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University College London

University College London
UCL-logo-new.png
MottoCuncti adsint meritaeque expectent praemia palmae (Latin)
Motto in EnglishLet all come who by merit deserve the most reward
Established1826
TypePublic
ChancellorHRH The Princess Royal (University of London)
ProvostProf. Malcolm Grant
Chairman of the CouncilSir Stephen Wall[1]
Admin. staff10,097 (2012 average)[2]
Students24,680[3]
Undergraduates13,405[3]
Postgraduates11,275[3]
LocationLondon, United Kingdom
VisitorLord Dyson, Master of the Rolls ex officio[4]
Colours
           
Affiliations
Websiteucl.ac.uk

University College London (UCL) is a public research university located in London, United Kingdom, and the oldest and largest constituent college of the federal University of London.[5] Founded in 1826, UCL was the first university institution to be founded in London and the first in England to be established on an entirely secular basis, to admit students regardless of their religion and to admit women on equal terms with men.[6] UCL became one of the two founding colleges of the University of London in 1836.

UCL's main campus is located in the Bloomsbury area of central London, with a number of institutes and teaching hospitals located elsewhere in central London. UCL is organised into 10 constituent faculties, within which there are over 100 departments, institutes and research centres. UCL has around 26,220 students and 10,100 staff and had a total income of £869 million in 2011/12, of which £301 million was from research grants and contracts.[2] UCL has around 4,000 academic and research staff and 650 professors, the highest number of any British university.[7]

UCL is ranked 21st in the world (and 3rd in Europe) in the 2012 Academic Ranking of World Universities,[8] 4th in the world (and 2nd in Europe) in the 2012 QS World University Rankings[9] and 17th in the world (and 5th in Europe) in the 2012-13 Times Higher Education World University Rankings.[10] For the period 1999 to 2009 it was the 13th most-cited university in the world (and the most-cited in Europe).[11] There are 26 Nobel Prize winners and three Fields Medalists amongst UCL’s alumni and current and former staff.

UCL is part of three of the 11 biomedical research centres established by the NHS in England and is a founding member of UCL Partners, the largest academic health science centre in Europe.[12] UCL is a member of the Association of Commonwealth Universities, the European University Association, the G5,[13] the League of European Research Universities, the Russell Group, UNICA and Universities UK.[14] It forms part of the 'golden triangle' of British universities.[15]

Contents

History

The London University as drawn by Thomas Hosmer Shepherd and published in 1827/28 (now the UCL Main Building)
William Ramsay is regarded as a "father of noble gases".
Main article: History of University College London

1826 to 1901

UCL was founded on 11 February 1826 under the name London University as a secular alternative to the religious universities of Oxford and Cambridge.[16][17] Despite having had no direct role in its foundation, the philosopher Jeremy Bentham is commonly seen as the father of UCL; his radical ideas on education and society were the inspiration to the institution's founders, particularly the Scotsmen James Mill (1773–1836) and Henry Brougham (1778–1868).[18] Its first Warden was Leonard Horner.

In 1827 the Chair of Political Economy at London University was created, with John Ramsay McCulloch as the first incumbent, establishing one of the first Department of Economics in England.[19] In 1828 the university became the first in England to offer English as a degree subject[20] and the teaching of Classics and medicine began. In 1830 London University founded the London University School, which would later become University College School. In 1833 the university appointed Alexander Maconochie, Secretary to the Royal Geographical Society, as the first professor of geography in the UK. In 1834 University College Hospital opened as a teaching hospital for the university medical school.[21] In 1836, London University was renamed University College, London, when, under a Royal Charter, it worked with the recently established King's College, London, to create the federal University of London. The Slade School of Fine Art was founded in 1871 following a bequest from Felix Slade. In 1878 UCL became the first British university to admit women on equal terms to men.[22] In 1898 William Ramsay discovered the elements krypton, neon and xenon whilst professor of chemistry at UCL.[23][24]

1901 to 2001

Gregory Foster became UCL's first Provost in 1906, a post he would hold for the next 23 years. In the same year the Cruciform Building was opened as the new home for University College Hospital.[25] In 1907 the University of London was formally reconstituted with a new Royal charter, and a number of new institutions joined the federation. As part of this reorganisation each of the constituent institutions, including UCL, lost their legal independence, and henceforth all offered degrees awarded by the University of London. UCL sustained considerable bomb damage during the Second World War, including to the Great Hall and the Carey Foster Physics Laboratory. The first UCL student magazine, Pi Magazine, was published for the first time on 21 February 1946. The Institute of Jewish Studies relocated to UCL in 1959. The Mullard Space Science Laboratory was established in 1967.[26] In 1973 UCL became the first international link to the precursor of the internet, the ARPANET, sending the world's first e-mail in the same year.[27][28]

In 1976 a new charter restored UCL's legal independence, although not the power to award its own degrees.[29][30] It was also under this charter that the College became formally known as University College London (thus abandoning the comma after "College" which had been used since 1836).

