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Daftar/Tabel -- Internet top-level domains

The following is a list of Internet top-level domains (TLDs). The top-level domain article provides the background information.

The official list of all top-level domains is maintained by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).[1]

A number of Proposed top-level domains are under consideration by ICANN/IANA.

Contents

Generic top-level domains

  • Name: DNS name
  • Entity: intended use
  • Notes: general remarks
  • IDN: support for internationalized domain names (IDN)
  • DNSSEC: presence of DS records for Domain Name System Security Extensions
NameEntityNotesIDNDNSSEC
.aeroair-transport industryMust verify eligibility for registration; only those in various categories of air-travel-related entities may register.NoNo
.asiaAsia-Pacific regionThis is a TLD for companies, organizations, and individuals based in the region of Asia, Australia, and the Pacific.YesYes
.bizbusinessThis is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register; however, registrations may be challenged later if they are not held by commercial entities in accordance with the domain's charter. This TLD was created to provide relief for the wildly popular .com TLD.NoYes
.catCatalanThis is a TLD for Web sites in the Catalan language or related to Catalan culture.YesYes
.comcommercialThis is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register. Though originally intended for use by for-profit business entities, for a number of reasons it became the "main" TLD for domain names and is currently used by all types of entities including nonprofits, schools and private individuals. Domain name registrations may be challenged if the holder cannot prove an outside relation justifying reservation of the name, to prevent "squatting".YesYes
.coopcooperativesThe .coop TLD is limited to cooperatives as defined by the Rochdale Principles.NoNo
.infoinformationThis is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register.YesYes
.intinternational organizationsThe .int TLD is strictly limited to organizations, offices, and programs which are endorsed by a treaty between two or more nations. However, there are a few grandfathered domain names that do not meet these criteria.NoNo
.jobscompaniesThe .jobs TLD is designed to be added after the names of established companies with jobs to advertise. At this time, owners of a "company.jobs" domain are not permitted to post jobs of third party employers.NoNo
.mobimobile devicesMust be used for mobile-compatible sites in accordance with standards.NoNo
.museummuseumsMust be verified as a legitimate museum.YesYes
.nameindividuals, by nameThis is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register; however, registrations may be challenged later if they are not by individuals (or the owners of fictional characters) in accordance with the domain's charter.YesNo
.netnetworkThis is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register. Originally intended for use by domains pointing to a distributed network of computers, or "umbrella" sites that act as the portal to a set of smaller websites.NoYes
.orgorganizationThis is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register. Originally intended for use by non-profit organizations, and still primarily used by some.YesYes
.postpostal servicesThe .post TLD is restricted to Postal Administrations as defined in the Universal Postal Union constitution, and their large customers who wish to provide "Trusted Postal Services".[2]No[3]Yes
.proprofessionsCurrently, .pro is reserved for licensed or certified professionals worldwide. A professional seeking to register a .pro domain must provide their registrar with the appropriate credentials.NoNo
.telInternet communication servicesA contact directory housing all types of contact information directly in the Domain Name System.Yes[4]No
.traveltravel and tourism industry related sitesMust be verified as a legitimate travel-related entity.NoNo
.xxxadult entertainmentFor sites providing sexually explicit content, such as pornography.NoNo

USA top-level domains

NameEntityNotesIDNDNSSEC
.edueducationalThe .edu TLD is limited to specific educational institutions such as, but not limited to, primary schools, middle schools, secondary schools, colleges, and universities. In the US, its usability was limited in 2001 to post-secondary institutions accredited by an agency on the list of nationally recognized accrediting agencies maintained by the United States Department of Education. This domain is therefore almost exclusively used by US colleges and universities. Some institutions that do not meet the current registration criteria have grandfathered domain names.NoYes
.govgovernmentalThe .gov TLD is limited to governmental entities and agencies in the US.NoYes
.milUS militaryThe .mil TLD is limited to use by the US military.NoYes

