory.
  • Version 2.1.0 – Support for UTF-8 encoding, and the beginnings of internationalization and localization for different languages.
  • Version 2.11.0 – April 22, 2010 – Support for Windows 64 bit systems.
  • Version 2.13.0 – April 14, 2011 – Adding a new compiler function that allows speeding up functions by converting them to byte-code.
  • Version 2.14.0 – October 31, 2011 – Added mandatory namespaces for packages. Added a new parallel package.
  • Version 2.15.0 – March 30, 2012 – New load balancing functions. Improved serialization speed for long vectors.

Interfaces

Graphical user interfaces

  • RGUI – comes with the pre-compiled version of R for Microsoft Windows.
  • Tinn-R– an open source, highly capable integrated development environment featuring syntax highlighting similar to that of MATLAB. Only available for Windows
  • Java Gui for R – cross-platform stand-alone R terminal and editor based on Java (also known as JGR).
  • Deducer – GUI for menu driven data analysis (similar to SPSS/JMP/Minitab).
  • Rattle GUI – cross-platform GUI based on RGtk2 and specifically designed for data mining.
  • R Commander – cross-platform menu-driven GUI based on tcltk (several plug-ins to Rcmdr are also available).
  • RapidMiner[26][27]
  • RExcel – using R and Rcmdr from within Microsoft Excel.
  • RKWard – extensible GUI and IDE for R.
  • RStudio – cross-platform open source IDE (which can also be run on a remote linux server).
  • Revolution Analytics (http://www.revolutionanalytics.com/) provides a Visual Studio based IDE and has plans for web based point and click interface.
  • Weka[28] allows for the use of the data mining capabilities in Weka and statistical analysis in R.
  • There is a special issue of the Journal of Statistical Software (from Jun 2012) that discusses GUIs for R (http://www.jstatsoft.org/v49).
  • Red-R - An open source visual programming GUI interface for R

Editors and IDEs

Text editors and Integrated development environments (IDEs) with some support for R include: Bluefish,[29] Crimson Editor, ConTEXT, Eclipse (StatET),[30] Emacs (Emacs Speaks Statistics), LyX (modules for knitr and Sweave), Vim, Geany, jEdit,[31] Kate,[32] R Productivity Environment (part of Revolution R Enterprise),[33] RStudio,[34] TextMate, gedit, SciTE, WinEdt (R Package RWinEdt) and Notepad++.[35]

Scripting languages

R functionality has been made accessible from several scripting languages such as Python (by the RPy[36] interface package), Perl (by the Statistics::R[37] module), and Ruby (with the rsruby[38] rubygem). PL/R can be used alongside, or instead of, the PL/pgSQL scripting language in the PostgreSQL and Greenplum database management system. Scripting in R itself is possible via littler[39] as well as via Rscript.

useR! conferences

"useR!" is the name given to the official annual gathering of R users. The first such event was useR! 2004 in May 2004, Vienna, Austria.[40] After skipping 2005, the useR conference has been held annually, usually alternating between locations in Europe and North America.[41]

Here is the list of useR! conference:

  • useR! 2004, Vienna, Austria
  • useR! 2006, Vienna, Austria
  • useR! 2007, Ames, Iowa, USA
  • useR! 2008, Dortmund, Germany
  • useR! 2009, Rennes, France
  • useR! 2010, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
  • useR! 2011, Coventry, United Kingdom
  • useR! 2012, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
  • useR! 2013, Albacete, Spain

Comparison with SAS, SPSS and Stata

The general consensus is that R compares well with other popular statistical packages, such as SAS, SPSS and Stata.[42] In January 2009, the New York Times ran an article about R gaining acceptance among data analysts and presenting a potential threat for the market share occupied by commercial statistical packages, such as SAS.[43][44]

Commercial support for R

In 2007, Revolution Analytics was founded to provide commercial support for Revolution R, its distribution of R, which also includes components developed by the company. Major additional components include: ParallelR, the R Productivity Environment IDE, RevoScaleR (for big data analysis), RevoDeployR, web services framework, and the ability for reading and writing data in the SAS file format.[45]

In October 2011, Oracle announced the Big Data Appliance, which integrates R, Apache Hadoop, Oracle Enterprise Linux, and a NoSQL database with the Exadata hardware.[46][47][48] Oracle R Enterprise[49] is now one of two components of the "Oracle Advanced Analytics Option"[50] (the other component is Oracle Data Mining).