In 1986 UCL merged with the Institute of Archaeology.[31] In 1988 UCL merged with the Institute of Laryngology & Otology, the Institute of Orthopaedics, the Institute of Urology & Nephrology and Middlesex Hospital Medical School.[31] In 1994 the University College London Hospitals NHS Trust was established. UCL merged with the College of Speech Sciences and the Institute of Ophthalmology in 1995, the Institute of Child Health and the School of Podiatry in 1996[32] and the Institute of Neurology in 1997.[31][33] In 1998 UCL merged with the Royal Free Hospital Medical School to create the Royal Free and University College Medical School (renamed the UCL Medical School in October 2008). In 1999 UCL merged with the School of Slavonic and East European Studies[34][35] and the Eastman Dental Institute.[31]

2001 to 2011

Jeremy Bentham's auto-icon on public display in the cloisters of the UCL Main Building

The UCL Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science, the first university department in the world devoted specifically to reducing crime, was founded in 2001.[36]

Proposals for a merger between UCL and Imperial College London were announced in 2002.[37] The proposal provoked strong opposition from UCL teaching staff and students and the AUT union, which criticised 'the indecent haste and lack of consultation', leading to its abandonment and the resignation of the UCL Provost Sir Derek Roberts.[38]

The London Centre for Nanotechnology was established in 2003 as a joint venture between UCL and Imperial College London.[39][40]

In 2005 UCL was again granted its own taught and research degree awarding powers and all new UCL students registered from 2007/08 qualified with UCL degrees. Also in 2005, UCL adopted a new corporate branding, under which, among other things, the name University College London was replaced by the simple initialism UCL in all external communications.[41] In the same year a major new £422 million building was opened for University College Hospital on Euston Road,[42] the UCL Ear Institute was established and a new building for the UCL School of Slavonic and East European Studies was opened.

In 2007 the UCL Cancer Institute was opened in the newly constructed Paul O'Gorman Building. In August 2008 UCL formed UCL Partners, an academic health science centre, with Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust and University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust.[43] In 2008 UCL established the UCL School of Energy & Resources in Adelaide, Australia, the first campus of a British university in the country.[44]

In 2009, the Yale UCL Collaborative was established between UCL, UCL Partners, Yale University, Yale School of Medicine and Yale – New Haven Hospital.[45] It is the largest collaboration in the history of either university, and its scope has subsequently been extended to the humanities and social sciences.[46][47]

2011 to present

In June 2011 the mining company BHP Billiton agreed to donate A$10 million to UCL to fund the establishment of two energy institutes – the Energy Policy Institute, based in Adelaide, and the Institute for Sustainable Resources, based in London.[48] In November 2011 UCL announced plans for a £500 million investment in its main Bloomsbury campus over 10 years, and the establishment of a new 23-acre campus next to the Olympic Park in Stratford in the East End of London.[49]

The School of Pharmacy, University of London merged with UCL on 1 January 2012, becoming the UCL School of Pharmacy within the Faculty of Life Sciences.[50][51] In May 2012 UCL, Imperial College London and Intel announced the establishment of the Intel Collaborative Research Institute for Sustainable Connected Cities, a London-based institute for research into the future of cities.[52][53]

In August 2012, the University waded into controversy as it advertised an unpaid research position.[54] After the university was branded exploitative and unethical by the University and College Union, the university was forced into withdrawing the advert.

UCL and the Institute of Education formed a strategic alliance in October 2012, including co-operation in teaching, research and the development of the London schools system.[55]

Campus

Bloomsbury

See also: Filming at UCL
A summertime view from the South-Western corner of the quadrangle towards the UCL main building on Gower Street

UCL is primarily based in the Bloomsbury area of central London. The main campus is located around Gower Street and includes the biology, chemistry, economics, engineering, geography, history, languages, mathematics, philosophy, politics and physics departments, the preclinical facilities of the UCL Medical School, the London Centre for Nanotechnology, the Slade School of Fine Art, the UCL Union, the main UCL Library, the UCL Science Library, the Bloomsbury Theatre and the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology. Close by in Bloomsbury are the UCL Cancer Institute, the UCL Ear Institute, the UCL Eastman Dental Institute, the UCL Faculty of the Built Environment (The Bartlett), the UCL Faculty of Laws, the UCL Institute of Archaeology, the UCL Institute of Child Health, the UCL Institute of Neurology, the UCL School of Pharmacy, the UCL School of Slavonic and East European Studies and University College Hospital.[56]

Notable UCL buildings in Bloomsbury include the UCL Main Building, including the Octagon, Quad, Cloisters and the Wilkins building designed by William Wilkins; the Cruciform Building, Gower Street (a red, cross-shaped building previously home to University College Hospital); and the Rockefeller Building, University Street, home to the original University College Hospital Medical School and named after the American oil magnate John Davison Rockefeller after support from the Rockefeller foundation in the 1920s. Due to its position within London and the historical nature of its buildings, including most notably the UCL Main Building and quad, UCL has been used as a location for a number of film and television productions, including Doctor in the House (1954), Gladiator (2000), The Mummy Returns (2001), The Dark Knight (2008) and Inception (2010).[57]

A number of important institutions are based near to the main campus, including the British Library, the British Medical Association, the British Museum, Cancer Research UK, the Medical Research Council, RADA, the Royal Academy of Art, the Royal Institution and the Wellcome Trust. Many University of London schools and institutes are also close by, including Birkbeck, University of London, the Institute of Education, London Business School, the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, the Royal Veterinary College, the School of Advanced Study, the School of Oriental and African Studies and the Senate House Library. The nearest London Underground station is Euston Square, with Goodge Street, Russell Square and Warren Street all nearby. The mainline railway stations at Euston, King's Cross and St Pancras are all within walking distance.