Country code top-level domains

  • name: DNS name of the (ISO 3166-1 alpha-2) two-letter country-code top-level domain
  • Entity: country, dependency, or region
  • Explanation: explanation of the code when not self-evident from the English name of the country
  • Notes: general remarks
  • IDN: support for internationalized domain names (IDN)
  • DNSSEC: presence of DS records for Domain Name System Security Extensions
  • SLD: allows Second-level domain registration (restrictions may apply)
NameEntityExplanationNotesIDNDNSSECSLD
.ac Ascension Island Commonly used for academic websites, such as universities. However, .ac is not to be confused with the tightly-regulated, official academic domain .ac.uk.YesYesYes
.ad Andorra Local trademark, trade name or citizenship required [5][6] NoYes
.ae United Arab Emirates   NoYes
.af Afghanistan   NoYes
.ag Antigua and Barbuda   YesYes
.ai Anguilla   NoYes
.al Albania Citizenship required NoNo
.am Armenia (Also unofficially used by AM Radio Stations or related business) YesYes
.an Netherlands Antilles Local presence required; Netherlands Antilles were dissolved on October 10, 2010; NoYes
.ao Angola   No 
.aq AntarcticaAntarctiqueDefined by the Antarctic Treaty as everything south of latitude 60°S. AQ domain names are available to government organizations who are signatories to the Antarctic Treaty and to other registrants who have a physical presence in Antarctica. NoYes
.ar Argentina  Yes[a 1]NoNo
.as American Samoa   NoYes
.at Austria  YesYesYes
.au Australia Includes Ashmore and Cartier Islands and Coral Sea Islands. ABN required. NoNo
.aw ArubaAruba, West IndiesRestricted to registered Aruban companies, organisations and citizens NoYes
.ax Åland   NoYes
.az Azerbaijan   NoYes
.ba Bosnia and Herzegovina   NoYes
.bb Barbados   NoYes
.bd Bangladesh   NoNo
.be Belgium (Also unofficially used in the canton of Berne, Switzerland) YesYes
.bf Burkina Faso   NoYes
.bg Bulgaria  Yes[a 2]YesYes
.bh Bahrain   NoYes
.bi Burundi   NoYes
.bj Benin   NoYes
.bm Bermuda Local corporate registration required NoYes
.bn Brunei   NoNo
.bo Bolivia   NoYes
.br Brazil Restricted. Registration is done under several categories (i.e.: .com.br for businesses, .gov.br for government agencies, etc.)[7]Yes[8]YesNo[a 3]
.bs Bahamas   NoYes
.bt Bhutan   NoNo
.bv Bouvet Island Not in use (Norwegian dependency; see .no).NoNoNo
.bw Botswana   NoYes
.by BelarusByelorussia  NoYes
.bz Belize   YesYes
.ca Canada Subject to Canadian Presence Requirements. YesYes
.cc Cocos (Keeling) Islands (Australian territory: do not confuse with Cocos islands in Guam. Also used as a free domain service to the public as cc.cc, cu.cc or cz.cc domain.) YesYes
.cd Democratic Republic of the Congo   NoYes
.cf Central African Republic   NoYes
.cg Republic of the Congo   NoYes
.ch SwitzerlandConfoederatio Helvetica (Latin) Yes[a 4]YesYes
.ci Côte d'Ivoire   NoYes
.ck Cook Islands   NoYes
.cl Chile  YesYesYes
.cm Cameroon A local entity/company in Cameroon is required to register a domain name. NoYes
.cn People's Republic of China A local company in China is required to register a domain name. Hong Kong and Macau also maintain TLDs. NoYes
.co Colombia Marketed as a global domain - recognized as a gccTLD by Google. Anyone can register. YesYes
.cr Costa Rica   YesYes
.cs Czechoslovakia Czecho-Slovakia domain has not been use since 1993. The ISO-code cs was later allocated for Serbia and Montenegro, which used .yu instead. NoNo
