This chapter includes the JavaScript core objects Array, Boolean, Date, Function, Math, Number, Object, and String. These objects are used in both client-side and server-side JavaScript.

Table 4.1 summarizes the objects in this chapter.

Table 4.1 Core objects

Object	Description
`Array`	Represents an array.
`Boolean`	Represents a Boolean value.
`Date`	Represents a date.
`Function`	Specifies a string of JavaScript code to be compiled as a function.
`Math`	Provides basic math constants and functions; for example, its `PI` property contains the value of pi.
`Number`	Represents primitive numeric values.
`Object`	Contains the base functionality shared by all JavaScript objects.
`RegExp`	Represents a regular expression; also contains static properties that are shared among all regular expression objects.
`String`	Represents a JavaScript string.

Array

Represents an array of elements.

Core object
Implemented in	Navigator 3.0, LiveWire 1.0

Created by

The Array object constructor:

new Array(arrayLength);
new Array(element0, element1, ..., elementN);

Parameters

arrayLength	(Optional) The initial length of the array. You can access this value using the `length` property.
elementN	(Optional) A list of values for the array's elements. When this form is specified, the array is initialized with the specified values as its elements, and the array's `length` property is set to the number of arguments.

Description

In Navigator 3.0, you can specify an initial length when you create the array. The following code creates an array of five elements:

billingMethod = new Array(5)

When you create an array, all of its elements are initially null. The following code creates an array of 25 elements, then assigns values to the first three elements:

musicTypes = new Array(25)
musicTypes[0] = "R&B"
musicTypes[1] = "Blues"
musicTypes[2] = "Jazz"

However, in Navigator 4.0, if you specify LANGUAGE="JavaScript1.2" in the <SCRIPT> tag, using new Array(1) creates a new array with a[0]=1.

An array's length increases if you assign a value to an element higher than the current length of the array. The following code creates an array of length 0, then assigns a value to element 99. This changes the length of the array to 100.

colors = new Array()
colors[99] = "midnightblue"

You can construct a dense array of two or more elements starting with index 0 if you define initial values for all elements. A dense array is one in which each element has a value. The following code creates a dense array with three elements:

myArray = new Array("Hello", myVar, 3.14159)

In Navigator 2.0, you must index an array by its ordinal number, for example document.forms[0]. In Navigator 3.0 and later, you can index an array by either its ordinal number or by its name (if defined). For example, assume you define the following array:

myArray = new Array("Wind","Rain","Fire")

You can then refer to the first element of the array as myArray[0] or myArray["Wind"].

In Navigator 4.0, the result of a match between a regular expression and a string can create an array. This array has properties and elements that provide information about the match. An array is the return value of RegExp.exec, String.match, and String.replace. To help explain these properties and elements, look at the following example and then refer to the table below:

<SCRIPT LANGUAGE="JavaScript1.2">
//Match one d followed by one or more b's followed by one d
//Remember matched b's and the following d
//Ignore case

myRe=/d(b+)(d)/i;
myArray = myRe.exec("cdbBdbsbz");

</SCRIPT>

The properties and elements returned from this match are as follows:

Property/Element	Description	Example
input	A read-only property that reflects the original string against which the regular expression was matched.	cdbBdbsbz
index	A read-only property that is the zero-based index of the match in the string.	1
[0]	A read-only element that specifies the last matched characters.	dbBd
[1], ...[n]	Read-only elements that specify the parenthesized substring matches, if included in the regular expression. The number of possible parenthesized substrings is unlimited.	[1]=bB [2]=d

Property Summary

index	For an array created by a regular expression match, the zero-based index of the match in the string.
input	For an array created by a regular expression match, reflects the original string against which the regular expression was matched.
`length`	Reflects the number of elements in an array
`prototype`	Allows the addition of properties to an `Array` object.

