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Emergency telephone number

9-1-1 is a common emergency telephone number, used in countries such as Canada, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Jordan, Liberia, Paraguay, Uruguay and the United States

In many countries the public telephone network has a single emergency telephone number (sometimes known as the universal emergency telephone number or occasionally the emergency services number) that allows a caller to contact local emergency services for assistance. The emergency number differs from country to country; it is typically a three-digit number so that it can be easily remembered and dialed quickly. Some countries have a different emergency number for each of the different emergency services; these often differ only by the last digit. In the European Union, Russia, Ukraine and Switzerland and others "112" was introduced as a common emergency call number during the 1990s, and as the GSM standard it is now a well known emergency number across the globe[1] alongside the North American "911".

Contents

Configuration and operation

The emergency telephone number is a special case in the country's telephone number plan. In the past, calls to the emergency telephone number were often routed over special dedicated circuits. Though with the advent of electronic exchanges these calls are now often mixed with ordinary telephone traffic, they still may be able to access circuits that other traffic cannot. Often the system is set up so that once a call is made to an emergency telephone number, it must be answered. Should the caller abandon the call, the line may still be held until the emergency service answers and releases the call.

An emergency telephone number call may be answered by either a telephone operator or an emergency service dispatcher. The nature of the emergency (police, fire, medical) is then determined. If the call has been answered by a telephone operator, they then connect the call to the appropriate emergency service, who then dispatches the appropriate help. In the case of multiple services being needed on a call, the most urgent need must be determined, with other services being called in as needed.

Emergency dispatchers are trained to control the call in order to provide help in an appropriate manner; they can be assisted by computer aided call handling systems (CACH). The emergency dispatcher may find it necessary to give urgent advice in life-threatening situations. Some dispatchers have special training in telling people how to perform first aid or CPR.

In many parts of the world, an emergency service can identify the telephone number that a call has been placed from. This is normally done using the system that the telephone company uses to bill calls, making the number visible even for users who have unlisted numbers or who block caller ID. For an individual fixed landline telephone, the caller's number can often be associated with the caller's address and therefore their location. However, with mobile phones and business telephones, the address may be a mailing address rather than the caller's location. The latest "enhanced" systems, such as Enhanced 911, are able to provide the physical location of mobile telephones. This is often specifically mandated in a country's legislation.

History of emergency services numbers

Operator assistance

When an emergency happened in the pre-dial (or "manual") telephone era, the user simply picked up the telephone receiver and waited for the operator to answer "number, please?" The user responded with "get me the police," "get me the fire service," or "I need an ambulance/doctor." Even in large cities, it was seldom necessary to ask for these services by number.

In small towns, operators frequently provided additional services, knowing where to reach doctors, veterinarians, and law enforcement personnel at all times. Frequently, the operator was also responsible for activating the town's fire alarm.

When manual switching systems began to be replaced by automatic, or "dial" systems, there was frequently concern among users that the very personalized emergency service provided by manual operators would be lost.

Because numbers were different for every exchange, callers either had to dial the operator or look up the telephone number. An example of this was Auckland, New Zealand before the introduction of 111 in the 1960s – the city had 40 exchanges, all with different emergency numbers, and finding the telephone number for the local exchange would require having to search through the city's 500-page telephone directory.[2]

This problem was at least partially solved in the United States, Canada, and the UK by dialling "0" for the local assistance operator in case of emergency, although faster service could be obtained if the user dialled the full number for the Police or Fire Department. This system remained essentially unchanged throughout most of North America until the 1970s.

