A virtual appliance is a virtual machine image designed to run on a virtualization platform (e.g., VirtualBox, Xen, VMware Workstation, Parallels Workstation).
Virtual appliances are a subset of the broader class of software appliances. Installation of a software appliance on a virtual machine creates a virtual appliance. Like software appliances, virtual appliances are intended to eliminate the installation, configuration and maintenance costs associated with running complex stacks of software.
A virtual appliance is not a complete virtual machine platform, but rather a software image containing a software stack designed to run on a virtual machine platform which may be a Type 1 or Type 2 hypervisor. Like a physical computer, a hypervisor is merely a platform for running an operating system environment and does not provide application software itself.
Many virtual appliances provide a Web page user interface to permit their configuration. A virtual appliance is usually built to host a single application; it therefore represents a new way to deploy applications on a network.
File formats
Virtual appliances are provided to the user or customer as files, via either electronic downloads or physical distribution. The file format most commonly used is the Open Virtualization Format (OVF). The Distributed Management Task Force (DMTF) publishes the OVF specification documentation.[1] Most virtualization vendors, including VMware, Microsoft, Oracle, and Citrix, support OVF for virtual appliances.[2]
Relationship to grid computing
Virtualization solves a key problem in the grid computing arena - namely, the reality that any sufficiently large grid will inevitably consist of a wide variety of heterogeneous hardware and operating system configurations. Adding virtual appliances into the picture allows for extremely rapid provisioning of grid nodes and importantly, cleanly decouples the grid operator from the grid consumer by encapsulating all knowledge of the application within the virtual appliance.
Relationship to infrastructure as a service cloud computing
Virtual appliances are critical resources in infrastructure as a service cloud computing. The file format of the virtual appliance is the concern of the cloud provider and usually not relevant to the cloud user even though the cloud user may be the owner of the virtual appliance. However, challenges may arise with the transfer of virtual appliance ownership or transfer of virtual appliances between cloud data centers. In this case, virtual appliance copy or export/import features can be used to overcome this problem. [3]
Relationship to software as a service (SaaS)
With the rise of virtualization as a platform for hosted services provision, virtual appliances have come to provide a direct route for traditional on-premises applications to be rapidly redeployed in a software as a service (SaaS) mode - without requiring major application re-architecture for multi-tenancy. By decoupling the hardware and operating system infrastructure provider from the application stack provider, virtual appliances allow economies of scale on the one side to be leveraged by the economy of simplicity on the other. Traditional approaches to SaaS, such as that touted by Salesforce.com, leverage shared infrastructure by forcing massive change and increased complexity on the software stack.
A concrete example of the virtual appliances approach to delivering SaaS is the Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) - a grid of Xen hypervisor nodes coupled with the availability of pre-packaged virtual appliances in the Amazon Machine Image format. Amazon EC2 reduces the cost-barrier to the point where it becomes feasible to have each customer of a hosted SaaS solution provisioned with their own virtual appliance instance(s) rather than forcing them to share common instances. Prior to EC2, single-tenant hosted models were too expensive, leading to the failure of many early ASP offerings.
Furthermore, in contrast to the multi-tenancy approaches to SaaS, a virtual appliance can also be deployed on-premises for customers that need local network access to the running application, or have security requirements that a third-party hosting model does not meet. The underlying virtualization technology also allows for rapid movement of virtual appliances instances between physical execution environments. Traditional approaches to SaaS fix the application in place on the hosted infrastructure.
Relationship to WAN optimization
The performance and productivity benefits of wide area networking (WAN) optimization solutions have been well established within distributed enterprises. However, how WAN optimization is implemented within a virtual machine infrastructure is critical to realizing these benefits within enterprises deploying virtualization and cloud computing. Supporting WAN optimization within a virtual machine infrastructure as a virtual appliance enables IT managers to meet their consolidation goals and at the same time reap the benefits of lower application response time and network bandwidth utilization, and reduced costs related to WAN optimization. Software-based WAN optimization virtual appliances are an excellent alternative to single-purpose hardware appliances, and enable high performance, agile and cost-effective WANs which can act as solid foundations for those enterprises and managed service providers considering virtualization and cloud computing.
Many WAN optimization virtual appliances (Certeon, Replify, Silver Peak Systems etc.) have been certified by VMware.[4]
See also
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