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Tsinghua University

Coordinates: 40°00′00″N 116°19′36″E / 40.00000°N 116.32667°E / 40.00000; 116.32667

Tsinghua University
清华大学
Tsinghua University Logo.svg
Motto自强不息, 厚德载物
Motto in EnglishSelf-discipline and Social Commitment
Established1911
TypePublic
PresidentChen Jining
Academic staff3,133
Admin. staff4,101
Undergraduates15,050
Postgraduates24,420
LocationBeijing, People's Republic of China
CampusUrban, 395 hectares (980 acres)
FlowerRedbud and Lilac
ColorsPurple and White          
AffiliationsAEARU, APRU, C9
WebsiteTsinghua.edu.cn
Tsinghua University logo
Tsinghua University
Traditional Chinese清華大學
Simplified Chinese清华大学
A Qing Dynasty garden on Tsinghua University Campus
The traditional He Tang Yue Se (moonlit pond) is part of the Qing Dynasty Prince's Residence and Garden located on the grounds of Tsinghua University
Built in 1917, the Grand Auditorium with its Jeffersonian architectural design is a centerpiece of the old campus

Tsinghua University (abbreviation: Tsinghua or THU), is a university located in Beijing. It was originally established in 1911 under the name "Tsinghua College" (清華學堂; Qīnghuá Xuétáng) and had been renamed several times since then, from "Tsinghua School" which was used one year after its establishment to "National Tsinghua University" which was adopted in 1928 after the foundation of its university section in 1925, and now the "Tsinghua University". With a motto of Self-Discipline and Social Commitment, Tsinghua University describes itself as being dedicated to academic excellence, the well-being of Chinese society and to global development.[1] Nowadays, the university is one of the nine tertiary institutes in the C9 League and has been frequently regarded as one of the top two universities in mainland China by most national and international rankings.[2][3][4]

Contents

History

Further information: Boxer Indemnity Scholarship Program

Tsinghua College

Since American Secretary of State John Hay suggested that the US $30 million plus Boxer indemnity paid to the United States was excessive, in 1909, President Roosevelt then obtained congressional approval to reduce the Qing Dynasty indemnity payment by US$10.8 million, on the condition that the said fund was to be used as scholarship for Chinese students to study in the United States. Using this fund, the Tsinghua College (清華學堂; Qīnghuá Xuétáng) was established in Beijing, on 29 April 1911 on the site of a former royal garden belonging to a prince.[5] It was first a preparatory school for students later sent by the government to study in the United States. The faculty members for sciences were recruited by the YMCA from the United States and its graduates transferred directly to American schools as juniors upon graduation. In 1925, the school established its College Department and started its research institute on Chinese Study.

National Tsing Hua University

In 1928, the authority officially changed its name to National Tsing Hua University (NTHU). During the Second World War in 1937, Tsinghua University along with Peking University and Nankai University, merged to form Changsha Temporary University in Changsha, and later National Southwestern Associated University in Kunming of Yunnan province. After the war, Tsinghua moved back to Beijing and resumed its operation.

After the communist revolution at the end of the Chinese Civil War in 1949, which led to the creation of the People's Republic of China (PRC), Tsinghua University's then President Mei Yi-Qi, followed by many[quantify] professors, fled to Taiwan where they established the National Tsing Hua Institute of Nuclear Technology in 1955, which later became National Tsing Hua University of Taiwan.

Decades of specialization

In 1952, the Chinese government regrouped the country's higher education institutions in an attempt to build a Soviet style system, with individual institutions tending to specialize in a certain field of study. When the Cultural Revolution began in 1966, many university students walked out of the classrooms, and some went on to be part of the Red Guards, resulting in the complete shutdown of the university. Only until 1978 after the Cultural Revolution ended, the university began to take in students again.[6] Even so, Tsinghua University remained in the top tier schools in China. The school is sometimes even called the "MIT of China" to imply its specialty in sciences and engineering.[7][8]

Revival of arts and humanities

Since the 1980s, the university began to incorporate a multidisciplinary system. As a result, several schools were re-incorporated. These included the School of Sciences, School of Business and Management, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Tsinghua Law School, School of Public Policy and Management, and the Academy of Arts and Design.