Direct-dial numbers

The first emergency number system to be deployed anywhere in the world was in London on 1 July 1937 [3][4] using the number 999, and this was quickly extended to cover the entire country.[3] When 999 was dialled, a buzzer sounded and a red light flashed in the exchange to attract an operator's attention.[4]

Because of loop disconnect dialing, attention was devoted to making the numbers difficult to dial accidentally by making them involve long sequences of pulses, such as with the UK 999 emergency number.[4] However in modern times, where repeated sequences of numbers are easily accidentally dialled on mobile phones, this is problematic, as mobile phones will dial an emergency number while the keypad is locked or even without a SIM card.[5][6] Some people have reported accidentally dialling 112 by loop-disconnect for various technical reasons, including while working on extension telephone wiring, and point to this as a disadvantage of the 112 emergency number, which takes only four loop disconnects to activate.[7]

Southern California Telephone Co. began using 116 as an emergency line for Los Angeles, California in 1946.[8] The emergency number 999 was adopted in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada in 1959 at the urging of Stephen Juba, mayor of Winnipeg at the time.[9] The city changed the number to 911 in 1972, in order to be consistent with the newly adopted U.S. emergency number.

The first 911 emergency phone systems went into use in Haleyville, Alabama in 1968.[10] On February 16, 1968, the first-ever 9-1-1 call was placed by Alabama Speaker of the House Rankin Fite, from Haleyville City Hall, to U.S. Rep. Tom Bevill, at the city's police station. However, 911 systems were not in widespread use until the 1980s when the number 911 was adopted as the standard number across most of the country under the North American Numbering Plan.[citation needed]

The implementation of 911 service in the USA was a gradual and haphazard process. Because telephone service boundaries did not always exactly match governmental and other jurisdictional boundaries, a user might dial 911, only to discover that he had been connected to the wrong dispatch center because he had telephone service from one location but lived within the boundaries of another jurisdiction.[citation needed]

Electromechanical switching equipment still in use made it difficult to adapt to recognize 911, especially in small towns and rural areas where the call might have to be switched over a considerable distance.[11] For this reason, there are still county sheriff departments that have toll-free "800" area code numbers.[citation needed]

Gradually, various problems were overcome; "smart" or "enhanced" 911 systems were developed that not only would display the caller's number and address at the dispatch center but also could be configured so that 911 calls were automatically routed to the correct dispatch center, regardless of what central office the caller was served from. In the United States, most cities have E911 systems either in use, or in their emergency systems design plans.

The rapid replacement of electromechanical switching systems in the 1980s with electronic or digital systems eliminated the problem of older switches that would not recognize 911. At this point, 911 service is available in most of North America, but there is still the occasional small, remote town that does not have it.[12]

In France, many telephone exchanges were closed at night but it was still possible to make emergency calls. An operator had to connect the emergency calls only. In 1913, an automatic system was set up. It made provision for calling the police by dialling 17 and the fire brigade by dialling 18. As more manual telephone exchanges were converted to dial operation, more and more subscribers had access to these special numbers.[13] The service was not widespread until the 1970s.

The CEPT recommended the use of 112 in 1972. The European Union subsequently adopted the 112 number as a standard on 29 July 1991. It is now a valid emergency number throughout EU countries and in many other CEPT countries. It works in parallel with other local emergency numbers in about 2/3 of EU states.

In January 2008, the Internet Engineering Task Force released a set of RFC documents pertaining to emergency calls in IP networks.[14]

Emergency numbers and mobile telephones

Mobile phones can be used in countries with different emergency numbers. A traveller visiting a foreign country does not have to know the local emergency numbers, however. The mobile phone and the SIM card have a preprogrammed list of emergency numbers. When the user tries to set up a call using an emergency number known by a GSM or 3G phone, the special emergency call setup takes place. The actual number is not even transmitted into the network, but the network redirects the emergency call to the local emergency desk. Most GSM mobile phones can dial emergency calls even when the phone keyboard is locked, the phone is without a SIM card, or an emergency number is entered instead of the PIN.

Most GSM mobile phones have 112, 999 and 911 as pre-programmed emergency numbers that are always available.[15] The SIM card issued by the operator can contain additional country-specific emergency numbers that can be used even when roaming abroad. The GSM network can also update the list of well-known emergency numbers when the phone registers to it.

