Berlin

the original on 7 August 2007. Retrieved 18 August 2008. 

^ "Berlin Cathedral". SMPProtein. Archived from the original on 18 August 2006. Retrieved 18 August 2008. 

^ "Brandenburg during the 30 Years War". WHKMLA. Retrieved 18 August 2008. 

^ Clodfelter, Michael (2002), Warfare and Armed Conflicts- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000 (2nd ed.), McFarland & Company, ISBN 0-7864-1204-6

^ "Agreement to divide Berlin". FDR-Library. Retrieved 18 August 2008. 

^ "Berlin Airlift / Blockade". Western Allies Berlin. Retrieved 18 August 2008. 

^ "Berlin official website; History after 1945". City of Berlin. Retrieved 8 April 2009. 

^ "Ostpolitik: The Quadripartite Agreement of September 3, 1971". US Berlin Embassy. Retrieved 18 August 2008. 

^ "Satellite Image Berlin". Google Maps. Retrieved 18 August 2008. 

^ "weather.com". weather.com. Retrieved 7 April 2012. 

^ "Climate figures". World Weather Information Service. Retrieved 18 August 2008. 

^ "World Weather Information Service – Berlin". Worldweather.wmo.int. 5 October 2006. Retrieved 7 April 2012. 

^ "Climatological Normals of Berlin". Hong Kong Observatory. Retrieved 20 May 2010. 

^ "Neumann: Stadtschloss wird teurer". Berliner Zeitung (in (German)). 24 June 2011. Retrieved 7 April 2012. 

^ "Das Pathos der Berliner Republik". Berliner Zeitung (in (German)). 19 May 2010. Retrieved 7 April 2012. 

^ "Construction and redevelopment since 1990". Senate Department of Urban Development. Retrieved 18 August 2008. 

^ Ouroussoff, Nicolai (9 May 2005). "A Forest of Pillars, Recalling the Unimaginable". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 August 2008. 

^ "Bundespräsident Horst Köhler" (in (German)). Bundespraesident.de. Retrieved 7 April 2012. 

^ "Der Regierungsumzug ist überfällig". Berliner Zeitung (in (German)). 26 October 2010. Retrieved 7 April 2012. 

^ "Berlin state election, 2006". Der Landeswahlleiter für Berlin (in German). Retrieved 17 August 2008. 

^ "The Glamor Guy". Time Europe. 8 May 2005. Retrieved 17 August 2008.  See also: Landler, Mark (23 September 2006). "Berlin Mayor, Symbol of Openness, Has National Appeal". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 August 2008. 

^ "Berlin schafft erstes Etatplus seit dem Krieg". Spiegel.de. Retrieved 7 April 2012. 

^ Fahrun, Joachim (10 June 2008). "Sarrazin: Keine neuen Schulden mehr ab 2008". Berliner Morgenpost. Retrieved 17 August 2008. 

^ "Debt-Laden Berlin Goes to Court For Federal Aid". Deutsche Welle. 29 April 2006. Retrieved 20 October 2006. 

^ "Vier Bundesländern drohen griechische Verhältnisse". Spiegel (in German). Retrieved 23 May 2011. 

^ ^{a b} "Berlin's international city relations". Berlin Mayor's Office. Retrieved 22 August 2010. 

^ "Miasta partnerskie Warszawy". um.warszawa.pl. Biuro Promocji Miasta. 4 May 2005. Retrieved 29 August 2008. 

^ "Exporteinbruch stürzt deutsche Wirtschaft in die Krise" (in German). Reuters. Retrieved 19 August 2008. 

^ "Arbeitslosigkeit sinkt auf niedrigsten Stand seit 20 Jahren" (in German). Berliner Morgenpost. Retrieved 30 September 2011. 

^ "Poor but sexy". The Economist. 21 September 2006. Retrieved 19 August 2008. 

^ ^{a b c d e f g h} "Berlin fact sheet" (PDF). berlin.de. Retrieved 19 August 2008. 

^ "DB Schenker to concentrate control functions in Frankfurt am Main". Retrieved 6 June 2011. 