Present

Most national and international university rankings place Tsinghua amongst the best universities in mainland China.[2][3][4] Admission to Tsinghua is extremely competitive. Every year, many applicants scoring the highest in the National College Entrance Exams choose Tsinghua. According to a report in 2008, 215 out of 300 students who scored the top 10 in the 30 tested provinces and regions chose Tsinghua and 21 out of the 30 top scorers in each province and region chose the university.[9] A majority of selected students are among the brightest high school graduates in the country. Admissions to its graduate schools are also very competitive, with only about 16% of MBA applicants are admitted each year.[10]

Tsinghua alumni include the current General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and Paramount Leader Xi Jinping, who graduated with a degree in chemical engineering in 1979, as well as the President of China and former Paramount Leader Hu Jintao, who graduated with a degree in hydraulic engineering in 1964.

Tsinghua has a reputation for hosting some of the most distinguished guest speakers of any university in the world, with international leaders such as Bill Clinton, Tony Blair, Henry Kissinger, Carlos Ghosn, and Henry Paulson, all recently giving lectures to the university community.[11]

As of 2003, Tsinghua University has 12 colleges and 48 departments, 41 research institutes, 35 research centers, and 167 laboratories, including 15 national key laboratories. In September 2006, Peking Union Medical College was renamed to Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, although the Peking Union Medical College and Tsinghua University remain two separate institutions.[12] The university offers 51 bachelor's degree programs, 139 master's degree programs and 107 PhD programs. Recently, Tsinghua has become the first Chinese university to offer a Master of Laws program in American law, through a cooperative venture with the Temple University Beasley School of Law. The university is a member of LAOTSE, an international network of leading universities in Europe and Asia. Each year, the University celebrates the Intellectual Property Summer Institute in cooperation with Franklin Pierce Law Center of Concord, New Hampshire. It has its own editorial, Tsinghua University Press.

Collections

Library collections

Tsinghua University Library's collection is emphasized on Science and Technology and also covers broad subjects of Humanities, Social Sciences and Management. The total collection amounts to more than 3.96 million items, including:[13]

  • Printed Collections
    • 222,348 thread-bound ancient books;
    • 545,977 bound periodicals;
    • More than 101,847 Tsinghua University dissertations and theses;
    • More than 28,000 microforms;
    • Other books.
  • Electronic Resources
    • Near 65,000 full-text e-journals;
    • 500 electronic databases;
    • More than 2,461,000 e-books;
    • More than 56,793 multimedia collections.

Tsinghua university library system includes the university library, 6 subject branch libraries and more than 10 school or department reading rooms. In the past few years the library has expanded its collection very fast especially in the e-resources. The total physical collections have been over 4.0 million item/volumes, full-text e-journals in Chinese and foreign languages are over 57,000 and e-books are more than 2.39 million by end of 2010. In 1996, the Library introduced Integrated Library Management System (INNOPAC) for cataloging and circulation management, which was the first one in China. In 2005, the library brought in MetaLib+SFX, an e-resources integration system, and established Tsinghua Academic Information Resource Portal.

Tsinghua university library is undergoing the transformation from a traditional library based on physical collections preservation and service to a modern library abundant in digital resources, with a rapid developing network service, and faces many challenges as well as great developing opportunity. We shall create management ideas and reform service models continuously to meet the needs from readers and go forward to the strategic target of a world-class university library.

Tsinghua History Museum

The Tsinghua History Museum covers a construction area of 5,060 m².[14] A collection of old documents, pictures, artworks, maps, graphics, videos and music tells the visitors the history of Tsinghua University. The exhibition also pays tribute to talented people who contributed to the prestige and development of the institution. The use of multimedia is remarkable, inviting visitors of different ages to learn more about Tsinghua.