Using an emergency number recognized by a GSM phone like 112 instead of another emergency number may be advantageous, since GSM phones and networks give special priority to emergency calls. A phone dialing an emergency service number not recognized by it may refuse to roam onto another network, leading to trouble if there is no access to the home network. Dialing a known emergency number like 112 forces the phone to try the call with any available network.

On some networks a GSM phone without a SIM card may be used to make emergency calls and most GSM phones accept a larger list of emergency numbers without SIM card, such as 112, 911, 118, 119, 000, 110, 08, and 999. However, some GSM networks will not accept emergency calls from phones without a SIM card, or even require a SIM card that has credit. For example, Latin American networks typically do not allow emergency calls without a SIM. Also, GSM phones sold in some countries like Singapore do not accept 112 as an emergency number even if they have a SIM card inserted.

The GSM phones may regard some phone numbers with one or two digits as special service codes. It might be impossible to make an emergency call to numbers like 03 with a GSM phone.

In the United States, the FCC requires networks to route every mobile-phone and payphone[verification needed] 911 call to an emergency service call center, including phones that have never had service, or whose service has lapsed.[16][17] As a result, there are programs that provide donated used mobile phones to victims of domestic violence and others especially likely to need emergency services.

Mobile phones generate additional problems for emergency operators, as many phones will allow emergency numbers to be dialed even while the keypad is locked. Since mobile phones are typically carried in pockets and small bags, the keys can easily be depressed accidentally, leading to unintended calls. A system has been developed in the UK to connect calls where the caller is sent to an automated system, leaving more operators free to handle genuine emergency calls.[18]

Emergency numbers

Africa

CountryPoliceMedicalFireNotes
 Algeria171414National Gendarmerie : 1055; Counter Terrorist Unit : 1548; support for children : 3033.
 Chad17 18 
 Djibouti17 18 
 Egypt122123180Tourist Police – 126; Traffic Police – 128; Electricity Emergency – 121; Natural Gas Supply Emergency – 129.
 Ghana191193192999 for any of the 3 services.
 Mali171518 
 Mauritius999114115 
 MoroccoCity 19
Royal Gendarmerie177		1515 
 Nigeria199199 for any of the 3 services.
 South Africa101111017710111112 from mobile phones (soon also from fixed line phones).
 Tunisia197190198National guard – 193.
 Rwanda112   
 Uganda999 or 112   
 Sudan999Traffic Police 777777
 Sierra Leone019999  
 Zambia999991993112 from mobile phones (see www.zambiatourism.com/travel/listings /emergency.htm).
 Zimbabwe995994993999 for any of the 3 services. 112 from mobile phones