Method Summary

`concat`	Joins two arrays and returns a new array.
`join`	Joins all elements of an array into a string.
`pop`	Removes the last element from an array and returns that element.
`push`	Adds one or more elements to the end of an array and returns that last element added.
`reverse`	Transposes the elements of an array: the first array element becomes the last and the last becomes the first.
`shift`	Removes the first element from an array and returns that element
`slice`	Extracts a section of an array and returns a new array.
`splice`	Adds and/or removes elements from an array.
`sort`	Sorts the elements of an array.
`toString`	Returns a string representing the specified object.
`unshift`	Adds one or more elements to the front of an array and returns the new length of the array.

Examples

Example 1. The following example creates an array, msgArray, with a length of 0, then assigns values to msgArray[0] and msgArray[99], changing the length of the array to 100.

msgArray = new Array()
msgArray [0] = "Hello"
msgArray [99] = "world"
// The following statement is true,
// because defined msgArray [99] element.
if (msgArray .length == 100) 
   document.write("The length is 100.")

Properties

index

For an array created by a regular expression match, the zero-based index of the match in the string.

Property of	`Array`
Static
Implemented in	Navigator 4.0, Netscape Server 3.0

input

For an array created by a regular expression match, reflects the original string against which the regular expression was matched.

Property of	`Array`
Static
Implemented in	Navigator 4.0, Netscape Server 3.0

length

An integer that specifies the number of elements in an array. You can set the length property to truncate an array at any time. You cannot extend an array; for example, if you set length to 3 when it is currently 2, the array will still contain only 2 elements.

Property of	`Array`
Implemented in	Navigator 3.0, LiveWire 1.0

Examples

In the following example, the getChoice function uses the length property to iterate over every element in the musicType array. musicType is a select element on the musicForm form.

function getChoice() {
   for (var i = 0; i < document.musicForm.musicType.length; i++) {
      if (document.musicForm.musicType.options[i].selected == true) {
         return document.musicForm.musicType.options[i].text
      }
   }
}

The following example shortens the array statesUS to a length of 50 if the current length is greater than 50.

if (statesUS.length > 50) {
   statesUS.length=50
   alert("The U.S. has only 50 states. New length is " + statesUS.length)
}

prototype

Represents the prototype for this class. You can use the prototype to add properties or methods to all instances of a class. For information on prototypes, see Function.prototype.

Property of	`Array`
Implemented in	Navigator 3.0, LiveWire 1.0

Methods

concat

Joins two arrays and returns a new array.

Method of	`Array`
Implemented in	Navigator 4.0, Netscape Server 3.0

Syntax

concat(arrayName2)

Parameters

arrayName2

Name of the array to concatenate to this array.

Description

concat does not alter the original arrays, but returns a "one level deep" copy that contains copies of the same elements combined from the original arrays. Elements of the original arrays are copied into the new array as follows:

Object references (and not the actual object) -- concat copies object references into the new array. Both the original and new array refer to the same object. If a referenced object changes, the changes are visible to both the new and original arrays.

Strings and numbers (not String and Number objects)-- concat copies strings and numbers into the new array. Changes to the string or number in one array does not affect the other arrays.

If a new element is added to either array, the other array is not affected.

join

Joins all elements of an array into a string.

Method of	`Array`
Implemented in	Navigator 3.0, LiveWire 1.0

Syntax

join(separator)

Parameters

separator

Specifies a string to separate each element of the array. The separator is converted to a string if necessary. If omitted, the array elements are separated with a comma.

Description

The string conversion of all array elements are joined into one string.

Examples

The following example creates an array, a with three elements, then joins the array three times: using the default separator, then a comma and a space, and then a plus.

a = new Array("Wind","Rain","Fire")
document.write(a.join() +"<BR>")
document.write(a.join(", ") +"<BR>")
document.write(a.join(" + ") +"<BR>")

This code produces the following output:

Wind,Rain,Fire
Wind, Rain, Fire
Wind + Rain + Fire

pop

Removes the last element from an array and returns that element. This method changes the length of the array.

Method of	`Array`
Implemented in	Navigator 4.0, Netscape Server 3.0

Syntax

pop()

Parameters

None.

