℗ |
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| Sound recording copyright symbol |
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| | | | | | Punctuation |
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| apostrophe | ( ’ ' ) | | brackets | ( [ ], ( ), { }, ⟨ ⟩ ) | | colon | ( : ) | | comma | ( , ، 、 ) | | dash | ( ‒, –, —, ― ) | | ellipsis | ( …, ..., . . . ) | | exclamation mark | ( ! ) | | full stop/period | ( . ) | | guillemets | ( « » ) | | hyphen | ( ‐ ) | | hyphen-minus | ( - ) | | question mark | ( ? ) | | quotation marks | ( ‘ ’, “ ”, ' ', " " ) | | semicolon | ( ; ) | | slash/stroke/solidus | ( /, ⁄ ) | | Word dividers |
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| interpunct | ( · ) | | space | ( ) ( ) ( ) | | General typography |
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| ampersand | ( & ) | | asterisk | ( * ) | | at sign | ( @ ) | | backslash | ( \ ) | | bullet | ( • ) | | caret | ( ^ ) | | dagger | ( †, ‡ ) | | degree | ( ° ) | | ditto mark | ( 〃 ) | | inverted exclamation mark | ( ¡ ) | | inverted question mark | ( ¿ ) | | number sign/pound/hash | ( # ) | | numero sign | ( № ) | | obelus | ( ÷ ) | | ordinal indicator | ( º, ª ) | | percent, per mil | ( %, ‰ ) | | basis point | ( ‱ ) | | pilcrow | ( ¶ ) | | prime | ( ′, ″, ‴ ) | | section sign | ( § ) | | tilde | ( ~ ) | | underscore/understrike | ( _ ) | | vertical bar/broken bar/pip e | ( ¦, | ) | | Intellectual property |
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| copyright symbol | ( © ) | | registered trademark | ( ® ) | | service mark | ( ℠ ) | | sound recording copyright | ( ℗ ) | | trademark | ( ™ ) | | Currency |
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| currency (generic) | ( ¤ ) | | currency (specific) | | ( ₳ ฿ ₵ ¢ ₡ ₢ ₠ $ ₫ ৳ ₯ € ƒ ₣ ₲ ₴ ₭ ₺ ℳ ₥ ₦ ₧ ₱ ₰ £ ₹ ₨ ₪ ₸ ₮ ₩ ¥ ៛ ) | | Uncommon typography |
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| asterism | ( ⁂ ) | | index/fist | ( ☞ ) | | interrobang | ( ‽ ) | | irony punctuation | ( ؟ ) | | lozenge | ( ◊ ) | | reference mark | ( ※ ) | | tie | ( ⁀ ) | | Related |
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| diacritical marks | | logic symbols | | whitespace characters | | non-English quotation style | ( « », „ ” ) | | In other scripts |
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| Chinese punctuation | | Hebrew punctuation | | Japanese punctuation | | Korean punctuation |
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The sound recording copyright symbol, represented by the graphic symbol ℗ (a circled capital letter P), is the copyright symbol used to provide notice of copyright in a sound recording (phonogram) embodied in a phonorecord (LPs, audiotapes, cassettes, compact discs, etc.).[1] The use of the symbol originated in United States copyright law[2] and is specified internationally in the Convention for the Protection of Producers of Phonograms Against Unauthorized Duplication of Their Phonograms.[3]
The P stands for phonogram,[4][5] the legal term used in most English-speaking countries to refer to works known in U.S. copyright law as "sound recordings".[6]
A sound recording has a separate copyright that is distinct from that of the underlying work (usually a musical work, expressible in musical notation and written lyrics), if any. The sound recording copyright notice is a copyright for just the sound itself, and will not apply to any other rendition or version, even if performed by the same artist(s).
In the U.S., the sound recording copyright notice, which may only be affixed to a phonorecord, consists of three elements:
- the ℗ symbol;
- the year of first publication of the sound recording; and
- an identification of the owner of the copyright, either by name, abbreviation or other designation by which it is generally known. The identification can be omitted if the owner is the sound recording's producer, and the producer is identified on associated packaging.[2]
The symbol in Unicode is U+2117 ℗ sound recording copyright (HTML: ℗), with the alternative names "published" and "phonorecord sign".[7] It closely resembles U+24C5 Ⓟ circled latin capital letter p (HTML: Ⓟ) and U+24DF ⓟ circled latin small letter p (HTML: ⓟ)[8]
See also
References
- ^ U.S. Copyright Office Circular 3
- ^ a b Act of Oct. 15, 1971, Pub. L. No. 92-140, 85 Stat. 391, § 1(c), now codified at 17 U.S.C. § 402
- ^ Convention for the Protection of Producers of Phonograms Against Unauthorized Duplication of Their Phonograms, done at Geneva, October 19, 1971, Article 5
- ^ Fishman, Stephen (2012). Public Domain: How to Find & Use Copyright-Free Writings, Music, Art & More. Nolo Press. p. 358. ISBN 9781413317213.
- ^ Lee, Robert E. (1995). A Copyright Guide for Authors. Kent Press. p. 70. ISBN 9780962710674.
- ^ Statement of Marybeth Peters, United States Register of Copyrights, before the Subcommittee on Courts, the Internet, and Intellectual Property, Committee on the Judiciary (July 31, 2007)
- ^ Unicode, Inc. (2012). "Letterlike Symbols; Range: 2100-214F". In Allen, Julie D., et al. The Unicode Standard, Version 6.1. ISBN 9781936213023. Retrieved July 20, 2012.
- ^ Unicode, Inc. (2012). "Enclosed Alphanumerics; Range: 2460-24FF". In Allen, Julie D., et al. The Unicode Standard, Version 6.1. ISBN 9781936213023. Retrieved July 20, 2012.
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