Other sites

Elsewhere in central London are the UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (based in Clerkenwell), the Windeyer Institute (based in Fitzrovia), the UCL Institute of Orthopedics and Musculoskeletal Science (based in Stanmore), The Royal Free Hospital and the Whittington Hospital campuses of the UCL Medical School, and a number of other teaching hospitals. The Department of Space and Climate Physics (Mullard Space Science Laboratory) is based in Holmbury St Mary, Surrey, the UCL School of Energy and Resources is based in Adelaide, Australia and there is a UCL campus in Doha, Qatar specialised in archaeology, conservation and museum studies.[58] Since September 2010 UCL has been running a University Preparatory Certificate course at Nazarbayev University in Astana, Kazakhstan.[59]

Organisation and administration

Governance

Although UCL is a constituent college of the federal University of London, in most ways it is comparable with free-standing, self-governing and independently funded universities, and it awards its own degrees.[60]

UCL's governing body is the Council, which oversees the management and administration of UCL and the conduct of its affairs, subject to the advice of the Academic Board on matters of academic policy, and approves UCL's long-term plans.[61] It delegates authority to the Provost, as chief executive, for the academic, corporate, financial, estate and human resources management of UCL. The Council normally meets six times each year. The Council comprises 20 members, of whom 11 are members external to UCL; seven are UCL academic staff of UCL, including the President and Provost, three are UCL professors and three non-professorial staff; and two are UCL students. The Chair is appointed by Council for a term not normally exceeding five years. The Chair is ex officio Chair of the Honorary Degrees and Fellowships Committee, Nominations Committee and Remuneration and Strategy Committee.[61] The current Chairman of the Council is Sir Stephen Wall.

UCL's principal academic and administrative officer is the President and Provost, who is also UCL's designated principal officer for the purposes of the Financial Memorandum with the Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE).[61] The Provost is appointed by Council after consultation with the Academic Board, is responsible to the Council, and works closely with its members, and especially with the Chair of Council. The current Provost and President of UCL is Professor Malcolm Grant.[62]

Vice-Provosts are appointed by the Provost, through the Council, to assist and advise the Provost as required. The Vice-Provosts are members of the Provost's Senior Management Team. There are presently six Vice-Provosts (for Education, Enterprise, Health, International, Research, and Operations).[61]

The Deans of UCL's faculties are appointed by Council and, together with the Vice-Provosts and the Director of Finance and Business Affairs, form the members of the Provost's Senior Management Team. The Deans' principal duties include advising the Provost and Vice-Provosts on academic strategy, staffing matters and resources for academic departments within their faculty; overseeing curricula and programme management at faculty level; liaising with Faculty Tutors on undergraduate admissions and student academic matters; overseeing examination matters at faculty level; and co-ordinating faculty views on matters relating to education and information support.[61]

Faculties and departments

See also: Category:Departments of University College London
The Kathleen Lonsdale Building, home to a number of UCL science departments

UCL’s research and teaching is organised within a network of faculties and academic departments. Faculties and academic departments are formally established by the UCL Council, the governing body of UCL, on the advice of the Academic Board, which is UCL’s senior academic authority. UCL is currently organised into the following 10 constituent faculties:[63]

  • the UCL Faculty of Arts and Humanities;
  • the UCL Faculty of Brain Sciences;
  • the UCL Faculty of the Built Environment (The Bartlett);
  • the UCL Faculty of Engineering Sciences;
  • the UCL Faculty of Laws;
  • the UCL Faculty of Life Sciences;
  • the UCL Faculty of Mathematical and Physical Sciences;
  • the UCL Faculty of Medical Sciences (incorporating the UCL Medical School);
  • the UCL Faculty of Population Health Sciences; and
  • the UCL Faculty of Social and Historical Sciences.

The UCL School of Slavonic and East European Studies operates as an academic unit outside of the faculty structure.

In order to facilitate greater interdisciplinary interaction in research and teaching UCL has also established three strategic faculty groupings:

  • the UCL School of Life and Medical Sciences (comprising the Faculties of Brain Sciences, Life Sciences, Medical Sciences and Population Health Sciences);
  • the UCL School of the Built Environment, Engineering and Mathematical and Physical Sciences (comprising the UCL Faculty of the Built Environment, UCL Faculty of Engineering Sciences and UCL Faculty of Mathematical & Physical Sciences); and
  • the UCL Faculty of Arts & Humanities, UCL Faculty of Laws, UCL Faculty of Social & Historical Sciences and the UCL School of Slavonic & East European Studies.

Finances

In the financial year ended 31 July 2012, UCL had a total income (including share of joint ventures) of £868.7 million (2010/11 – £801.6 million) and total expenditure of £843.4 million (2010/11 – £777.4 million).[2] Key sources of income included £300.7 million from research grants and contracts (2010/11 – £283.4 million), £208.5 million from academic fees and support grants (2009/10 – £172.2 million), £198.3 million from Funding Council grants (2010/11 – £203.3 million) and £6.9 million from endowment and investment income (2010/11 – £5.2 million).[2] During the 2011/12 financial year UCL had a capital expenditure of £55.2 million (2010/11 – £91.6 million).[2] At year end UCL had endowments of £72.4 million (31 July 2011 – £72.7 million) and total net assets of £750.4 million (31 July 2011 – £706.7 million).[2]

In 2010/11 UCL and the School of Pharmacy (which merged in January 2012) had a combined income of £826.52 million, the third-highest of any British university (after the University of Cambridge and the University of Oxford).[64]

UCL launched a 10 year, £300 million fundraising appeal in October 2004, at the time the largest target ever set by a university in the United Kingdom for such an appeal.[65]

Secularism

From its foundation the College was deliberately secular; the initial justification of this secularity was that students of different denominations (specifically Catholics and Protestants) could study alongside each other without conflict. Even today UCL retains its strict secular position, and unlike most other UK universities has no specific religious prayer rooms. However there has been a Christian chaplaincy since 2005, there is no restriction on religious groups among students, and a 'quiet contemplation room' allows prayer for staff and students of all faiths.