Example

The following code displays the myFish array before and after removing its last element. It also displays the removed element:

myFish = ["angel", "clown", "mandarin", "surgeon"];
document.writeln("myFish before: " + myFish);
popped = myFish.pop();
document.writeln("myFish after: " + myFish);
document.writeln("popped this element: " + popped);

This example displays the following:

myFish before: ["angel", "clown", "mandarin", "surgeon"]
myFish after: ["angel", "clown", "mandarin"]
popped this element: surgeon

push

Adds one or more elements to the end of an array and returns that last element added. This method changes the length of the array.

Method of	`Array`
Implemented in	Navigator 4.0, Netscape Server 3.0

Syntax

push(elt1, ..., eltN)

Parameters

elt1, ..., eltN

The elements to add to the end of the array.

Description

The behavior of the push method is analogous to the push function in Perl 4. Note that this behavior is different in Perl 5.

Example

The following code displays the myFish array before and after adding elements to its end. It also displays the last element added:

myFish = ["angel", "clown"];
document.writeln("myFish before: " + myFish);
pushed = myFish.push("drum", "lion");
document.writeln("myFish after: " + myFish);
document.writeln("pushed this element last: " + pushed);

This example displays the following:

myFish before: ["angel", "clown"]
myFish after: ["angel", "clown", "drum", "lion"]
pushed this element last: lion

reverse

Transposes the elements of an array: the first array element becomes the last and the last becomes the first.

Method of	`Array`
Implemented in	Navigator 3.0, LiveWire 1.0

Syntax

reverse()

Parameters

None

Description

The reverse method transposes the elements of the calling array object.

Examples

The following example creates an array myArray, containing three elements, then reverses the array.

myArray = new Array("one", "two", "three")
myArray.reverse()

This code changes myArray so that:

myArray[0] is "three"

myArray[1] is "two"

myArray[2] is "one"

shift

Removes the first element from an array and returns that element. This method changes the length of the array.

Method of	`Array`
Implemented in	Navigator 4.0, Netscape Server 3.0

Syntax

shift()

Parameters

None.

Example

The following code displays the myFish array before and after removing its first element. It also displays the removed element:

myFish = ["angel", "clown", "mandarin", "surgeon"];
document.writeln("myFish before: " + myFish);
shifted = myFish.shift();
document.writeln("myFish after: " + myFish);
document.writeln("Removed this element: " + shifted);

This example displays the following:

myFish before: ["angel", "clown", "mandarin", "surgeon"]
myFish after: ["clown", "mandarin", "surgeon"]
Removed this element: angel

slice

Extracts a section of an array and returns a new array.

Method of	`Array`
Implemented in	Navigator 4.0, Netscape Server 3.0

Syntax

slice(begin,end)

Parameters

begin

Zero-based index at which to begin extraction.

end

(Optional) Zero-based index at which to end extraction:

slice extracts up to but not including end. slice(1,4) extracts the second element through the fourth element (elements indexed 1, 2, and 3)

As a negative index, end indicates an offset from the end of the sequence. slice(2,-1) extracts the third element through the second to last element in the sequence.

If end is omitted, slice extracts to the end of the sequence.

Description

slice does not alter the original array, but returns a new "one level deep" copy that contains copies of the elements sliced from the original array. Elements of the original array are copied into the new array as follows:

Object references (and not the actual object) -- slice copies object references into the new array. Both the original and new array refer to the same object. If a referenced object changes, the changes are visible to both the new and original arrays.

Strings and numbers (not String and Number objects)-- slice copies strings and numbers into the new array. Changes to the string or number in one array does not affect the other array.

If a new element is added to either array, the other array is not affected.

Example

In the following example, slice creates a new array, newCar, from myCar. Both include a reference to the object myHonda. When the color of myHonda is changed to purple, both arrays reflect the change.