.cu Cuba   NoYes
.cv Cape Verde   NoYes
.cx Christmas Island   NoYes
.cy Cyprus   NoNo
.cz Czech Republic  No[a 5]YesYes
.dd East GermanyDeutsche Demokratische RepublikWas proposed, but never implemented due to German re-unification. NoNo
.de GermanyDeutschlandGerman postal address for administrative contact (admin-c) required. Proxy registrations are allowed.Yes[a 6]YesYes
.dj Djibouti   NoYes
.dk Denmark  Yes[a 7]YesYes
.dm Dominica   NoYes
.do Dominican Republic   NoYes
.dz AlgeriaDzayer  NoYes
.ec Ecuador   NoYes
.ee EstoniaEestiAnyone can register but local administrative contact is required.Yes[a 8]NoYes
.eg Egypt   NoYes
.eh Western Sahara .eh is reserved for Western Sahara, but does not exist in the root. No 
.er Eritrea Inactive - The domain registrar Eritrea Telecommunication Services Corporation offers no services to register domains. NoNo
.es SpainEspaña  NoYes
.et Ethiopia   NoNo
.eu European Union Restricted to legal and natural persons in European Union member states. Unofficially used for Basque websites (Euskadi in the basque language)Yes[a 9]YesYes
.fi Finland Open for registration to individuals/companies around Europe.Yes[a 10]YesYes
.fj Fiji   NoYes
.fk Falkland Islands   NoNo
.fm Federated States of Micronesia (Also unofficially used by FM Radio Stations or related business) NoYes
.fo Faroe IslandsFøroyar  YesYes
.fr France Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein.[a 11]Yes[a 12]YesYes
.ga Gabon   Partial[10]Yes
.gb United KingdomGreat BritainDeprecated.[11] The primary ccTLD used for the United Kingdom is .uk. NoNo
.gd Grenada   NoYes
.ge Georgia To register you must be either a citizen of Georgia, or a Georgian company. NoYes
.gf French GuianaGuyane française  No 
.gg Guernsey   NoYes
.gh Ghana   NoNo
.gi Gibraltar   YesYes
.gl Greenland (Also unofficially used in Galicia, Spain) YesYes
.gm The Gambia   NoYes
.gn Guinea A local contact is required Partial[10]No
.gp Guadeloupe Still used for Saint-Barthélemy and Saint-Martin NoYes
.gq Equatorial GuineaGuinée Équatoriale  No 
.gr Greece  Yes[a 13]YesYes
.gs South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands   NoYes
.gt Guatemala  YesNoYes
.gu Guam   NoNo
.gw Guinea-Bissau   NoYes
.gy Guyana   NoYes
.hk Hong Kong Special administrative region of the People's Republic of China.YesNoYes
.hm Heard Island and McDonald Islands   NoYes
.hn Honduras   YesYes
.hr CroatiaHrvatska  NoYes
.ht Haiti  YesNoYes
.hu Hungary Restricted to Hungarian companies, organisations and citizens NoYes
.id Indonesia   NoNo
.ie Ireland In 2002, registration was expanded to include persons or businesses with a "real and substantive" connection with the island of Ireland (including Northern Ireland).[12][13]NoNoYes
.il Israel  YesNoNo
.im Isle of Man   NoYes
.in India Under INRegistry since April 2005 (except: gov.in, nic.in, mil.in, ac.in, edu.in, res.in). YesYes
.io British Indian Ocean Territory   YesYes
.iq Iraq   NoYes
.ir Iran  YesNoYes
.is IcelandÍsland YesNoYes
.it Italy Restricted to companies and individuals in the European Union.Yes[a 14]NoYes
.je Jersey   NoYes
.jm Jamaica   NoNo
.jo Jordan   NoYes
.jp Japan Restricted to individuals or companies with a physical address in Japan. YesYes
.ke Kenya   NoNo
.kg Kyrgyzstan   YesYes
.kh CambodiaKhmer, former Kâmpŭchea  NoNo
.ki Kiribati   NoYes
.km ComorosKomori  NoYes
.kn Saint Kitts and Nevis   NoYes
.kp Democratic People's Republic of Korea   NoNo
.kr Republic of Korea  YesYesYes
.kw Kuwait   NoNo