^ "Contact". Air Berlin. Retrieved 7 April 2012. 

^ ^{a b} "Strong tourism and convention destination Berlin". visitBerlin. Retrieved 13 August 2012. 

^ "Berlin Cracks the Startup Code". Businessweek. 2012-04-12. Retrieved 2013-02-10. 

^ "Creative Industries in Berlin". Kulturwirtschaft.de. 7 April 2011. Retrieved 7 April 2012. 

^ "Broke but dynamic, Berlin seeks new identity". IHT. Retrieved 19 August 2008. 

^ "Kraftfahrzeuge und Schienenbestand". Destatis. Retrieved 19 August 2008. 

^ "Die Hauptstadt des umweltfreundlichen Verkehrs". Berliner Zeitung (in German). Retrieved 11 August 2009. 

^ "Berlin Hauptbahnhof". Deutsche Bahn. Retrieved 2 May 2009. 

^ Amt für Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg, Die kleine Berlin-Statistik. (German) Accessed 6 January 2009.

^ ^{a b} "Berlin statistical figures". Amt für Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg (in German). Retrieved 19 August 2008. 

^ "Airport BBI: Einzigartige, historische Chance für Berlin und Brandenburg". airportzentrale.de. Retrieved 10 March 2011. 

^ "Airport Berlin Brandenburg International". Airports Berlin. Retrieved 7 July 2010. 

^ "New Berlin Airport to Finally Open Next October". Spiegel Online International. 4 September 2012. 

^ New York Times online article on the delayed Berlin Brandenburg Airport

^ "Bike City Berlin". Treehugger. Retrieved 19 August 2008. 

^ "Platz da! – für die Radfahrer". ND. Retrieved 22 March 2011. 

^ "Bicycle Routes and Facilities Bicycle Paths". Senate Department of urban development. Retrieved 19 September 2008. 

^ Reimer, Nick (30 May 2006). "Abgase tiefer gelegt". taz (in German). Retrieved 18 August 2008. 

^ "CNN.com Video". CNN. 

^ Kühne, Anja; Warnecke, Tilmann (17 October 2007). "Berlin leuchtet". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Retrieved 18 August 2008. 

^ "History of the Charité of Berlin". Charité. 6 September 2005. Retrieved 18 August 2008. 

^ "Customer company profile". Ansell Healthcare. Retrieved 18 August 2008. 

^ ^{a b} "Bevölkerungsprognose für Berlin und die Bezirke 2011-2030" (in German). Senate Department for Urban Development and the Environment, Berlin. October 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2012. 

^ (German) Hauptstadtregion Berlin-Brandenburg

^ Spooner, Andrew (13 May 2007). "Berlin: Shish And Sauerkraut To Go". The Independent (UK). Retrieved 24 May 2010. 

^ Dmitry Bulgakov (2001-03-11). "Berlin is speaking Russians' language". Russiajournal.com. Retrieved 2013-02-10. 

^ "Berlin wird farbiger. Die Afrikaner kommen – Nachrichten WELT am SONNTAG – WELT ONLINE". Die Welt (in (German)). 28 October 2001. Retrieved 2 June 2011. 

^ ^{a b} "Foreign residents of Berlin" (PDF). Amt für Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg (in German). Retrieved 5 February 2011. 

^ "Israelis Learn to Love the New Berlin". Spiegel.de. Retrieved 7 April 2012. 

^ "Statistik Berlin/Brandbenburg". Amt für Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg. 31 December 2010. Retrieved 1 January 2009. 

^ "Jeder vierte Berliner ist ausländischer Herkunft". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Retrieved 19 August 2008. 

^ Connolly, Kate (26 April 2009). "Atheist Berlin to decide on religion's place in its schools". The Guardian (UK). Retrieved 10 May 2010. 

^ ^{a b} Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland: Kirchenmitgliederzahlen am 31. Dezember 2010. EKD, 2011, (PDF; 0,45 MB) Abgerufen am 10. März 2012.