Asia

CountryPoliceMedicalFireNotes
 Afghanistan119102119Rewards for Justice: 010-8600-070
 Bangladesh999  For the cities of Dhaka and Chittagong only
 Bahrain999 
 Cambodia117 
 East Timor112 
 China110120119Traffic accident: 122.
Directory assistance: 114 (Hotline for seeking general information such as phone numbers or addresses upon request).
Weather: 121.
Private ambulance service in Beijing: 999.
Dialling 112 on GSM mobile phones in China only plays a pre-recorded bilingual message about other emergency numbers.
 Myanmar191 
 Hong Kong999992 as fax on fixed line and as SMS number on mobile phones (only for subscribers with disabilities) connects to all emergency services.
Standard GSM emergency number 112 is supported in mobile networks.
 India100102, 1298, 108, 112101Chennai Traffic Police: 103.
Delhi Traffic Police: 1095.
Kolkata Traffic Police: 1073.
Bangalore uses both 108 and 100.
108 is used in many states.
 Indonesia110118, 119113Standard GSM emergency number 112 is supported in mobile networks.
Search and rescue team: 115.
Natural disaster: 129.
Electricity: 123.
 Iran110115125110 connects to all emergency services.
Standard GSM emergency number 112 is supported in mobile networks.
 Israel100101102Standard GSM emergency number 112 is supported in mobile networks.
Israel Electric Corporation: 103.
Municipal hazards that are not emergencies: 106 (works in any municipality).
 Japan110119Emergency at sea: 118.[19]
 Jordan911, 112 
 Kazakhstan102103101Standard GSM emergency number 112 is supported in mobile networks.
Gas leaks: 104.
 North Korea819[20]Standard GSM emergency number 112 is supported in mobile networks.
Operators mostly speak only Korean, some may speak English, Russian or Chinese.
 South Korea112119National security hotline: 111.
Reporting spies: 113.
Missing person hotline: 182.
114 connects to the phone service provider.
 Kuwait112Used to be 777.
 Lebanon112, 999140175 
 Macau999 
 Maldives102Police service: 119 (can also be dialled from mobile phones).
Civil defence: 118.
 Malaysia999Standard GSM emergency number 112 is supported in mobile networks.
 Mongolia102103101100 connects to all emergency services.
 Nepal100, 103102101Standard GSM emergency number 112 is supported in mobile networks.
 Oman999 
 Pakistan15115, 11221615 and 1122 connect to all emergency services.
Standard GSM emergency number 112 is supported in mobile networks.
Traffic police: 1915.
 Philippines117117 may also be texted from mobile phones.
Standard GSM emergency number 112 as well as North American emergency number 911 are supported in mobile networks.
Motorist assistance: 136 (Metro Manila only).
Child abuse hotline (Bantay Bata): 163.
 Qatar999 
 Saudi Arabia999997998Traffic police: 993.
Emergency rescue: 911, 112 or 08.
 Singapore999995Standard GSM emergency number 112 is supported for foreign mobile phones that use incoming roaming service in Singapore.
 Sri Lanka119, 118110111Accident service: 11-2691111.
 Syria112110113 
 Taiwan110119Standard GSM emergency number 112 is supported in mobile networks.
 Tajikistan102103101Standard GSM emergency number 112 is supported in mobile networks.
Gas leaks: 104.
 Thailand1911669199999 connects to all emergency services.
Standard GSM emergency number 112 is supported in mobile networks.
 United Arab Emirates999, 112998, 999997 
 Vietnam113115114 

Europe

The most common European emergency number 112 (following Directive 2002/22/EC – Universal Service Directive) and also standard on GSM mobile phones. 112 is used in Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Republic of Macedonia, Malta, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine and the United Kingdom in addition to their other emergency numbers.[21][22][23][24]

