A clustered file system is a file system which is shared by being simultaneously mounted on multiple servers. There are several approaches to clustering, most of which do not employ a clustered file system. While many computer clusters don't use clustered file systems, unless servers are underpinned by a clustered file system the complexity of the underlying storage environment increases as servers are added.
Shared-disk
A shared disk file system uses a storage area network (SAN) to provide direct disk access from multiple computers at the block level. Translation from file-level operations that applications use to block-level operations used by the SAN must take place on the client node. The most common type of clustered file system, a shared disk file system adds a mechanism for concurrency control which gives a consistent and serializable view of the file system, avoiding corruption and unintended data loss even when multiple clients try to access the same files at the same time. Shared disk file systems also usually employ some sort of a fencing mechanism to prevent data corruption in case of node failures.[citation needed]
The underlying storage area network might use any of a number of block-level protocols, including SCSI, iSCSI, HyperSCSI, ATA over Ethernet (AoE), Fibre Channel, network block device, and InfiniBand.
There are different architectural approaches to a shared disk file system. Some distribute file information across all the servers in a cluster (fully distributed). Others utilize a centralized metadata server. Both achieve the same result of enabling all servers to access all the data on a shared storage device.[citation needed]
Examples
- Silicon Graphics (SGI) clustered file system (CXFS)
- Veritas Cluster File System
- DataPlow Nasan File System
- DataPlow SAN File System (SFS)
- IBM General Parallel File System (GPFS)
- Microsoft Cluster Shared Volumes (CSV)
- Oracle Cluster File System (OCFS)
- PolyServe storage solutions
- Quantum StorNext FileSystem (SNFS), ex ADIC, ex CentraVision FileSystem (CVFS)
- Blue Whale Clustered file system (BWFS)
- Red Hat Global File System (GFS)
- Sanbolic Melio FS clustered file system
- Sun QFS
- TerraScale Technologies TerraFS
- Tiger Technology metaSAN clustered file system
- VMware VMFS
- Xsan
- Z Research / Open Source GlusterFS
- New Dream Network / Open Source Ceph
- For more, see Category:Shared disk file systems or Daftar/Tabel -- file systems, Shared disk file systems section
Distributed file systems
Distributed file systems do not share block level access to the same storage but use a network protocol.
Examples
- Ceph (New Dream Network)
- Windows Distributed File System (DFS) (Microsoft)
- FhGFS (Fraunhofer)
- GlusterFS (Z Research)
- Lustre
Network attached storage
Main article: Network attached storage
Network Attached Storage provides both storage and a file system, like a SAN + shared disk file system. NAS typically uses file-based protocols (as opposed to block-based protocols) such as NFS (popular on UNIX systems), SMB/CIFS (Server Message Block/Common Internet File System) (used with MS Windows systems), AFP (used with Apple Macintosh computers), or NCP (used with OES and Novell NetWare.
Shared-nothing vs. single point of failure
The failure of disk hardware can create a single point of failure that can result in data loss. To avoid this problem, a shared nothing architecture can be employed. Each storage node communicates changes to other nodes or to a master, for replication purposes. If a single disk fails, other copies can be used to reconstruct or replace it on the fly so "nothing" is lost. To enable this feature, clients must be unaware of the physical location of a file. A single global file system is presented to clients, so the file system itself deals with allocations and low-level failures. Examples of this type of file system are found in products such as Ceph, Lustre, Isilon, IBRIX Fusion, and Hadoop.
History
IBM mainframes in the 1970s could share physical disks and file systems if each machine had its own channel connection to the drives' control units. In the 1980s, Digital Equipment Corporation's TOPS-20 and VAX/VMS clusters included shared disk filesystems.
See also
References
External links