Schools and departments

The Tsinghua Bell
  • School of Architecture
    • Department of Architecture
    • Department of Urban Planning and Design
    • Department of Building Science
    • Department of Landscape Architecture
  • School of Civil Engineering
    • Department of Civil Engineering
    • Department of Hydraulic Engineering
    • Department of Construction Management
  • School of Mechanical Engineering
    • Department of Mechanical Engineering
    • Department of Precision Instruments and Mechanology
    • Department of Thermal Engineering
    • Department of Automotive Engineering
    • Department of Industrial Engineering
  • School of Aerospace
    • Department of Engineering Mechanics
    • Department of Aeronautics & Astronautics Engineering
The building of the Tsinghua School
Tsinghua's Science Park
The Tsinghua Observatory
  • School of Information Science and Technology
    • Department of Electronic Engineering
    • Department of Computer Science and Technology
    • Department of Automation
    • Institute of Microelectronics
    • Department of Microelectronics and Nanoelectronics
    • School of Software
  • Department of Environmental Science and Engineering
  • Department of Electrical Engineering
  • Department of Engineering Physics
  • Department of Chemical Engineering
  • Department of Materials Science and Engineering
  • School of Sciences
    • Department of Mathematics
    • Department of Physics
    • Department of Chemistry
  • School of Humanities and Social Sciences
    • Department of Philosophy
    • Department of Chinese Language and Literature
    • Department of Foreign Languages
    • Department of History
    • Department of Sociology
    • Department of Political Science
    • Department of International Relations
    • Department of Psychology
  • School of Economics and Management
    • Department of Management Science and Engineering
    • Department of Economics
    • Department of Finance
    • Department of Accounting
    • Department of Innovation and Entrepreneurship
    • Department of Human Resources and Organizational Behavior
    • Department of Business Strategy and Policy
    • Department of Marketing
  • School of Public Policy & Management
  • Tsinghua Law School
  • Academy of Arts and Design
    • Department of Art History
    • Department of Industrial Design
    • Department of Environmental Art Design
    • Department of Ceramic Design
    • Department of Visual Communication Design
    • Department of Textile and Fashion Design
    • Department of Art and Crafts
    • Department of Painting
    • Department of Sculpture
    • Department of Information Art & Design
  • School of Medicine
    • Department of Medical Science
    • Department of Pharmaceutical Science
    • Department of Biomedical Engineering
  • School of Journalism and Communication
  • Institute of Nuclear And New Energy Technology
  • Department of Physical Education

Department of Mathematical Sciences

Department of Mathematical Sciences (DMS) was established in 1927. As one of the premier Departments of Mathematical Sciences in China, DMS is famous for its rigorous academic attitude. Many famous Chinese mathematicians from DMS such as Shiing-Shen Chern and Luogeng Hua became well-known to the world.

In 1952, Tsinghua DMS was merged with the Peking University Department of Mathematical Sciences. Then in 1979 it was renamed "Department of Applied Mathematics", and renamed again in 1999 to its current title.

Tsinghua DMS has three institutes at present, the institute of Elementary Mathematics which has 27 faculty members, the Institute of Applied Mathematics and Probability and Statistics which has 27 faculty members, and the Institute of Computational Mathematics and Operations Research which has 20 faculty members. There are currently about 400 undergraduate students and 200 graduate students.

School of Economics and Management

Main article: Tsinghua University School of Economics and Management

School of Journalism and Communication

The Tsinghua School of Journalism and Communication (TSJC) was established in April 2002. Its predecessor was Communication Studies in the Department of Chinese Language and Literature and its establishment of coincides with the development of media increasingly influencing world affairs in a time of fast-growing globalization. The school's research fields include International Communication, Film and Television Studies, New Media Studies, Media Operation and Management, and Business Journalism and are based on comprehensive academic research in journalism and communication theories. The objective of the school is to bring full advantage of Tsinghua University's comprehensive academic structure to Chinese and international media, to construct a first-rate discipline in journalism and communication studies, to cultivate talented professionals in the field and to explore advanced concepts in journalism and communication. The school also offers a two-year graduate program in international business journalism, sponsored by Bloomberg L.P. and the International Center for Journalists (ICFJ), that trains talented students and media professionals from around the globe in financial media and corporate communication.[17]

The school has five research-oriented centers to organize and conduct academic research activities. They are: Center for International Communications Studies, Center for New Media Studies, Center for Film and Television Studies, Center for Media Management Studies and Center for Cultural Industry Studies.[17]

The first and present dean of the school is Fan Jingyi, a notable chief editor of People's Daily during the period of 1990s.

Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University

The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, was jointly founded by Tsinghua University and the Shenzhen Municipal Government. The school is directly affiliated with Tsinghua University in Beijing. The campus is located in the University Town of Shenzhen since October 18, 2003.[18]

Academics

University rankings
Global
ARWU[19]151-200
Times[20]52
QS[21]48
Asia
ARWU[22]11-19
Times[23]6
QS (World version)[24]
QS (Asian version)[25]		10
15

Research

The scientific and technological research and projects at Tsinghua University are mainly supported by (the special projects and funds of) the national science and technology programs, which provide over CNY 1.5 billion yuan for more than 1,000 projects each year for the university. With the prospective increase of state investment in science and technology, research at Tsinghua is to receive more financial support from the state.[26]

Rankings

Tsinghua University has been constantly placed as one of the top two universities in mainland China by most domestic and international rankings, along with Peking University. Nationally, it had been continuously ranked to be the best in mainland by the Chinese university ranking from 2003 to 2010 and has become the second since then. The Netbig had also regarded it to be the best in 2008, 2009 and 2010,[27] and it was placed at 2nd by the China's Education Center in the same consecutive years.[2] Internationally, the Times Higher Education World University Rankings placed it at 52nd in 2012-13[28] while the QS World University Rankings ranked it at 48th worldwide in 2012.[29] Further, ARWU (2012) considered it to be among 151st-200th in the world and 1st-4th in mainland China.[30]

Student life

Student associations

Tsinghua University has more than 110 student associations covering five domains: science and technology, physical training, humanities, arts and public welfare. To name a few: the Students' Performing Arts Club, Zijing Volunteer Service, Students' Association of Science & Technology, Photography Association, Foreign Languages Association, Association of Student International Communication (ASIC), etc.

International students are encouraged to participate in various extracurricular activities and join the student associations of the University. FSAO also organizes extracurricular activities for international students, including welcome party for new students, New Year’s party, graduation party, tourist visits to Chinese cultural and historical destinations, sports competitions, etc.

Campus

The Old Gate is a symbol of Tsinghua University
The main administration building, built in 1950s.

The campus of Tsinghua University is located in northwest Beijing, in the Haidian district which was designated for universities and other academic institutes.

It is located on the former site of Qing Dynasty royal gardens and retains Chinese-style landscaping as well as traditional buildings, but many of its buildings are also in the Western-style, reflecting the American influence in its history. Along with its rival and neighbor the Peking University, it is known throughout China and the wider world for having one of the most beautiful campuses. Tsinghua University's campus was named one of the most beautiful college campuses in the world by a panel of architects and campus designers in Forbes in 2010;[31] it was the only university in Asia on the list.[32][33]

T. Chuang, a 1914 graduate of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, helped design the campus grounds of the Tsinghua University with influences of American architectural style and architectures.[34]

The University's Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology is on a separate campus in a northern suburb of Beijing.

Entrance to "Gong Zi Ting", the former Qing Prince's Mansion
Tsinghua campus scenery
A Qing Dynasty Jinchun Garden on Tsinghua University Campus

Zijing Apartments

Located in the north of Tsinghua University, Zijing Apartments (紫荆公寓) is the most modernised student dormitory in China and the largest, able to accommodate 22,400 students. Zijing comprises of 26 blocks, with 23 buildings ranging from 7 to 15 stories. The total construction area amounts to 350,000 m2 (3,800,000 sq ft).

Notable alumni and academics

Main article: People associated with Tsinghua University

Tsinghua University has produced many notable graduates, especially in political sphere. These include former General Secretary, president Hu Jintao, the current vice president Xi Jinping, the current chairman of the National People's Congress Wu Bangguo, former premier Zhu Rongji, and the former first vice premier Huang Ju. Tsinghua also has two Nobel Prize winners, Tsung-Dao Lee and Yang Chen Ning. The latter is currently residing on Tsinghua campus. This is a list of people associated with Tsinghua University in China.

Nobel laureates

  • Yang Chen Ning – physicist, Nobel laureate (Physics) 1957

Famous alumni

  • Hu Jintao – former General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, President of the People's Republic of China
  • Xi Jinping – current President of the People's Republic of China
  • Min Chueh Chang – a co-inventor of the combined oral contraceptive pill (1933)
  • Shiing-Shen Chern – mathematician, Wolf Prize winner (1984)
  • Shing-Tung Yau - mathematician, Fields Medalist (1982) and Wolf Prize winner (2010)
  • Kai Lai Chung – mathematician
  • Mu Dan – poet
  • Chao Ko – mathematician
  • Zhao Jiuzhang – physicist
  • Sun Li-jen – Kuomintang general
  • Liang Shih-chiu – scholar
  • Wen Yiduo – writer, poet
  • Feng Youlan – Chinese philosopher
  • Zhang Yuzhe – astronomer
  • Fei Xiaotong – researcher of sociology and anthropology
  • Qian Zhongshu – one of the most famous writers of pre-Revolutionary China, wrote Fortress Besieged
  • Zhou Peiyuan – former president of Peking University
  • Wu Guanzheng – member of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China
  • Huang Ju – former Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China
  • Zhu Rongji – former Premier of the People's Republic of China
  • Zhou Xiaochuan – governor of the People's Bank of China
  • Jia Chunwang – head of Ministry of State Security 1985–1998, then Minister of Public Security