CountryPoliceMedicalFireNotes
 Albania129127128Traffic police – 126
 Armenia102103101Search and rescue – 108; Gas leaks – 104; Traffic police – 177
 Austria112Police – 133; Ambulance – 144; Fire – 122; Gas leaks – 128; Alpine rescue – 140; On-duty medical unit – 141; crisis-hotline – 142; support for children and teens – 147.
 Azerbaijan102103101Traffic police – 126
 Belarus102103101Gas leaks – 104; also 112 is redirected to 101 on velcom GSM-operator mobile phones.
 Belgium112Police – 101; Ambulance / Firebrigade – 100; Missing children – 116000; Mental problems/suicide – 106; Red Cross – 105.
 Bosnia and Herzegovina122124123From mobile phones, dial the international emergency numbers 112, 911 and 08 for information about the local emergency numbers that are to be dialed (122, 123 and 124).
 Bulgaria112Police – 166, Ambulance – 150; Fire – 160.
 Croatia112Police – 192; Ambulance – 94; Fire – 193; Search and rescue at sea – 9155; Road help – 1987.
 Cyprus112Alternative numbers: 199
 Czech Republic112Police – 158; Ambulance – 155; Fire – 150; Municipal police – 156.
 Denmark112Nearest Police (non-urgent) – 114. The old emergency number was 000.
 Estonia112Police – 110.
 Faroe Islands112 
 Finland112The old emergency number was 000.
 France112Police – 17; Hospital-based Ambulance (SAMU) – 15; Fire Service-based Ambulance – 18; Fire – 18. 112 calls are answered by 15 or 18 dispatchers, depending on the caller's location. 115 for homeless.
 Georgia112In effect from November 11, 2012. Till then both this number and old standard numbers (111 Fire dpt./Emergency, 122 Police, 113 Ambulance) will be active.
 Germany112Additional number for police - 110
 Gibraltar112 or 199Fire and Ambulance – 190
 Greece112Police – 100; Ambulance – 166; Fire – 199; Forest fire – 1591; Coast guard emergency intervention – 108; Counter-narcotics immediate intervention – 109; Tourist police – 171; Emergency social aid – 197.
 Greenland112112 works from only mobile phones; fixed line phones must call the local police or hospital.
 Hungary112Police – 107; Ambulance – 104; Fire – 105.
 Iceland112Police in Reykjavík Capital Area Non-urgent – 4441000. Also 911 is redirected to 112 for GSM mobile phones.
 Ireland999 or 112The emergency telephone number to dial in Ireland for Fire, Gardaí (Irish Police), Ambulance, Irish Marine Emergency Service and The Mountain and Cave Rescue is 999 or 112. These numbers are to be used only in an emergency.
 Italy112Ambulance – 118; Fire – 115; (State Police) – 113; (Carabinieri) – 112; (Forest Service) – 1515; Guardia di Finanza (Customs/Financial Police) – 117; Coast guard – 1530. Also 911 is redirected to 112.
 Latvia112Police – 02; Ambulance – 03, 113  Fire – 01; Gas leaks – 04.
 Lithuania112Police – 02 (TEO LT, AB)/ 102 (Omnitel)/ 022 (Bitė/Tele2); Ambulance – 03 (TEO LT, AB)/ 103 (Omnitel)/ 033 (Bitė/Tele2); Fire – 01 (TEO LT, AB)/ 101 (Omnitel)/ 011 (Bitė/Tele2). The non-112 numbers are for separate emergency services differ in distinct telecommunications networks, whereas 112 is available on all networks. The old numbers will be cancelled in the future.[25]
 Luxembourg112Police – 113.
 Republic of Macedonia112Police – 192; Ambulance – 194; Fire – 193.
 Malta112Previously: Police 191; Ambulance 196; Fire 199.
 Moldova902903901112 is being implemented by 2010.
 Monaco112Police – 17, Ambulance, severe – 15; Ambulance, less severe – 18, Fire – 18. 112 calls are answered by 15 or 18 dispatchers, depending on the caller's location. 115 for homeless.
 Montenegro112Police – 122; Ambulance – 124; Fire – 123.
 Netherlands112Police (non-urgent) – 0900-8844. Also 911 is redirected to 112 on GSM mobile phones.
 Norway112113110Police (non-urgent) – 02800; Child-Abuse and Family Violence - 116 111; TDD (textphone) - 1412
 Poland112Police – 997; Ambulance – 999; Fire – 998; Municipal police – 986; natural gas/LPG emergencies – 992.
 Portugal112Forest fire 117
 Romania112Former short numbers: (Police) – 955; Ambulance – 961; (Firefighters) – 981; (Gendarmerie) – 956; Civil Protection – 982; Family Violence – 983
 Russia112Police – 02; Ambulance – 03; Fire, Search and rescue – 01; Gas leaks – 04. The new number 112 began operating in 2011
 San Marino113118115 
 Serbia112Police – 192; Ambulance – 194; Fire – 193
 Slovakia112Police – 158; Ambulance – 155; Fire – 150
 Slovenia112Police – 113
 Spain112National – 091; Local Police – 092; Ambulance – 061; Fire – 080,085; Civil Guard – 062; Mossos d'Esquadra (Catalan police) 088
 Sweden112Non-urgent police – 11414. Non-urgent medical - 1177. The old emergency number was 90 000.
 Switzerland112Police – 117; Ambulance – 144; Fire – 118; Poison – 145; Road emergency – 140; Psychological support (free and anonymous) – 143; Psychological support for teens and children (free and anonymous) – 147; Helicopter air-rescue (Rega) – 1414 or by radio on 161.300 MHz; Air rescue (Air Glaciers) (in Valais only) – 1415.[26]
 Turkey155112110to be unified at 112 as only emergency number by 2015; Gendarmerie – 156; Coast Guard – 158; Forest Fire – 177
 Ukraine112Police – 102; Ambulance – 103; Fire – 101; Gas leaks – 104.
 United Kingdom999 or 112In 2006 101 was made available as a non-emergency number for police (and in some areas local authorities) in England and Wales. 111 was made available (in England and Wales) as a non-emergency number for health issues. 999 and 112 can be used from any phone. When dialing 999 or 112, the caller is connected with a telecoms operator such as BT, Cable & Wireless, Railnet, or Kingston Communications, and the operator will ask which service is required. Operators have access to interpretation services covering 170 languages. Deaf people can text 18000 for the emergency services (after registration). 999 was first introduced on 30 June 1937 in London.
 Vatican City113118115112 is redirected to 113 on GSM mobile phones