Logo, arms and colours

Whereas most universities primarily use their logo on mundane documents but their coat of arms on official documents such as degree certificates, UCL exclusively uses its logo.[66] The present logo was adopted as part of a rebranding exercise in August 2005.[41] Prior to that date, a different logo was used, in which the letters UCL were incorporated into a stylised representation of the college portico.

UCL formerly made some use of a coat of arms depicting a raised bent arm dressed in armour holding a green upturned open wreath.[67] A version of this badge (not on a shield) appears to have been used by UCL Union from shortly after its foundation in 1893.[68] However, the arms are not known to have ever been the subject of an official grant of arms, and indeed depart from several of the rules and conventions of heraldry. They are no longer formally used by the College, although they are still occasionally seen in unofficial contexts, or used in modified form by sports teams and societies.

The blazon of these arms is:

Purpure, on a wreath of the colours Argent and Blue Celeste, an arm in armour embowed Argent holding an upturned wreath of laurel Vert, beneath which two branches of laurel Or crossed at the nombril and bound with a bowed cord Or, beneath the nombril a motto of Blue Celeste upon which Cuncti adsint meritaeque expectent praemia palmae.

The motto is a quotation from Virgil's Aeneid, and translates into English as "Let all come who by merit deserve the most reward".[69]

UCL's traditional sporting and academic colours of purple and light blue are derived from the arms.

  • The UCL "coat of arms"

  • The former UCL logo, in use until 2005

Academics

UCL has hundreds of research and teaching partnerships, including around 150 research links and 130 student-exchange partnerships with European universities.[6] Students from more than 150 countries study at UCL, with non-British students making up almost a third of the student body.[6]

Faculty and staff

As at October 2009, UCL had 4,078 academic and research staff across its (then) eight faculties:[70]

The Rockefeller Building on University Street, one of UCL's largest premises
FacultyNumber of staff[70]
UCL Faculty of Arts and Humanities180
UCL Faculty of Biomedical Sciences1,971
UCL Faculty of the Built Environment (The Bartlett)136
UCL Faculty of Engineering Sciences391
UCL Faculty of Laws62
UCL Faculty of Life Sciences591
UCL Faculty of Mathematical and Physical Sciences445
UCL Faculty of Social and Historical Sciences292

UCL has the highest number of professors of any university in the UK, with 648 established and personal chairs.[7] There are currently 36 Fellows of the Royal Society, 26 Fellows of the British Academy, 10 Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering and 78 Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences amongst UCL academic and research staff.[71]

Research

16 Taviton Street, home to the UCL School of Slavonic and East European Studies

UCL has made cross-disciplinary research a priority and orientates its research around four "Grand Challenges".[72] According to Professor David Price, Pro-Provost for Research: "We believe we have a moral obligation to make a difference to global problems, and to combine the knowledge that our research generates to develop wisdom that can be applied in each of the four Grand Challenges: Global Health, Sustainable Cities, Intercultural Interaction and Human Wellbeing".[73]

In 2010/11 UCL and the School of Pharmacy (which merged in January 2012) had a combined research income of £291.5 million (UCL – £283.38 million; School of Pharmacy – £8.13 million), the third-highest of any British university (after the University of Oxford and Imperial College London).[64] In the Times Higher Education ranking of research council awards 2008-9 UCL is shown to have won the most research awards with 174 awards amounting to £81,365,000. In second place Cambridge won 162 awards amounting to £74,263,000. There are currently approximately 3,000 PhD students working at UCL.

According to a ranking of universities produced by SCImago Research Group, UCL is ranked 12th in the world (and 1st in Europe) in terms of total research output.[74] According to data released in July 2008 by ISI Web of Knowledge, UCL is the 13th most-cited university in the world (and most-cited in Europe). The analysis covered citations from 1 January 1998 to 30 April 2008, during which 46,166 UCL research papers attracted 803,566 citations. The report covered citations in 21 subject areas and the results revealed some of UCL's key strengths, including: Clinical Medicine (1st outside North America); Immunology (2nd in Europe); Neuroscience & Behaviour (1st outside North America and 2nd in the world); Pharmacology & Toxicology (1st outside North America and 4th in the world); Psychiatry & Psychology (2nd outside North America); and Social Sciences, General (1st outside North America).[75] According to a separate analysis by ISI Web of Knowledge, for the period January 2000 to August 2010 UCL was ranked 16th in the world (and 2nd in Europe) for citations per paper in engineering.[76]

In the Microsoft Academic Search, which measures total research output, UCL ranks highly in a diverse range of areas.[77] As of 2012 UCL ranked: among the top five institutions in the world in Chromatography (5th), Geography (2nd), Linguistics (5th), Literature (2nd), Medical Education and Training (2nd), Neuroscience (2nd), Oncology (4th), Ophthalmology (4th) and Pathology (5th);[77] among the top 10 in the world in Archaeology (6th), Art History (8th), Dentistry (9th), Evolutionary Sciences (10th), Gynecology and Obstetrics (10th), Machine Learning and Recognition (10th), Pharmacology (9th), Plastic Arts (6th), Regional Studies (10th), Religion (6th) and Simulation (10th);[77] and 1th to 20th in the world in Anatomy (15th), Biochemistry (15th), Biomedical Engineering (20th), Biotechnology (16th), Cardiology (20th), Diabetes (11th), Diseases (11th), Endocrinology (17th), Family Medicine (20th), Genetics and Genealogy (14th), History (14th), Hydrology (13th), Immunology (12th), Labor and Demographics Economics (14th), Mineralogy and Petrology (15th), Molecular Biology (16th), Nutrition (12th), Physiology (12th), Psychiatry and Psychology (19th), Public Affairs (12th) and Statistics (16th).[77] UCL is ranked 10th overall in Arts and Humanities and 9th in Medicine.[77]