<SCRIPT LANGUAGE="JavaScript1.2">

//Using slice, create newCar from myCar.
myHonda = {color:"red",wheels:4,engine:{cylinders:4,size:2.2}} 
myCar = [myHonda, 2, "cherry condition", "purchased 1997"] 
newCar = myCar.slice(0,2)

//Write the values of myCar, newCar, and the color of myHonda 
// referenced from both arrays.
document.write("myCar = " + myCar + "<BR>")
document.write("newCar = " + newCar + "<BR>") 
document.write("myCar[0].color = " + myCar[0].color + "<BR>") 
document.write("newCar[0].color = " + newCar[0].color + "<BR><BR>")

//Change the color of myHonda.
myHonda.color = "purple"
document.write("The new color of my Honda is " + myHonda.color + "<BR><BR>")

//Write the color of myHonda referenced from both arrays.
document.write("myCar[0].color = " + myCar[0].color + "<BR>") 
document.write("newCar[0].color = " + newCar[0].color + "<BR>")

</SCRIPT>

This script writes:

myCar = [{color:"red", wheels:4, engine:{cylinders:4, size:2.2}}, 2,
   "cherry condition", "purchased 1997"] 
newCar = [{color:"red", wheels:4, engine:{cylinders:4, size:2.2}}, 2] 
myCar[0].color = red newCar[0].color = red 
The new color of my Honda is purple 
myCar[0].color = purple 
newCar[0].color = purple

splice

Changes the content of an array, adding new elements while removing old elements.

Method of	`Array`
Implemented in	Navigator 4.0, Netscape Server 3.0

Syntax

splice(index, howMany, newElt1, ..., newEltN)

Parameters

index	Index at which to start changing the array.
howMany	An integer indicating the number of old array elements to remove. If `howMany` is 0, no elements are removed. In this case, you should specify at least one new element.
newElt1, ..., newEltN	(Optional) The elements to add to the array. If you don't specify any elements, splice simply removes elements from the array.

Description

If you specify a different number of elements to insert than the number you're removing, the array will have a different length at the end of the call.

If howMany is 1, this method returns the single element that it removes. If howMany is more than 1, the method returns an array containing the removed elements.

Examples

The following script illustrate the use of splice:

<SCRIPT LANGUAGE="JavaScript1.2">

myFish = ["angel", "clown", "mandarin", "surgeon"];
document.writeln("myFish: " + myFish + "<BR>");

removed = myFish.splice(2, 0, "drum");
document.writeln("After adding 1: " + myFish);
document.writeln("removed is: " + removed + "<BR>");

removed = myFish.splice(3, 1)
document.writeln("After removing 1: " + myFish);
document.writeln("removed is: " + removed + "<BR>");

removed = myFish.splice(2, 1, "trumpet")
document.writeln("After replacing 1: " + myFish);
document.writeln("removed is: " + removed + "<BR>");

removed = myFish.splice(0, 2, "parrot", "anemone", "blue")
document.writeln("After replacing 2: " + myFish);
document.writeln("removed is: " + removed);

</SCRIPT>

This script displays:

myFish: ["angel", "clown", "mandarin", "surgeon"]

After adding 1: ["angel", "clown", "drum", "mandarin", "surgeon"]
removed is: undefined

After removing 1: ["angel", "clown", "drum", "surgeon"]
removed is: mandarin

After replacing 1: ["angel", "clown", "trumpet", "surgeon"]
removed is: drum

After replacing 2: ["parrot", "anemone", "blue", "trumpet", "surgeon"]
removed is: ["angel", "clown"]

sort

Sorts the elements of an array.

Method of	`Array`
Implemented in	Navigator 3.0, LiveWire 1.0 Navigator 4.0: modified behavior.

Syntax

sort(compareFunction)

Parameters

compareFunction

Specifies a function that defines the sort order. If omitted, the array is sorted lexicographically (in dictionary order) according to the string conversion of each element.

Description

If compareFunction is not supplied, elements are sorted by converting them to strings and comparing strings in lexicographic ("dictionary" or "telephone book," not numerical) order. For example, "80" comes before "9" in lexicographic order, but in a numeric sort 9 comes before 80.

If compareFunction is supplied, the array elements are sorted according to the return value of the compare function. If a and b are two elements being compared, then:

If compareFunction(a, b) is less than 0, sort b to a lower index than a.

If compareFunction(a, b) returns 0, leave a and b unchanged with respect to each other, but sorted with respect to all different elements.

If compareFunction(a, b) is greater than 0, sort b to a higher index than a.