Other major commercial software systems supporting connections to or integration with R include: JMP,[51] Mathematica,[52] MATLAB,[53] Spotfire,[54] SPSS,[55] STATISTICA,[56] Platform Symphony,[57] and SAS.[58]

TIBCO, the current owner of the S-Plus language, is allowing some of its employees to actively support R by participation in its R-Help mailing list (mentioned above), and by sponsorship of the useR series of user group meetings. Google is a heavy user of R internally and publishes a style guide.[59] It sponsors R projects in its Summer-of-Code efforts, and also financially supports the useR series of meetings.

RStudio offers software, education, and services to the R community.

See also

Portal iconFree software portal
Portal iconComputer programming portal

References

  1. ^ A Brief History R: Past and Future History, Ross Ihaka, Statistics Department, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, available from the CRAN website
  2. ^ Fox, John and Andersen, Robert (January 2005) (PDF). Using the R Statistical Computing Environment to Teach Social Statistics Courses. Department of Sociology, McMaster University. http://www.unt.edu/rss/Teaching-with- R.pdf. Retrieved 2006-08-03.
  3. ^ a b Vance, Ashlee (2009-01-06). "Data Analysts Captivated by R's Power". New York Times. Retrieved 2009-04-28. "R is also the name of a popular programming language used by a growing number of data analysts inside corporations and academia. It is becoming their lingua franca..." 
  4. ^ David Smith (2012); R Tops Data Mining Software Poll, Java Developers Journal, May 31, 2012.
  5. ^ Karl Rexer, Heather Allen, & Paul Gearan (2011); 2011 Data Miner Survey Summary, presented at Predictive Analytics World, Oct. 2011.
  6. ^ Robert A. Muenchen (2012); The Popularity of Data Analysis Software.
  7. ^ "Robert Gentleman's home page". http://myprofile.cos.com/rgentleman. Retrieved 2009-07-20.
  8. ^ Kurt Hornik. The R FAQ: Why is R named R?. ISBN 3-900051-08-9. http://cran.r-project.org/doc/FAQ/R-F AQ.html#Why-is-R-named-R_003f. Retrieved 2008-01-29.
  9. ^ "Free Software Foundation (FSF) Free Software Directory: GNU R". http://directory.fsf.org/project/gnur /. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  10. ^ "What is R?". http://www.r-project.org/about.html. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
  11. ^ "How Much of R Is Written in R". http://librestats.com/2011/08/27/how- much-of-r-is-written-in-r/. Retrieved 2011-12-01.
  12. ^ Duncan Temple Lang. "Calling R from Java". http://www.nuiton.org/attachments/168 /RFromJava.pdf
  13. ^ Jackman, Simon (Spring 2003). "R For the Political Methodologist" (PDF). The Political Methodologist (Political Methodology Section, American Political Science Association) 11 (1): 20–22. Archived from the original on 2006-07-21. http://web.archive.org/web/2006072114 3309/http://polmeth.wustl.edu/tpm/tpm _v11_n2.pdf. Retrieved 2006-08-03.
  14. ^ "CRAN Task View: Graphic Displays & Dynamic Graphics & Graphic Devices & Visualization". The Comprehensive R Archive Network. http://cran.r-project.org/web/views/G raphics.html. Retrieved 2011-08-01.
  15. ^ Dalgaard, Peter (2002). Introductory Statistics with R. New York, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. pp. 10–18, 34. ISBN 0387954759.
  16. ^ "Speed comparison of various number crunching packages (version 2)". SciView. http://www.sciviews.org/benchmark. Retrieved 2007-11-03.
  17. ^ R Development Core Team. "Writing R Extensions". http://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals /R-exts.html#Tidying-R-code. Retrieved 14 June 2012. "[...] we recommend the consistent use of the preferred assignment operator ‘<-’ (rather than ‘=’) for assignment."
  18. ^ "Google's R Style Guide". http://google-styleguide.googlecode.c om/svn/trunk/google-r-style.html#assi gnment. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
  19. ^ Wickham, Hadley. "Style Guide". http://stat405.had.co.nz/r-style.html. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
  20. ^ Bengtsson, Henrik. "R Coding Conventions (RCC) - a draft". https://docs.google.com/document/prev iew?id=1esDVxyWvH8AsX-VJa-8oqWaHLs4st GlIbk8kLc5VlII&pli=1. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