UCL submitted a total of 1,793 full-time equivalent staff to the 2008 Research Assessment Exercise (RAE), the fourth-largest number of any British university (after the University of Oxford, the University of Cambridge and the University of Manchester), across a total of 47 subject areas.[78] 27% of research produced by UCL was assessed as 4* (world-leading), 39% as 3* (internationally excellent), 27% as 2* (recognised internationally) and 6% as 1* (recognised nationally).[78] UCL came fifth in the overall 2008 RAE ranking produced by The Guardian (after the University of Cambridge, the University of Oxford, the London School of Economics and Imperial College London)[79] and seventh in the overall ranking produced by Times Higher Education (after the Institute of Cancer Research, the University of Cambridge, the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, the London School of Economics, the University of Oxford and Imperial College London).[78]

Medicine

The Cruciform Building on Gower Street, which houses the preclinical facilities of the UCL Medical School; previously the main building of University College Hospital

UCL has offered courses in medicine since 1834 but the current UCL Medical School developed from mergers with the medical schools of the Middlesex Hospital (founded in 1746) and the Royal Free Hospital (founded as the London School of Medicine for Women in 1874).[80] Clinical medicine is primarily taught at the Royal Free Hospital, University College Hospital and the Whittington Hospital, with other associated teaching hospitals including the Eastman Dental Hospital, Great Ormond Street Hospital, Moorfields Eye Hospital, the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery and the Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital.

UCL is a major centre for biomedical research. It is a member of three of the 11 biomedical research centres established by the NHS in England – the UCLH/UCL Biomedical Research Centre, the Moorfields Eye Hospital/UCL Institute of Ophthalmology Biomedical Research Centre and the Great Ormond Street Hospital/UCL Institute of Child Health Biomedical Research Centre.[81] It is also a founding member of UCL Partners, the largest academic health science centre in Europe with a turnover of approximately £2 billion.[12] UCL has joined with the Medical Research Council, Cancer Research UK and the Wellcome Trust to establish the Francis Crick Institute, a new £600 million medical research centre to be based next to St Pancras railway station and planned to open in 2015.[82] It will be one of the world’s largest medical research centres, housing 1,250 scientists.[83]

Admissions

Admission to UCL is highly selective. For undergraduate entry many of UCL's courses require three A grades at A Level, or a grade equivalent of 6,6,6 on higher level subjects on the International Baccalaureate Program. Due to a very high proportion of applicants receiving the highest school grades, UCL,[84] along with institutions such as Imperial College London and the University of Cambridge[85] was one of the first universities in the UK to make use of the A* grade at A-Level (introduced in 2010) for admissions, particularly for very oversubscribed courses such as Economics, Mathematics,Theoretical Physics, Medicine, History, Psychology, and European Social and Political Studies.

Undergraduate law applicants are required to take the National Admissions Test for Law[86] and undergraduate medical applicants are required to take the BioMedical Admissions Test.[87] Some UCL departments interview undergraduate applicants prior to making an offer of admission.[88]

Foundation programmes

UCL runs intensive one-year foundation courses that lead to a variety of degree programmes at UCL and other top UK universities. Called the UCL University Preparatory Certificate (UPC), the courses are targeted at international students of high academic potential whose education systems in their own countries usually do not offer qualifications suitable for direct admission. There are two pathways - one in science and engineering called the UPCSE; and one in the humanities called UPCH.[89]

Libraries

The main reading room of UCL's Main Library

The UCL library system comprises 16 libraries located across several sites within the main UCL campus and across Bloomsbury, linked together by a central networking catalogue and request system called eUCLid.[90][91] The libraries contain a total of over 1.5 million books.[92] The largest library is the UCL Main Library, which is located in the UCL Main Building and contains collections relating to the arts and humanities, economics, history, law and public policy.[90] The second largest library is the UCL Science Library, which is located in the DMS Watson Building on Malet Place and contains collections relating to anthropology, engineering, geography, life sciences, management and the mathematical and physical sciences.[90] Other libraries include the UCL Bartlett Library (architecture and town planning), the Cruciform Library (general clinical and medical sciences), the UCL Eastman Dental Institute Library (oral health sciences), the UCL Institute of Archaeology Library (archaeology and egyptology), the UCL Institute of Neurology Rockefeller Medical Library (neurosurgery and neuroscience), the Joint Moorfields Eye Hospital & the UCL Institute of Ophthalmology Library (biomedicine, medicine, nursing, ophthalmology and visual science), the UCL Language & Speech Science Library (audiology, communication disorders, linguistics & phonetics, special education, speech & language therapy and voice) and the UCL School of Slavonic and East European Studies Library (the economics, geography, history, languages, literature and politics of Eastern Europe).[90]

UCL staff and students have full access to the main libraries of the University of London—the Senate House Library and the libraries of the Institutes of the School of Advanced Study—which are located close to the main UCL campus in Bloomsbury.[93] These libraries contain over 3.7 million books and focus on the arts, humanities and social sciences.[92] The British Library, which contains around 14 million books, is also located close to the main UCL campus.