So, the compare function has the following form:

function compare(a, b) {
   if (a is less than b by some ordering criterion)
      return -1
   if (a is greater than b by the ordering criterion)
      return 1
   // a must be equal to b
   return 0
}

To compare numbers instead of strings, the compare function can simply subtract b from a:

function compareNumbers(a, b) {
   return a - b
}

JavaScript uses a stable sort: the index partial order of a and b does not change if a and b are equal. If a's index was less than b's before sorting, it will be after sorting, no matter how a and b move due to sorting.

The behavior of the sort method changed between Navigator 3.0 and Navigator 4.0.In Navigator 3.0, on some platforms, the sort method does not work. This method works on all platforms for Navigator 4.0.

In Navigator 4.0, this method no longer converts undefined elements to null; instead it sorts them to the high end of the array. For example, assume you have this script:

<SCRIPT>
a = new Array();
a[0] = "Ant";
a[5] = "Zebra";

function writeArray(x) {
   for (i = 0; i < x.length; i++) {
      document.write(x[i]);
      if (i < x.length-1) document.write(", ");
   }
}

writeArray(a);
a.sort();
document.write("<BR><BR>");
writeArray(a);
</SCRIPT>

In Navigator 3.0, JavaScript prints:

ant, null, null, null, null, zebra 
ant, null, null, null, null, zebra

In Navigator 4.0, JavaScript prints:

ant, undefined, undefined, undefined, undefined, zebra 
ant, zebra, undefined, undefined, undefined, undefined

Examples

The following example creates four arrays and displays the original array, then the sorted arrays. The numeric arrays are sorted without, then with, a compare function.

<SCRIPT>
stringArray = new Array("Blue","Humpback","Beluga")
numericStringArray = new Array("80","9","700")
numberArray = new Array(40,1,5,200)
mixedNumericArray = new Array("80","9","700",40,1,5,200)

function compareNumbers(a, b) {
   return a - b
}

document.write("<B>stringArray:</B> " + stringArray.join() +"<BR>")
document.write("<B>Sorted:</B> " + stringArray.sort() +"<P>")

document.write("<B>numberArray:</B> " + numberArray.join() +"<BR>")
document.write("<B>Sorted without a compare function:</B> " +
 numberArray.sort() +"<BR>")
document.write("<B>Sorted with compareNumbers:</B> " +
 numberArray.sort(compareNumbers) +"<P>")

document.write("<B>numericStringArray:</B> " + numericStringArray.join() +"<BR>")
document.write("<B>Sorted without a compare function:</B> " +
 numericStringArray.sort() +"<BR>")
document.write("<B>Sorted with compareNumbers:</B> " +
 numericStringArray.sort(compareNumbers) +"<P>")

document.write("<B>mixedNumericArray:</B> " + mixedNumericArray.join() +"<BR>")
document.write("<B>Sorted without a compare function:</B> " +
 mixedNumericArray.sort() +"<BR>")
document.write("<B>Sorted with compareNumbers:</B> " +
 mixedNumericArray.sort(compareNumbers) +"<BR>")
</SCRIPT>

This example produces the following output. As the output shows, when a compare function is used, numbers sort correctly whether they are numbers or numeric strings.

stringArray: Blue,Humpback,Beluga
Sorted: Beluga,Blue,Humpback

numberArray: 40,1,5,200
Sorted without a compare function: 1,200,40,5
Sorted with compareNumbers: 1,5,40,200

numericStringArray: 80,9,700
Sorted without a compare function: 700,80,9
Sorted with compareNumbers: 9,80,700

mixedNumericArray: 80,9,700,40,1,5,200
Sorted without a compare function: 1,200,40,5,700,80,9
Sorted with compareNumbers: 1,5,9,40,80,200,700

toString

Returns a string representing the specified object.

Method of	`Array`
Implemented in	Navigator 3.0, LiveWire 1.0

Syntax

toString()

Parameters

None.

Description

Every object has a toString method that is automatically called when it is to be represented as a text value or when an object is referred to in a string concatenation.

You can use toString within your own code to convert an object into a string, and you can create your own function to be called in place of the default toString method.