  21. ^ "Assignments with the = Operator". http://developer.r-project.org/equalA ssign.html. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
  22. ^ Robert A. Muenchen. "The Popularity of Data Analysis Software". http://r4stats.com/popularity.
  23. ^ CRAN Task View: Reproducible Research
  24. ^ Speed up your R code using a just-in-time (JIT) compiler
  25. ^ Peter Dalgaard. "R-1.0.0 is released". https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-anno unce/2000/000127.html. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
  26. ^ R Extension Presented on RCOMM 2010
  27. ^ "Data Mining / Analytic Tools Used Poll (May 2010)". http://www.kdnuggets.com/polls/2010/d ata-mining-analytics-tools.html.
  28. ^ "RWeka: An R Interface to Weka. R package version 0.3–17". Kurt Hornik, Achim Zeileis, Torsten Hothorn and Christian Buchta. http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=RWe ka. Retrieved 2009.
  29. ^ Customizable syntax highlighting based on Perl Compatible regular expressions, with subpattern support and default patterns for..R, tenth bullet point, Bluefish Features, Bluefish website, retrieved 2008-07-09.
  30. ^ Stephan Wahlbrink. "StatET: Eclipse based IDE for R". http://www.walware.de/goto/statet. Retrieved 2009-09-26.
  31. ^ Jose Claudio Faria. "R syntax". http://community.jedit.org/?q=node/vi ew/2339. Retrieved 2007-11-03.
  32. ^ "Syntax Highlighting". Kate Development Team. Archived from the original on 2008-07-07. http://web.archive.org/web/2008070706 2903/http://www.kate-editor.org/downl oads/syntax_highlighting. Retrieved 2008-07-09.
  33. ^ "R Productivity Environment". Revolution Analytics. http://www.revolutionanalytics.com/pr oducts/enterprise-productivity.php. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
  34. ^ J. J. Alaire and colleagues. "RStudio: new IDE for R". http://www.rstudio.org. Retrieved 2011-08-04.
  35. ^ "NppToR: R in Notepad++". sourceforge.net. http://sourceforge.net/projects/nppto r/. Retrieved 2010-07-11.
  36. ^ RPy home page
  37. ^ Statistics::R page on CPAN
  38. ^ RSRuby rubyforge project
  39. ^ littler web site
  40. ^ useR 2004
  41. ^ useR! – International R User Conference
  42. ^ Perbandingan -- R to SAS, Stata and SPSS
  43. ^ Vance, Ashlee (2009-01-07). "Data Analysts Are Mesmerized by the Power of Program R: [Business/Financial Desk]". The New York Times. 
  44. ^ Vance, Ashlee (2009-01-08). "R You Ready for R?". The New York Times. 
  45. ^ Timothy Prickett Morgan (2011); 'Red Hat for stats' goes toe-to-toe with SAS, The Register, February 7, 2011.
  46. ^ Doug Henschen (2012); Oracle Makes Big Data Appliance Move With Cloudera, InformationWeek, January 10, 2012.
  47. ^ Jaikumar Vijayan (2012); Oracle's Big Data Appliance brings focus to bundled approach, ComputerWorld, January 11, 2012.
  48. ^ Timothy Prickett Morgan (2011); Oracle rolls its own NoSQL and Hadoop Oracle rolls its own NoSQL and Hadoop, The Register, October 3, 2011.
  49. ^ Chris Kanaracus (2012); Oracle Stakes Claim in R With Advanced Analytics Launch, PC World, February 8, 2012.
  50. ^ Doug Henschen (2012); Oracle Stakes Claim in R With Advanced Analytics Launch, InformationWeek, April 4, 2012.
  51. ^ JMP for Analytical Application Development
  52. ^ Mathematica integration with R
  53. ^ MATLAB R Link
  54. ^ Spotfire Integration with S+ and R
  55. ^ RSS Matters
  56. ^ R Language Platform | StatSoft
  57. ^ R” integrated with Symphony
  58. ^ Calling Functions in the R Language (SAS/IML)
  59. ^ Google's R Style Guide

External links

  • Official website of the R project
  • The R wiki, a community wiki for R
  • R books, has extensive list (with brief comments) of R-related books
  • R-bloggers, a daily news site about R, with 10,000+ articles, tutorials and case-studies, contributed by over 450 R bloggers.
  • The R Graphical Manual, a collection of R graphics from all R packages, and an index to all functions in all R packages
  • R Graph Gallery, an extensive collection of examples demonstrating the graphing and graphical design capabilities of R, many with source code
  • R seek, a custom frontend to Google search engine, to assist in finding results related to the R language
(Sebelumnya) QzoneR2000 (microprocessor) (Berikutnya)