Since 2004 UCL Library Services has been collecting the scholarly work of UCL researchers to make it freely available on the internet via an open access repository known as UCL Eprints.[94][95] The intention is that material curated by UCL Eprints will remain accessible indefinitely.[94]

Museums and collections

UCL's Special Collections contains UCL's collection of historical or culturally significant works. It is one of the foremost university collections of manuscripts, archives and rare books in the UK.[96] It includes collections of medieval manuscripts and early printed books, as well as significant holdings of 18th-century works, and highly important 19th- and 20th-century collections of personal papers, archival material, and literature, covering a vast range of subject areas. Archives include the Latin American archives, the Jewish collections and the George Orwell Archive.[97] Collections are often displayed in a series of glass cabinets in the Cloisters of the UCL Main Building.[98]

The most significant works are housed in the Strong Rooms. The special collection includes first editions of Isaac Newton's Principia, Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species and James Joyce's Ulysses . The earliest book in the collection is The crafte to lyve well and to dye well, printed in 1505.[99]

The Flaxman Gallery

UCL is responsible for several museums and collections in a wide range of fields across the arts and sciences:[100]

  • Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology: one of the leading collections of Egyptian and Sudanese archaeology in the world. Open to the public on a regular basis.[101]
  • Grant Museum of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy: a diverse Natural History collection covering the whole of the animal kingdom. Includes rare dodo and quagga skeletons. A teaching and research collection, it is named after Robert Edmund Grant, UCL's first professor of comparative anatomy and zoology from 1828, now mainly noted for having tutored the undergraduate Charles Robert Darwin at the University of Edinburgh in the 1826–1827 session. Open at limited fixed times and by appointment.[102]
  • Geology Collections: founded around 1855. Primarily a teaching resource and may be visited by appointment.[103]
  • Art Collections: these date from 1847 when a collection of sculpture models and drawings of the Neo-classical artist John Flaxman was presented to UCL. There are over 10,000 pieces dating from the 15th century onwards including drawings by Turner, etchings by Rembrandt, and works by many leading 20th century British artists. The works on paper are displayed in the Strang Print Room, which has limited regular opening times. The other works may be viewed by appointment.[104]
  • Institute of Archaeology Collections: Items include prehistoric ceramics and stone artefacts from many parts of the world, the Petrie collection of Palestinian artefacts, and Classical Greek and Roman ceramics. Visits by appointment only.[105]
  • Ethnography Collections: This collection exemplifying Material Culture, holds an enormous variety of objects, textiles and artefacts from all over the world. Visits by appointment only.[106]
  • Galton Collection: The scientific instruments, papers and personal memorabilia of Sir Francis Galton. Housed in the department of biology. Visits by appointment only.[107]
  • Science Collections: Diverse collections primarily accumulated in the course of UCL's own work, including the operating table on which the first anaesthetic was administered. Items may be a viewed by appointment.[108]
  • The Flaxman Gallery: a series of plaster casts of full-size details of sculptures by the Neo-classical sculptor John Flaxman, is located inside the Main Library under the central dome of the UCL Main Building.[109]

Rankings and reputation

Rankings
ARWU[110]
(2012, national)		3
ARWU[110]
(2012, world)		21
QS[111]
(2012/13, national)		2
QS[111]
(2012/13, world)		4
THE[112]
(2012/13, national)		4
THE[112]
(2011/12, world)		17
Complete[113]
(2013, national)		8
The Guardian[114]
(2013, national)		6
The Sunday Times[115]
(2013, national)		13
The Times[116]
(2013, national)		7

UCL is consistently ranked as one of the world's leading universities. In the 2012 Academic Ranking of World Universities, UCL is ranked 21st in the world (and 3rd in Europe).[8] In the subject tables it is ranked 15th in the world (and 3rd in Europe) for Clinical Medicine & Pharmacy,[117] joint 101st-150th in the world (and joint 21st in Europe) for Engineering, Technology and Computer Sciences,[118] 24th in the world (and 4th in Europe) for Life & Agricultural Sciences,[119] joint 51st to 75th in the world (and joint 11th in Europe) for Natural Sciences and Mathematics[120] and joint 48th in the world (and 5th in Europe) for Social Sciences.[121]

In the 2012 QS World University Rankings, UCL is ranked 4th in the world (and 2nd in Europe). In the subject tables it is ranked 16th in the world (and 3rd in Europe) for Arts and Humanities,[122] 44th in the world (and 12th in Europe) for Engineering & Technology,[123] 15th in the world (and 4th in Europe) for Life Sciences and Medicine,[124] 33rd in the world (and 10th in Europe) for Natural Sciences[125] and 23rd in the world (and 4th in Europe) for Social Sciences & Management.[126]

In the 2012-13 Times Higher Education World University Rankings, UCL is ranked 17th in the world (and 5th in Europe).[10] In the subject tables it is ranked 10th in the world (and 3rd in Europe) for Arts and Humanities,[127] 6th in the world (and 4th in Europe) for Clinical, Pre-Clinical and Health,[128] 35th in the world (and 9th in Europe) for Engineering and Technology,[129] 19th in the world (and 5th in Europe) for Life Sciences,[130] 39th in the world (and 12th in Europe) for Physical Sciences[131] and 11th in the world (and 3rd in Europe) for Social Sciences.[132] In the 2013 Times Higher Education World Reputation Rankings, UCL is ranked joint 20th in the world (and joint 4th in Europe).[133]

UCL is consistently one of the top multi-faculty universities in UK university rankings. UCL is ranked first in the UK for its staff/student ratio in The Times Good University Guide, The Sunday Times University Guide and The Guardian University Guide.[6] In the 2013 Guardian University Guide subject tables, UCL is ranked first in six subject areas (out of a total of 46): Archaeology and Forensics, Architecture, Art and Design, Civil Engineering, English, and Psychology.[134] In the 2013 Complete University Guide subject tables, UCL is ranked in the top 10 in 28 subjects, and is ranked first for Building.[135]