.ky Cayman Islands Restricted to qualified Cayman entities[14] NoYes
.kz Kazakhstan   NoYes
.la Laos Currently being marketed as the unofficial domain for Los Angeles[15] YesYes
.lb Lebanon Restricted to registration with a company in Lebanon YesNo
.lc Saint Lucia   YesYes
.li Liechtenstein  YesYesYes
.lk Sri Lanka   YesYes
.lr Liberia   Partial[10]No
.ls Lesotho   NoNo
.lt Lithuania  YesYesYes
.lu Luxembourg  YesYesYes
.lv Latvia  YesYesYes
.ly Libya   NoYes
.ma MoroccoMaroc  NoYes
.mc Monaco   NoYes
.md Moldova Marketed for Medical use (Doctors) NoYes
.me Montenegro   YesYes
.mg Madagascar   NoYes
.mh Marshall Islands   No 
.mk MacedoniaMakedonijaRestricted to registration with a company in Macedonia NoYes
.ml Mali   NoYes
.mm Myanmar   YesNo
.mn Mongolia Some second-level domains are reserved for special use .mn[clarification needed] YesYes
.mo MacauMacaoSpecial administrative region of the People's Republic of China. NoYes
.mp Northern Mariana Islands   NoYes
.mq Martinique   NoNo
.mr Mauritania   NoYes
.ms Montserrat   NoYes
.mt Malta   NoNo
.mu Mauritius   NoYes
.mv Maldives   NoYes
.mw Malawi   NoYes
.mx Mexico   NoYes
.my Malaysia Restricted to registration by an individual or company in MalaysiaYes[a 15]YesYes
.mz Mozambique   NoNo
.na Namibia   YesYes
.nc New Caledonia   YesYes
.ne Niger   NoYes
.nf Norfolk Island   NoYes
.ng Nigeria   NoYes
.ni Nicaragua   NoNo
.nl Netherlands First official country code TLD.[16]NoYesYes
.no Norway Restricted to registration by a company in Norway. Individuals in the country can only register under .priv.no. NoYes
.np Nepal   NoNo
.nr Nauru Also used as a free domain service to the public as co.nr. NoYes
.nu Niue Commonly used by Danish, Dutch and Swedish websites, because in those languages "nu" means "now".YesYesYes
.nz New Zealand  Yes[a 16]YesNo
.om Oman Registrant must have company or trademark registered in Oman as well as a local administrative contact. NoNo
.pa Panama   NoNo
.pe Peru  Yes[a 17]NoYes
.pf French PolynesiaPolynésie françaiseWith Clipperton Island NoYes
.pg Papua New Guinea   NoNo
.ph Philippines   NoYes
.pk Pakistan Operated by PKNIC since 1992 NoYes
.pl Poland  Yes[a 18]YesYes
.pm Saint-Pierre and Miquelon Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein.[a 11]Yes[a 12]Yes[a 19]Yes
.pn Pitcairn Islands   NoYes
.pr Puerto Rico   YesYes
.ps Palestinian Territory, Occupied[17] West Bank and Gaza Strip. NoYes
.pt Portugal  Yes[a 20]YesYes
.pw PalauPelew  YesYes
.py Paraguay   NoNo
.qa Qatar   NoNo
.re Réunion Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein.[a 11]Yes[a 12]YesYes
.ro Romania   NoYes
.rs SerbiaRepublika Srbija  NoYes
.ru Russia See also .su, still in use, and .рф. YesYes
.rw Rwanda   NoYes
.sa Saudi Arabia Registrant must have a registered trademark in Saudi Arabia matching the domain name to register or provide company incorporation documents of a company in Saudi Arabia or for personal registrations a copy of valid ID. A letter on the official letterhead of your organization addressed to SaudiNIC requesting the domain name registration is also required. Local administrative contact required. 2LD registrations rolled out in 2011.[18] NoYes
.sb Solomon IslandsBritish Solomon Islands  NoNo
.sc Seychelles   YesYes
.sd Sudan   NoYes
.se Sweden  Yes[a 21]YesYes
.sg Singapore   NoYes
.sh Saint Helena  Yes[a 22]YesYes
.si Slovenia  Yes[a 23]YesYes
.sj Svalbard and
 Jan Mayen Islands
 Not in use (Norwegian dependencies; see .no).NoNoNo