^ ^{a b} Amt für Statistik Berlin Brandenburg: Die kleine Berlin-Statistik 2010. (PDF-Datei). Abgerufen am 4. Januar 2011.

^ Tabelle 11; die tatsächliche Anzahl von Muslimen kann anhand dieser Gesamtzahl, die auch Angehörige anderer Religionen (z. B. Minderheiten aus den Herkunftsstaaten, Deutsche mit einseitigem Migrationshintergrund) und Nichtreligiöse einschließt, nur geschätzt werden.

^ "Statistisches Jahrbuch für Berlin 2010. Abgerufen am 10. März 2012." (PDF). Retrieved 2013-02-10. 

^ "SuperWEB - Access Denied". Statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de. Retrieved 2013-02-10. 

^ Jüdische Nachrichten. "Juden in Berlin - Jews in Berlin". Berlin-judentum.de. Retrieved 2013-02-10. 

^ Germany: Berlin Facing Challenge Of Assimilating Russian-Speaking Jews. Radio Free Europe. 17 September 2007

^ "Lutheran Diocese Berlin-Brandenburg". Selbständige Evangelisch-Lutherische Kirche. Retrieved 19 August 2008. 

^ "Jahrgangsstufe Null". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Retrieved 19 August 2008. ^{[not in citation given]}

^ "Geschichte des Französischen Gymnasiums". Französisches Gymnasium Lycée Français Berlin (in German). Retrieved 17 August 2008. 

^ "Metropolis of Sciences". Berlin Partner GmbH. Archived from the original on 24 April 2008. Retrieved 19 August 2008. 

^ "Wirtschaftsstandort Berlin". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). 11 May 2010. Retrieved 11 May 2010. 

^ "European Institute of Innovation and Technology: Home". Europa (web portal). Retrieved 8 June 2010. 

^ "World Heritage Site Palaces and Parks of Potsdam and Berlin". UNESCO. Retrieved 19 August 2008. 

^ "Hub Culture's 2009 Zeitgeist Ranking". Hub Culture. Retrieved 30 April 2009. 

^ "Sprung in die Wolken". Zitty (in German). 2 July 2008. Retrieved 19 August 2008. 

^ Boston, Nicholas (10 September 2006). "A New Williamsburg! Berlin's Expats Go Bezirk". The New York Observer. Retrieved 17 August 2008.  See also: "Die Kunstszene". Deutschland Online (in German). Archived from the original on 11 December 2007. Retrieved 19 August 2008.  and "Culture of Berlin". Metropolis. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 19 August 2008. 

^ "Saucy Berlin transforms itself into a 'music city'". Taipei Times. Retrieved 19 August 2008. 

^ "Berlin's music business booms". Expatica. Archived from the original on 11 September 2007. Retrieved 19 August 2008. 

^ "Media Companies in Berlin and Potsdam". medienboard. Retrieved 19 August 2008. 

^ "Wall-to-wall culture". The Age (Australia). 10 November 2007. Retrieved 30 November 2007. 

^ "European Film Academy". European Film Academy. Retrieved 7 April 2012. 

^ "Berlin Film Festival". Berlinale.de. Retrieved 7 April 2012. 

^ Wasacz, Walter (11 October 2004). "Losing your mind in Berlin". Metro Times. Retrieved 18 November 2006. 

^ "Christiane F.-Page". Christiane.hurz.at. Retrieved 7 April 2012. 

^ "English Summary". Karneval-berlin.de. Retrieved 7 April 2012. 

^ "Berlin for Gays and Lesbians". Web.archive.org. 7 October 2006. Archived from the original on 7 October 2006. Retrieved 7 April 2012. 

^ Krauss, Kenneth (2004). The drama of fallen France: reading la comédie sans tickets. Albany: State University of New York. p. 11. ISBN 0-7914-5953-5. 

^ "Folsom Europe 2011 in Berlin". 27 April 2011. 

^ "Berlin Lesbian and Gay Festival 2011 – Berlin Gay Pride 2011". 25 July 2008. 

^ "THE GAY CAPITAL OF EUROPE BERLIN". 25 September 2010. 