UCL is ranked 20th in the world in the 2011 300 Best World Universities human competitiveness ranking produced by Human Resources & Labor Review.[136] In a ranking of universities' international reputations produced by The Guardian in 2009, UCL placed 3rd in the UK (behind Oxford and Cambridge).[137] In 2011, UCL was ranked 12th in the world (and 3rd in the Europe) in a survey of business leaders at top companies carried out by The New York Times.[138]

Student life

UCL Union

Main article: University College London Union
The main UCL Union building situated on Gordon Street

Founded in 1893, the UCL Union has a credible claim to be the oldest students' union in England.[29] UCL Union operates both as the representative voice for UCL students, and as a provider of a wide range of services. It is democratically controlled through General Meetings and referendums, and is run by elected student officers. The Union has provided a prominent platform for political campaigning of all kinds in recent years. It also supports a range of services, including numerous clubs and societies, sports facilities, an advice service, and a number of bars, cafes and shops.[139]

There are currently over 150 clubs and societies under the umbrella of the UCL Union, including: Pi Media (responsible for Pi Magazine and Pi Newspaper, UCL's official student publications);[140] UCL Union Debating Society, UCL's oldest and the third oldest student society in the UK; University College London Dramatic Society; and The Cheese Grater (a student magazine containing a mix of news investigations and humorous items).[141]

Sport

UCL Union runs over 50 sports clubs, including UCL Boat Club (Men's and Women's clubs), UCL Cross Country and Athletics Club and UCL Rugby Club (Men's and Women's as well as Medical School clubs).[142]

UCL clubs compete in inter-university fixtures in the British Universities and Colleges Sport (BUCS) competition in a range of sports, including basketball, cricket, fencing, football, hockey, netball, rugby union and tennis. In the 2011/12 season, UCL finished in 34th position in the final BUCS rankings of 155 participating higher education institutions.[143]

UCL sports facilities include a fitness centre at the main UCL campus in Bloomsbury, a sports centre in Somers Town and a 90-acre athletics ground in Shenley.[144]

Student campaigns

Student campaigns at UCL have included: UCLU Free Education Campaign (a campaign for the return of free and non-marketised higher education); the London Living wage Campaign (a campaign for a basic minimum wage for all UCL staff); Disarm UCL (a campaign which successfully persuaded UCL to not invest in defence companies); and Save UCL (this name has been used by two campaigns: one in 2006 which opposed a merger between UCL and Imperial College London in 2006, and a more recent one against education cuts).

As part of the protests against the UK Government's plans to increase student fees, around 200 students occupied the Jeremy Bentham Room and part of the Slade School of Fine Art for over two weeks during November and December 2010.[145][146] The university successfully obtained a court order to evict the students but stated that it did not intend to enforce the order if possible.[146]

Student housing

Main article: Halls of residence at University College London
Ramsay Hall, Maple Street, a UCL student residence

All first-year undergraduate students and overseas first-year postgraduates at UCL are guaranteed university accommodation.[147] The majority of second- and third-year undergraduate students and graduate students find their own accommodation in the private sector; graduate students may apply for accommodation but places are limited. UCL's student housing includes: Arthur Tattersall House (115–131 Gower Street); Astor College (99 Charlotte Street); Campbell House East and West (Taviton Street); Frances Gardner House and Langton Close (Gray's Inn Road); Goldsmid House (Gillingham Street); Ifor Evans & Max Rayne Student Residences (109 Camden Road); James Lighthill House (Pentonville Road); John Dodgson House (Bidborough Street); John Tovell House (89 & 93–7 Gower Street); Prankerd House (195 North Gower Street); Ramsay Hall and Ian Baker House Student Residences (Maple Street); and Schafer House Student Residence (Drummond Street). There is limited UCL accommodation available for married students and those with children at Bernard Johnson House, Hawkridge, Neil Sharp House and the University of London's Lilian Penson Hall.[148]

UCL students are eligible to apply for places in the University of London intercollegiate halls of residence.[149] The halls are: Canterbury Hall, Commonwealth Hall, College Hall, Connaught Hall, Hughes Parry Hall and International Hall near Russell Square in Bloomsbury; Lillian Penson Hall (postgraduates only) in Paddington; and Nutford House in Marble Arch. Some students are also selected to live in International Students House.

Rivalry with King's College London

Main article: King's College London and UCL rivalry

UCL has a long-running, mostly friendly, rivalry with King's College London (King's), which has historically been known as "Rags".[150] UCL is often referred to by students from King's as the "Godless Scum of Gower Street", in reference to a comment made at the founding of King's, which was based on Christian principles. UCL students in turn refer to King's as "Strand Polytechnic".

The King's' mascot, Reggie the Lion, went missing in the 1990s and was recovered after being found dumped in a field. It was restored at the cost of around £15,000 and then placed on display in the students' union.[151] It is in a glass case and filled with concrete to prevent theft, particularly by UCL students who once castrated it. In turn, King's' students are also believed to have once stolen Phineas, a UCL mascot.[152] It is often claimed that King's' students played football with the embalmed head of Jeremy Bentham. Although the head was indeed stolen, the football story is a myth or legend which is unsupported by official UCL documentation about Bentham available next to his display case (his Auto Icon) in the UCL cloisters. The head is now kept in the UCL vaults.[153]

Notable people

Main article: Daftar/Tabel -- University College London people
See also: Daftar/Tabel -- Nobel laureates affiliated with University College London and Daftar/Tabel -- University College London people in the Law

26 Nobel prizes have been awarded to UCL academics and students (fourteen of which were in Physiology & Medicine) as well as three Fields Medals.[154][155]

Notable alumni

Alexander Graham Bell, whose inventions included the first practical telephone.
Co-discoverer of DNA structure, Francis Crick, attended University College

UCL alumni include the "Father of the Nation" of both India and Kenya, the inventor of the telephone, one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA, and all of the members of the band Coldplay.