Australia and Oceania

CountryPoliceMedicalFireNotes
 Australia000 or 112
From a mobile phone – 112 or 000. Other emergency numbers, such as 911, are redirected, but 999 is not.

State Emergency Service (ACT, VIC, NSW, QLD, SA, WA) – 132 500;
From a Textphone/TTY call the National Relay Service on 106;
Non Emergency – Police Assistance Line – 131 444;
(NSW, QLD, SA, WA, NT, TAS, ACT); Crime Stoppers – 1800 333 000; Threats to national security – 1800 123 400;

 Fiji9119170 
 New Zealand111*555 traffic (from mobile phones only)
911 and 112 both redirect to the 111 service if dialed from a GSM mobile.[27]
0800 161616 Deaf TTY
0800 161610 deaf fax
111 deaf SMS (registered mobile phones only)

0800 555 111 Crime Stoppers

 Solomon Islands999There are also local numbers for each service in each urban centre. These local numbers may be quicker than dialling 999.[28]
 Vanuatu112 

North America

CountryPoliceMedicalFireNotes
 Canada911Non-emergency 311 in certain areas. Some rural areas still lack 911 service. 112 is redirected to 911 on GSM mobile phones. *677 connects to the Ontario Provincial Police within the province of Ontario and *4141 links to the Sûreté du Québec in the province of Quebec.
 Mexico066065068"066" can be used as a general emergency number, In densely populated areas, 911 is redirected to the proper number.
 Saint Pierre and Miquelon171518Same as France
 United States of America911Various services available through regional or national N11 codes (e.g.: 311 non-emergency police or city services) in certain areas.

Central America and the Caribbean

CountryPoliceMedicalFireNotes
 Guatemala110 or 120122 or 123 or 1554Notes: The number 911 exists only for private services like medical insurance.
 El Salvador911 
 Costa Rica911 or 112 
 Panama911 or 112 
 Barbados211511311References: Police, Ambulance, Fire
 Cayman Islands911 
 Dominican Republic911 or 112From a mobile phone – 112 or 911. Also, 112 is redirected to 911 for GSM mobile phones[12].
 Jamaica119110 
 Trinidad and Tobago999990 
 Nicaragua118 
 Honduras199 
 Haiti118 