^ "A 3,000-year-old smile". Expatica.com. Retrieved 7 April 2012. 

^ "Exhibitions". Jewish Museum Berlin. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 10 August 2008. 

^ "The World of Dinosaurs". Naturkundemuseum-berlin.de. 20 October 2011. Retrieved 7 April 2012. 

^ "In Berlin, the Art of Sex". Washingtonpost.com. 18 April 1999. Retrieved 7 April 2012. 

^ Charlotte Higgins and Ben Aris in Berlin (29 April 2004). "Is Rattle's Berlin honeymoon over?". London: Guardian. Retrieved 7 April 2012. 

^ Wakin, Daniel J. (25 September 2005). "Music: Berlin". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 November 2006. 

^ "Berlin Philharmonic elects Sir Simon Rattle". Culturekiosque.com. 24 June 1999. Retrieved 7 April 2012. 

^ D. "Haus der Kulturen der Welt". Hkw.de. Retrieved 7 April 2012. 

^ Berlin Minimalist Glamor Retrieved

^ "HappyCow's list of cities with the most Listings". Happycow.net. Retrieved 2013-02-10. 

^ Paterson, Tony (15 August 2009). "Spicy sausage that is worthy of a shrine in Berlin". The Independent (London). 

^ "Berlin Style Liver – Gebratene Kalbsleber auf Berliner Art, Germanic". Germancorner.com. Retrieved 8 June 2010. 

^ Berlin German Foods

^ "Hauptstadt-Zoo beliebtester Tierpark". Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg. Archived from the original on 7 October 2006. Retrieved 17 August 2008. 

^ Moore, Tristana (23 March 2007). "Baby bear becomes media star". BBC News. Retrieved 17 August 2008. 

^ Boyes, Roger (13 December 2007). "Berlin Zoo culls creator of the cult of Knut". The Times (UK). Retrieved 17 August 2008. 

^ "Grün Berlin" [Green Berlin] (in German). Die Grün Berlin GmbH. Retrieved 27 May 2011. 

^ "Peter Joseph Lenné, Senate Department of Urban Development". Stadtentwicklung.berlin.de. 2011-09-30. Retrieved 2013-02-10. 

^ Lee, Denny (10 December 2006). "36 Hours in Berlin". Berlin (Germany): Travel.nytimes.com. Retrieved 7 April 2012. 

^ "Melbourne retains ultimate sports city title". ABC News. 1 April 2008. Retrieved 1 July 2008. 

^ Berlin 1936 Games of the XI Olympiad, www.olympic.org. Retrieved 18 November 2006. See also: "Italy conquer the world as Germany wins friends". 

^ "12. IAAF Leichtathletik WM berlin 2009". Berlin2009.org. Retrieved 2013-02-10. 

^ "Berlin Marathon". Scc-events.com. Retrieved 7 April 2012. 

^ "500,000 spectators to watch the game together". Blogs.bettor.com. Retrieved 7 April 2012. 

^ "Hertha BSC". Herthabsc.de. 27 December 2011. Retrieved 7 April 2012. 

^ "Union Berlin". Fc-union-berlin.de. Retrieved 7 April 2012. 

^ SPORTWERK 2012. "ALBA Berlin". Albaberlin.de. Retrieved 7 April 2012. 

^ "Eisbären Berlin". Eisbaeren.de. Retrieved 7 April 2012. 

^ "Füchse Berlin". Fuechse-berlin.de. Retrieved 7 April 2012. 

^ "HOME - ECC Preussen Juniors e.V. Berlin". Eccpreussen.de. 2013-01-27. Retrieved 2013-02-10. 

^ SCC Berlin^{[dead link]}

^ "DVL – Volleyball Bundesliga – Tabelle Hauptrunde". Volleyball-bundesliga.de. Retrieved 7 April 2012. 