For Array objects, the built-in toString method joins the array and returns one string containing each array element separated by commas. For example, the following code creates an array and uses toString to convert the array to a string while writing output.

var monthNames = new Array("Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr")
document.write("monthNames.toString() is " + monthNames.toString())

The output is as follows:

monthNames.toString() is Jan,Feb,Mar,Apr

For information on defining your own toString method, see the Object.toString method.

unshift

Adds one or more elements to the beginning of an array and returns the new length of the array.

Method of	`Array`
Implemented in	Navigator 4.0, Netscape Server 3.0

Syntax

arrayName.unshift(elt1,..., eltN)

Parameters

elt1,...,eltN

The elements to add to the front of the array.

Example

The following code displays the myFish array before and after adding elements to it.

myFish = ["angel", "clown"];
document.writeln("myFish before: " + myFish);
unshifted = myFish.unshift("drum", "lion");
document.writeln("myFish after: " + myFish);
document.writeln("New length: " + unshifted);

This example displays the following:

myFish before: ["angel", "clown"]
myFish after: ["drum", "lion", "angel", "clown"]
New length: 4

Boolean

The Boolean object is an object wrapper for a boolean value.

Core object
Implemented in	Navigator 3.0, LiveWire 1.0

Created by

The Boolean constructor:

new Boolean(value)

Parameters

value

The initial value of the Boolean object. The value is converted to a boolean value, if necessary. If value is omitted or is 0, null, false, or the empty string (""), the object has an initial value of false. All other values, including the string "false", create an object with an initial value of true.

Description

Use a Boolean object when you need to convert a non-boolean value to a boolean value. You can use the Boolean object any place JavaScript expects a primitive boolean value. JavaScript returns the primitive value of the Boolean object by automatically invoking the valueOf method.

Property Summary

prototype

Defines a property that is shared by all Boolean objects.

Method Summary

toString

Returns a string representing the specified object.

Examples

The following examples create Boolean objects with an initial value of false:

bNoParam = new Boolean()
bZero = new Boolean(0)
bNull = new Boolean(null)
bEmptyString = new Boolean("")
bfalse = new Boolean(false)

The following examples create Boolean objects with an initial value of true:

btrue = new Boolean(true)
btrueString = new Boolean("true")
bfalseString = new Boolean("false")
bSuLin = new Boolean("Su Lin")

Properties

prototype

Represents the prototype for this class. You can use the prototype to add properties or methods to all instances of a class. For information on prototypes, see Function.prototype.

Property of	`Boolean`
Implemented in	Navigator 3.0, LiveWire 1.0

Methods

toString

Returns a string representing the specified object.

Method of	`Boolean`
Implemented in	Navigator 3.0, LiveWire 1.0

Syntax

toString()

Parameters

None.

Description

Every object has a toString method that is automatically called when it is to be represented as a text value or when an object is referred to in a string concatenation.

You can use toString within your own code to convert an object into a string, and you can create your own function to be called in place of the default toString method.

For Boolean objects and values, the built-in toString method returns "true" or "false" depending on the value of the boolean object. In the following code, flag.toString returns "true".

flag = new Boolean(true)
document.write("flag.toString() is " + flag.toString() + "<BR>")

For information on defining your own toString method, see the Object.toString method.

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Chapter 4Core

Array

Created by

Parameters

Description

Property Summary

Method Summary

Examples

See also

Properties

index

input

length

Examples

prototype

Methods

concat

Syntax

Parameters

Description

join

Syntax

Parameters

Description

Examples

See also

pop

Syntax

Parameters

Example

See also

push

Syntax

Parameters

Description

Example

See also

reverse

Syntax

Parameters

Description

Examples

See also

shift

Syntax

Parameters

Example

See also

slice

Syntax

Parameters

Description

Example

splice

Syntax

Parameters

Description

Examples

sort

Syntax

Parameters

Description

Examples

See also

toString

Syntax

Parameters

Description

unshift

Syntax

Parameters

Example

See also

Boolean

Created by

Parameters

Description

Property Summary

Method Summary

Examples

Chapter 4
Core