Artists include Sir William Coldstream (realist painter), Wyndham Lewis (Vorticist painter), Antony Gormley (sculptor), Augustus John (painter, draughtsman and etcher), Gerry Judah (artist and designer), Ben Nicholson (abstract painter) and Sir Eduardo Paolozzi (sculptor and artist).

Authors include Edith Clara Batho, Raymond Briggs, Robert Browning, G. K. Chesterton,[156] David Crystal, Stella Gibbons, Clive Sansom, Marie Stopes,[156] Helen MacInnes, Rabindranath Tagore and Demetrius Vikelas (who was also the first President of the International Olympic Committee).

Business people include Lord Digby Jones (Director-General of the Confederation of British Industry (2001–2006)) and Edwin Waterhouse (a founding partner of what is now the professional services firm PwC).

Engineers and scientists include Alexander Graham Bell (inventor of the telephone),[156] Colin Chapman (founder of Lotus Cars), Francis Crick (co-discoverer of the structure of DNA), John Ambrose Fleming (inventor of the vacuum tube), Jaroslav Heyrovský (father of the electroanalytical method), Sir Charles Kuen Kao (winner of the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics) and Joseph Lister (pioneer of antiseptic surgery).

Entertainers, musicians, composers and filmmakers include Ricky Gervais (comedian and actor),[156] Gustav Holst (composer), Chris Martin, Jonny Buckland, Guy Berryman and Will Champion (members of Coldplay), Christopher Nolan (director of films including The Dark Knight saga),[157] Franny Armstrong (director), Tim Rice-Oxley and Richard Hughes (members of the band Keane) and Jonathan Ross (television presenter).

Journalists and commentators include A. A. Gill (columnist), three former editors of The Economist, most notably Walter Bagehot, two editors of The Times Literary Supplement, and Jonathan Dimbleby (television and radio current affairs presenter). Former ITN Home Affairs Correspondent Sarah Cullen and former BBC World Service State Department Correspondent Jan Ziff also attended UCL.

Lawyers include a Lord Chancellor (Lord Herschell); Chief Justices of England (Lord Woolf), Hong Kong (Sir Yang Ti-liang), India (A. S. Anand), Malaysia (Arifin Zakaria), Ghana (Samuel Azu Crabbe) and the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (Rt. Hon. Sir Vincent Floissac); two Masters of the Rolls (Lord Cozens-Hardy and Sir George Jessel); and Attorneys-General of England (Lord Goldsmith and Baroness Scotland), Singapore (Tan Boon Teik and Chao Hick Tin) and Gambia (Hassan Bubacar Jallow).

Politicians include Mahatma Gandhi (leader of the Indian independence movement and "Father of the Nation"),[156] Jomo Kenyatta (first Prime Minister, first President and "Father of the Nation" of Kenya), Chaim Herzog (President of Israel), Itō Hirobumi (first Prime Minister of Japan), Junichiro Koizumi (Prime Minister of Japan), Wu Tingfang (Acting Premier during the early years of the Republic of China). Sir Stafford Cripps (British Chancellor of the Exchequer 1947–1950). At least 8 serving MPs graduated from UCL, including current Secretary of State for Wales David Jones.

Sports people include David Gower (former captain of the England cricket team), Patrick Head (co-founder of the Williams Formula One team) and Christine Ohuruogu (Olympic 400 metres gold medalist).

Heads of state, government and international organisations

Mahatma Gandhi
UCL alumnus Jomo Kenyatta (right), considered modern Kenya's founding father
State/GovernmentLeaderOffice
 Council of EuropeTerry DavisSecretary General of the Council of Europe (2004–2009)
 CyprusNicos AnastasiadesPresident (2013-)
 IndiaMahatma GandhiPre-eminent political/spiritual leader until death in 1948
 IsraelChaim HerzogSixth President (1983–1993)
 JapanItō Hirobumi (伊藤 博文)First and four-time Prime Minister (1885–1888, 1892–1896, 1898, 1900–1901)
 JapanJunichiro Koizumi (小泉純一郎)Prime Minister (2001–2006)
 KenyaJomo KenyattaFirst Prime Minister and President (1963–1978)
 MauritiusSir Seewoosagur RamgoolamFirst Prime Minister (1968–1982) and Governor-General (1983–1985)
 Republic of ChinaWu Tingfang (伍廷芳)One of the first Acting Premiers (May 1917)
 Trinidad and TobagoSir Ellis ClarkeGovernor-General (1972–1976) and President (1976–1987)

Notable faculty and staff

Notable former UCL faculty and staff include Jocelyn Bell Burnell (co-discoverer of radio pulsars), A. S. Byatt (writer), Ronald Dworkin (philosopher of law and scholar of constitutional law), Sir A.J. Ayer (philosopher), Lucian Freud (painter), Francis Galton (founder of psychometrics and father of fingerprinting), Peter Higgs[158] (the proposer of the Higgs mechanism, which predicted the existence of the Higgs boson), Andrew Huxley (physiologist and biophysicist), Sir Frank Kermode (literary critic), Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk (first President of Czechoslovakia and "Father of the Nation"), John Stuart Mill (philosopher), Peter Kirstein CBE (computer scientist, significant role in the creation of the Internet) and George R. Price (population geneticist).

All five of the naturally occurring noble gases were discovered at UCL by Sir William Ramsay, who was a professor of chemistry and after whom Ramsay Hall is named.[159]

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