Famous faculty

Liang Qichao was one of China's most groundbreaking scholars, journalists, philosophers, and reformists of the 20th century.
  • Liang Qichao – famous philosopher and reformist during the Qing dynasty
  • John L. Thornton – former president and co-chief operating officer of Goldman Sachs
  • Tsiang Tingfu – historian and diplomat
  • Wu Guanying – designer of the Official mascot of the 2008 Paralympics
  • Wang Guowei
  • Qin Hui
  • David Daokui Li – economist and the Director of the Center for China in the World Economy (CCWE)
  • Patrick Chovanec – commentator and consultant on Chinese economy and US-China relations
  • Wang Hui
  • Laurie Olin – landscape architect and author
  • Liang Sicheng – architect and historian
  • Lin Huiyin – architect, poet, and historian
  • Chen Yinque – historian and linguist
  • Norbert Wiener – theoretical and applied mathematician (Visiting Professor)
  • Andrew Chi-Chih Yao – Turing Award winner (2001), computer scientist

Qinghua clique

The term Qinghua clique refers to a group of Communist Chinese politicians that have graduated from Tsinghua University. They are members of the fourth generation of Chinese leadership, and are purported to hold reformist and hesitantly pro-democratic ideas (a number have studied in the United States following graduation from Tsinghua, and some are said to be influenced by the reform ideals of Hu Yaobang). In the PRC, their ascendance to power began in 2008 at the 17th National Congress of the CPC.[35]

Tsinghua graduates who have political prominence are disproportionately greater in number than graduates of other famous universities. Among the nine standing committees at the Politburo, there are four Tsinghua graduates; among the 24 Politburo committee members, there are five; and of all the "leaders of the party and the country", there are 10.

The Tsinghua clique also referred to a group of Nationalist Chinese politicians who held high power in the Republic of China government and fled to Taiwan with the government during the Chinese Civil War. All of them are deceased.

See also

Portal iconBeijing portal
Portal iconUniversity portal
  • National Tsing Hua University
  • Peking Union Medical College
  • Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology
  • Anti-Corruption and Governance Research Center
  • High School attached to Tsinghua University
  • Tsinghua clique
  • Qinghuayuan
  • Wudaokou
  • SMTH BBS
  • Education in the People's Republic of China
  • Daftar/Tabel -- colleges and universities in Beijing
  • The Students' English Debating Association (SEDA), Tsinghua University