References

• Chandler, Tertius (1987). Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census. Edwin Mellen Pr. ISBN 0-88946-207-0. 
• Gill, Anton (1993). A Dance Between Flames: Berlin Between the Wars. John Murray. ISBN 0-7195-4986-8. 
• Gross, Leonard (1999). The Last Jews in Berlin. Carroll & Graf Publishers. ISBN 0-7867-0687-2. 
• Large, David Clay (2001). Berlin. Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-02632-X. 
• Read, Anthony; David Fisher (1994). Berlin Rising: Biography of a City. W.W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-03606-5. 
• Ribbe, Wolfgang (2002). Geschichte Berlins. Bwv – Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag. ISBN 3-8305-0166-8. 
• Roth, Joseph (2004). What I Saw: Reports from Berlin 1920–33. Granta Books. ISBN 1-86207-636-7. 
• Taylor, Frederick (2007). The Berlin Wall: 13 August 1961 – 9 November 1989. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 0-06-078614-0. 

External links

• Geographic data related to Berlin at OpenStreetMap
• Berlin.de—Official Website
• Exberliner - Monthly English-language magazine for Berlin
• English-language city guide for Berlin

Links to related articles   Berlin topics   Government Senate Coat of arms Flag Constitution Politics Elections Mayor Police Subdivisions   Society History Geography Culture Dialect Demographics (statistics) Economy Education Transport People Sports Football Religion   Related topics Metro Region Architecture Sights Castles Museums Places of worship Venues Universities Parks and forests Cemeteries   Main category Berlin portal Districts and localities of Berlin   Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf Charlottenburg Charlottenburg-Nord Grunewald Halensee Schmargendorf Westend Wilmersdorf   Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg Friedrichshain Kreuzberg   Lichtenberg Alt-Hohenschönhausen Falkenberg Fennpfuhl Friedrichsfelde Karlshorst Lichtenberg Malchow Neu-Hohenschönhausen Rummelsburg Wartenberg   Marzahn-Hellersdorf Biesdorf Hellersdorf Kaulsdorf Mahlsdorf Marzahn   Mitte Gesundbrunnen Hansaviertel Mitte Moabit Tiergarten Wedding   Neukölln Britz Buckow Gropiusstadt Neukölln Rudow   Pankow Blankenburg Blankenfelde Buch Französisch Buchholz Heinersdorf Karow Niederschönhausen Pankow Prenzlauer Berg Rosenthal Stadtrandsiedlung Malchow Weißensee Wilhelmsruh   Reinickendorf Borsigwalde Frohnau Heiligensee Hermsdorf Konradshöhe Lübars Märkisches Viertel Reinickendorf Tegel Waidmannslust Wittenau   Spandau Falkenhagener Feld Gatow Hakenfelde Haselhorst Kladow Siemensstadt Spandau Staaken Wilhelmstadt   Steglitz-Zehlendorf Dahlem Lankwitz Lichterfelde Nikolassee Steglitz Wannsee Zehlendorf   Tempelhof-Schöneberg Friedenau Lichtenrade Mariendorf Marienfelde Schöneberg Tempelhof   Treptow-Köpenick Adlershof Alt-Treptow Altglienicke Baumschulenweg Bohnsdorf Friedrichshagen grünau Johannisthal Köpenick Müggelheim Niederschöneweide Oberschöneweide Plänterwald Rahnsdorf Schmöckwitz   Districts > Localities > Zones Greater Berlin Act Former boroughs Cities in Germany by population   1,000,000+ Berlin Cologne Hamburg Munich   500,000+ Bremen Dortmund Dresden Düsseldorf Essen Frankfurt Hanover Leipzig Nuremberg Stuttgart   200,000+ Aachen Augsburg Bielefeld Bochum Bonn Braunschweig Chemnitz Duisburg Erfurt Freiburg im Breisgau Gelsenkirchen Halle (Saale) Karlsruhe Kiel Krefeld Lübeck Magdeburg