South America

CountryPoliceMedicalFireNotes
 Argentina101107100Emergency dispatcher for Buenos Aires (city), Santa Fe (city), Rosario (city), Salta and Buenos Aires (provinces) 911.
 Bolivia110118119The 911 number forwards to 110
 Brazil190192193Federal highway police 191; federal police 194; civil police 197; state highway police 198; civil defense 199; human rights 100; emergency number for Mercosul area 128; 112 will be redirected to 190 when dialed from mobile phones and 911 will also be redirected to the police number (190) See also: Brazilian telephone numbering plan#Public utility.
 Chile133131132A useful mnemonic is ABC123: Ambulancia (Ambulance/Medical) 131, Bomberos (Fire) 132, Carabineros (Police) 133
 Colombia112 or 123 (landlines and mobile phones)Traffic accidents 127, GAULA (anti-kidnapping) 165. More specialized three-digit numbers are available; check the local Yellow Pages for more information.
156132119
 Ecuador911 (landlines and mobile phones)All types of emergencies in Guayaquil (112 landlines, *112 mobile phones), traffic accidents in Guayaquil 103, red cross 131.
101911102
French Guiana171518 
 Guyana911913912 
 Paraguay911 
 Peru105117116Civil defense (disasters) 115 – Domestic violence helpline 100
 Suriname115 
 Uruguay911 
 Venezuela171 

See also

  • Aeronautical Emergency Communications System Plan
  • Amateur radio emergency communications
  • E112
  • eCall
  • Emergency telephone
  • Enhanced 911
  • In case of emergency (ICE) entry in the mobile phone book.
  • National Emergency Number Association (NENA)

References

  1. ^ call services
  2. ^ "50 years of 111 – Planning 111". New Zealand Fire Service/New Zealand Police/St John Ambulance/Wellington Free Ambulance. Retrieved 2010-11-05. 
  3. ^ a b BBC London; Why 999 for an emergency?
  4. ^ a b c British Telecom Archives U.K. Telephone History
  5. ^ Patent for SIM Free Emergency Calls
  6. ^ for emergency service access using a mobile phone
  7. ^ EENA. EENA Operations Document: False Emergency Calls, European Emergency Number Association, 15-03-2011.
  8. ^ Staff report (Aug 19, 1946). Just Dial 116 for emergency telephone calls. Los Angeles Times
  9. ^ [Mobile Reference (2007) Chapter:History of emergency services numbers]
  10. ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9-1-1#ci te_note-16
  11. ^ Villager p.13
  12. ^ Motorcyclist Association p.58
  13. ^ Federal Communications Commission
  14. ^ "RFCs prepare for Internet emergency calls". blog.anta.net. 8 January 2008. ISSN 1797-1993. Retrieved 8 January 2008. 
  15. ^ "Guidelines to select Emergency Number for public telecommunications networks" (PDF). International Telecommunications Union. 15 May 2008. p. 4. Retrieved 6 May 2012. 
  16. ^ "Wireless 911 Services". Federal Communications Commission. 8 October 2008. Retrieved 5 April 2009. 
  17. ^ "Calls Made From Payphones". Federal Communications Commission. 26 June 2008. Retrieved 5 April 2009. 
  18. ^ "Technology tackles bogus 999 calls". BBC News. 23 May 2002. Retrieved 1 May 2010. 
  19. ^ Gordenker, Alice (19 November 2009). "Keikaisen (guard ships)". The Japan Times. So, What the Heck Is That? (monthly column). Retrieved 29 January 2013. 
  20. ^ See here
  21. ^ European Radiocommunications Office
  22. ^ European Union
  23. ^ SOS 112 Europe
  24. ^ Latest status on E-112 initiative: http://www.esafetysupport.org/en/esaf ety_activities/28_recommendations/)
  25. ^ http://www.sos112.lt/index/lt/senieji _numeriai
  26. ^ Swisscom: Emergency numbers
  27. ^ http://www.police.govt.nz/service/111 /faq.html#countries
  28. ^ White Pages 2008, Solomon Islands Telephone Directory, p1
  • Mobile Reference (2007) "Chapter:History of emergency services numbers"
  • David M. Cutler (2000) "The Changing Hospital Industry: Comparing Not-for-Profit and For-Profit" p. 118

External links

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