Notes

  1. ^ "Introduction of Tsinghua University". Tsinghua.edu.cn. http://www.tsinghua.edu.cn/eng/about. jsp?boardid=32&bid2=3201&page no=1. Retrieved 2012-04-22.
  2. ^ a b c www.chinaeducenter.com. "University in China. China Education Center". Chinaeducenter.com. http://www.chinaeducenter.com/en/univ ersityranking1.php. Retrieved 2012-04-22.
  3. ^ a b "2009 China University Ranking". China-university-ranking.com. 2008-12-24. http://www.china-university-ranking.c om/. Retrieved 2012-04-22.
  4. ^ a b "Univ ranking in China 200" (PDF). http://gse.sjtu.edu.cn/kxyj/articles/ en/ELW2005003--Univ%20ranking%20in%20 China%202005%20HEE_30_02%20p10.pdf. Retrieved 2012-04-22.
  5. ^ Su-Yan Pan (2009). University autonomy, the state, and social change in China. Hong Kong University Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-962-209-936-4. 
  6. ^ 方惠坚，张思敬 (2001). 清华大学志（下册）（M） (in zh). 北京: 清华大学出版社. pp. 781–785. ISBN 7-302-04319-1. 
  7. ^ Harvard News Office (2002-05-16). "Harvard Gazette: Summers visits People's Republic of China". News.harvard.edu. http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/2002/ 05.16/11-china.html. Retrieved 2012-04-22.
  8. ^ "Transcript of Premier Zhu Rongji's speech at MIT". Web.mit.edu. 1999-04-15. http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/1999/zh ufull.html. Retrieved 2012-04-22.
  9. ^ "Programs and Degrees". Tsinghua.edu.cn. http://www.tsinghua.edu.cn/eng/admiss ions.jsp?boardid=34&bid2=34&p ageno=1. Retrieved 2012-04-22.
  10. ^ "China's B-School Boom". BusinessWeek. 2006-01-09. http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/ content/06_02/b3966074.htm. Retrieved 2012-04-22.
  11. ^ [1][dead link]
  12. ^ "Inauguration Ceremony for Newly Named Peking Union Medical College， Tsinghua University". News.tsinghua.edu.cn. http://news.tsinghua.edu.cn/eng__news .php?id=1210. Retrieved 2012-04-22.
  13. ^ "Tsinghua University Library Collctions". Tsinghua University. http://eng.lib.tsinghua.edu.cn/AboutT heLibrary/Document/87/87.html. Retrieved 2013-01-29.
  14. ^ See the Tsinghua opens New Tsinghua Xue Tang and University History Museum.
  15. ^ News of Tsinghua University Tsinghua University
  16. ^ Website of School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University
  17. ^ a b "TSJC in brief". Tsjc.tsinghua.edu.cn. http://www.tsjc.tsinghua.edu.cn/index .php?id=110&styleid=2. Retrieved 2012-04-22.
  18. ^ "Overview of Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University". Sz.tsinghua.edu.cn. http://www.sz.tsinghua.edu.cn/en/Abou t/About.html. Retrieved 2012-04-22.
  19. ^ "Academic Ranking of World Universities: Global". Institute of Higher Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University. 2012. http://www.shanghairanking.com/ARWU20 12.html. Retrieved October 7, 2012.
  20. ^ "Top 400 – The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2012–2013". The Times Higher Education. 2012. http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk /world-university-rankings/2012-13/wo rld-ranking. Retrieved October 7, 2012.
  21. ^ "QS World University Rankings". QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. 2012. http://www.topuniversities.com/univer sity-rankings/world-university-rankin gs/2012. Retrieved October 7, 2012.
  22. ^ "Academic Ranking of World Universities: Global". Institute of Higher Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University. 2012. http://www.shanghairanking.com/ARWU20 12.html. Retrieved October 7, 2012.
  23. ^ "Top Asian universities". The Times Higher Education. 2012. http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk /world-university-rankings/2012-13/wo rld-ranking/region/asia. Retrieved October 7, 2012.
  24. ^ "QS World University Rankings (Asian part)". QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. 2012. http://www.topuniversities.com/univer sity-rankings/world-university-rankin gs/2012. Retrieved October 7, 2012.
  25. ^ "QS Asian University Rankings". QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. 2012. http://www.topuniversities.com/univer sity-rankings/asian-university-rankin gs/2012. Retrieved October 7, 2012.
  26. ^ [2]
  27. ^ "2010中国大学排名,2010大学排 名,中国大学排行榜,2010全国� ��学百强榜单_网大". Rank2010.netbig.com. http://rank2010.netbig.com/top100.htm l. Retrieved 2012-04-22.
  28. ^ "THE World University Rankings 2012-13". The Times Higher Education. http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk /world-university-rankings/2012-13/wo rld-ranking.
  29. ^ QS World University Rankings 2012
  30. ^ "ARWU 2012". http://www.shanghairanking.com/ARWU20 12.html#.
  31. ^ "Yale named among world’s ‘most beautiful campuses’". Opa.yale.edu. 2010-09-24. http://opa.yale.edu/news/article.aspx ?id=7790. Retrieved 2012-04-22.
  32. ^ "Forbes Magazine lists University of Cincinnati among world's most beautiful college campuses". Magazine.uc.edu. 2010-03-01. http://magazine.uc.edu/favorites/web- only/forbes.html. Retrieved 2012-04-22.
  33. ^ le Draoulec, Pascale (2010-03-01). "The World's Most Beautiful College Campuses". Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/2010/03/01/most -beautiful-campus-lifestyle-college.h tml. Retrieved 2010-03-08.
  34. ^ Melissa Mitchell (2007-02-15). "Global partnership aims to train 'exceptional' professional". UIUC News Service. http://www.news.uiuc.edu/news/07/0215 partnership.html. Retrieved 2007-07-10.
  35. ^ China's elite politics: political transition and power balancing. Google Books. Retrieved 2012-04-22. 

External links

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