Mainz Mannheim Münster Mönchengladbach Oberhausen Rostock Wiesbaden Wuppertal   100,000+ Bergisch Gladbach Bottrop Bremerhaven Cottbus Darmstadt Erlangen Fürth Göttingen Hagen Hamm Heidelberg Heilbronn Herne Hildesheim Ingolstadt Jena Kassel Koblenz Leverkusen Ludwigshafen Moers Mülheim an der Ruhr Neuss Offenbach am Main Oldenburg Osnabrück Paderborn Pforzheim Potsdam Recklinghausen Regensburg Remscheid Reutlingen Saarbrücken Salzgitter Siegen Solingen Trier Ulm Wolfsburg Würzburg   complete list municipalities metropolitan regions cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants States of the Federal Republic of Germany   States   Baden-Württemberg (since 1952)   Bavaria (since 1949)   Brandenburg (since 1990)   Hesse (since 1949)   Lower Saxony (since 1949)   Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (since 1990)   North Rhine-Westphalia (since 1949)   Rhineland-Palatinate (since 1949)   Saarland (since 1957)   Saxony (since 1990)   Saxony-Anhalt (since 1990)   Schleswig-Holstein (since 1949)   Thuringia (since 1990)   City-states   Berlin (since 1990)   Bremen (since 1949)   Hamburg (since 1949)   Former states   Baden (south) (1949–1952)   Württemberg-Baden (1949–1952)   Württemberg-Hohenzollern (1949–1952) Capitals of states of the Federal Republic of Germany   Capitals of area states Dresden (Saxony) Düsseldorf (North Rhine-Westphalia) Erfurt (Thuringia) Hanover (Lower Saxony) Kiel (Schleswig-Holstein) Magdeburg (Saxony-Anhalt) Mainz (Rhineland-Palatinate) Munich (Bavaria) Potsdam (Brandenburg) Saarbrücken (Saarland) Schwerin (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) Stuttgart (Baden-Württemberg) Wiesbaden (Hesse)   City-states1 Berlin City of Bremen (State of Bremen) Hamburg   Capitals of former states Freiburg im Breisgau (South Baden, 1949–1952) Stuttgart (Württemberg-Baden, 1949–1952) Tübingen (Württemberg-Hohenzollern, 1949–1952)   1 Unlike the mono-city states Berlin and Hamburg, the State of Bremen consists of two cities, thus state and capital are not identical. Capital cities of the member states of the European Union   Original members Amsterdam West Berlin Brussels Luxembourg City Paris Rome   First enlargement (1973) Copenhagen Dublin London   Second enlargement (1981) Athens   Third enlargement (1986) Lisbon Madrid   Fourth enlargement (1990) Berlin   Fifth enlargement (1995) Helsinki Stockholm Vienna   Sixth enlargement (2004) Bratislava Budapest Ljubljana Nicosia Prague Riga Tallinn Valletta Vilnius Warsaw   Seventh enlargement (2007) Bucharest Sofia   Eighth enlargement (2013) Zagreb Capitals of European states and territories   Capitals of dependent territories and states whose sovereignty is disputed shown in SmallCaps   Western Northern Central Southern Eastern   Amsterdam,6 Netherlands Andorra la Vella, Andorra Brussels,5 Belgium Douglas, Isle of Man4 Dublin, Ireland London, United Kingdom Paris, France Saint Helier, Jersey4 Saint Peter Port, Guernsey4 Copenhagen,7 Denmark Helsinki, Finland Longyearbyen, Svalbard Mariehamn, Åland Islands Oslo, Norway Reykjavík, Iceland Riga, Latvia Stockholm, Sweden Tallinn, Estonia Tórshavn, Faroe Islands Vilnius, Lithuania Belgrade, Serbia Berlin, Germany Bern, Switzerland Bratislava, Slovakia Bucharest, Romania Budapest, Hungary Chişinău, Moldova Ljubljana, Slovenia Luxembourg, Luxembourg Prague, Czech Republic Vienna, Austria Warsaw, Poland Vaduz, Liechtenstein Zagreb, Croatia Ankara, Turkey1 Athens, Greece Gibraltar, Gibraltar4 Lisbon, Portugal Madrid, Spain Monaco, Monaco Nicosia, Cyprus2 North Nicosia, Northern Cyprus2, 3 Podgorica, Montenegro Pristina, Kosovo3 Rome, Italy San Marino, San Marino Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Skopje, Republic of Macedonia Sofia, Bulgaria Tirana, Albania Valletta, Malta Vatican City, Vatican City Astana, Kazakhstan1 Baku, Azerbaijan1 Kyiv, Ukraine Minsk, Belarus Moscow, Russia1 Stepanakert, Nagorno-Karabakh2, 3 Sukhumi, Abkhazia2, 3 Tbilisi, Georgia1 Tiraspol, Transnistria3 Tskhinvali, South Ossetia2, 3 Yerevan, Armenia2   1 Transcontinental country. 2 Entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio-political connections with Europe. 3 Partially recognised country. 4 Crown Dependency or Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom. 5 Also the seat of the European Union, see Location of European Union institutions and Brussels and the European Union. 6 Also the capital of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. European Capitals of Culture   1985 Athens 1986 Florence 1987 Amsterdam 1988 West Berlin 1989 Paris 1990 Glasgow 1991 Dublin 1992 Madrid 1993 Antwerp 1994 Lisbon 1995 Luxembourg City 1996 Copenhagen 1997 Thessaloniki 1998 Stockholm 1999 Weimar 2000 Reykjavík Bergen Helsinki Brussels Prague Kraków Santiago de Compostela Avignon Bologna 2001 Rotterdam Porto 2002 Bruges Salamanca 2003 Graz 2004 Genoa Lille 2005 Cork 2006 Patras 2007 Luxembourg City and Greater Region Sibiu 2008 Liverpool Stavanger 2009 Linz Vilnius 2010 Ruhr Istanbul Pécs 2011 Turku Tallinn 2012 Maribor Guimarães 2013 Košice Marseille 2014 Umeå Riga 2015 Mons Plzeň 2016 San Sebastián Wrocław 2017 Aarhus Paphos Summer Olympic Games host cities       1896: Athens 1900: Paris 1904: St. Louis 1908: London 1912: Stockholm 1916: none[c1] 1920: Antwerp 1924: Paris 1928: Amsterdam 1932: Los Angeles 1936: Berlin 1940: none[c2] 1944: none[c2] 1948: London 1952: Helsinki 1956: Melbourne 1960: Rome 1964: Tokyo 1968: Mexico City 1972: Munich 1976: Montreal 1980: Moscow 1984: Los Angeles 1988: Seoul 1992: Barcelona 1996: Atlanta 2000: Sydney 2004: Athens 2008: Beijing 2012: London 2016: Rio de Janeiro   [c1] Cancelled due to World War I; [c2] Cancelled due to World War II Members of the Hanseatic League by Quarter   Chief cities shown in smallcaps. Free Imperial Cities of the Holy Roman Empire shown in italics.   Wendish Lübeck Anklam Demmin Greifswald Hamburg Kolberg (Kołobrzeg) Lüneburg Rostock Rügenwalde (Darłowo) Stettin (Szczecin) Stolp (Słupsk) Stockholm Stralsund Visby Wismar   Saxon Brunswick Magdeburg Berlin Bremen Erfurt Frankfurt an der Oder Goslar   Baltic Danzig (Gdańsk) Breslau (Wrocław) Dorpat (Tartu) Elbing (Elbląg) Königsberg (Kaliningrad) Cracow (Kraków) Reval (Tallinn) Riga (Rīga) Thorn (Toruń)   Westphalian Cologne 1 Dortmund 1 Deventer Groningen Kampen Münster Osnabrück Soest     Kontore Principal Bryggen (Bergen) Hanzekantoor Bruges Antwerp2  Steelyard (London) Peterhof (Novgorod)   Subsidiary Bishop's Lynn Falsterbo Ipswich Kaunas Malmö Polotsk Pskov   Other cities Bristol Boston Damme Leith Herford Hull Newcastle Stargard Yarmouth York   1 Cologne and Dortmund were both capital of the Westphalian Quarter at different times. 2 Antwerp gained importance once Bruges became inaccessible due to the silting of the Zwin channel.