.sk Slovakia Restricted to Slovakian companies, organisations and citizens NoYes
.sl Sierra Leone   NoYes
.sm San Marino Domain name must be same as company name or trademark NoYes
.sn Senegal   NoYes
.so Somalia   Relaunched on November 1st, 2010NoNoYes
.sr Suriname   NoYes
.ss South Sudan   No 
.st São Tomé and Príncipe   NoYes
.su Soviet Union Still in use.Yes[a 24]YesYes
.sv El Salvador   NoNo
.sx Sint MaartenSint MaartenLandrush phase NoNo
.sy Syria   NoYes
.sz Swaziland Registration is restricted to Swaziland organizations with Swaziland Trading Licenses. NoNo
.tc Turks and Caicos Islands .TC domains are also marketed in Turkey. The official abbreviation of 'Türkiye Cumhuriyeti' is TC. NoYes
.td ChadTchadChadian (.td) domains are available for registration to entities connected with Chad only. NoYes
.tf French Southern and Antarctic LandsTerres australes et antarctiques françaisesSeldom used. Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein.[a 11]Yes[a 12]YesYes
.tg Togo   NoYes
.th Thailand  YesYesNo
.tj Tajikistan   NoYes
.tk Tokelau Also used as a free domain service to the public. Used in the Netherlands because tk means 'for sale' in Dutch. NoYes
.tl East TimorTimor-LesteOld code .tp is still in use. NoYes
.tm Turkmenistan  Yes[a 25]YesYes
.tn Tunisia   NoYes
.to Tonga Often used unofficially for Torrent, Turin, Toronto, or TokyoYesNoYes
.tp East TimorTimor PortuguêsISO code has changed to TL; .tl is now assigned but .tp is still in use. NoYes
.tr Turkey .nc.tr used by Northern CyprusYes[a 26]NoYes
.tt Trinidad and Tobago   YesYes
.tv Tuvalu Used as an abbreviation of television, the domain is currently operated by dotTV, a VeriSign company; the Tuvalu government owns twenty percent of the company. YesYes
.tw Taiwan Registration allowed worldwide, local presence not required. In line with ISO 3166-1, IANA's official position is that “TW” is "designated for use to represent "Taiwan, Province of China."[19]Yes[a 27]YesYes
.tz Tanzania Must have a presence in Tanzania YesNo
.ua UkraineУкраїна/UkrainaUkrainian trademark required YesYes
.ug Uganda   YesYes
.uk United Kingdom The ISO 3166-1 for the United Kingdom code is GB. UK a specially reserved ISO 3166-1 code for the UK. However, the creation of the .uk TLD predates the ISO 3166-1 list of ccTLD and is the primary TLD for the United Kingdom.[11] YesNo
.us United States of America Commonly used by US State and local governments instead of .gov TLD YesYes
.uy Uruguay 2LD rollout began on 10 July 2012.[20] NoYes
.uz Uzbekistan   NoYes
.va Vatican City Limited to the official sites of the Vatican/Holy See NoNo
.vc Saint Vincent and the Grenadines   Partial[10]Yes
.ve Venezuela   NoNo
.vg British Virgin Islands   NoYes
.vi United States Virgin Islands   NoYes
.vn Vietnam  Yes[a 28]NoYes
.vu Vanuatu   NoYes
.wf Wallis and Futuna Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein.[a 11]Yes[a 12]YesYes
.ws SamoaFormerly Western SamoaMarketed to be used in general WebSitesYesNoYes
.ye Yemen   NoNo
.yt Mayotte Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein.[a 11]Yes[a 12]Yes[a 19]Yes
.yu SFR Yugoslavia
 FR Yugoslavia
 After dissolution of Yugoslavia used for Serbia and Montenegro. Not used after 2010. NoNo
.za South AfricaZuid-Afrika  NoNo
.zm Zambia   NoNo
.zw Zimbabwe   NoNo

Notes

  1. ^ (November 17, 2009) Spanish-Portuguese specific characters (á, â, ã, à, é, ê, í, ó, ô, õ, ú, ü, ñ, ç) allowed, as approved by law
  2. ^ in addition to ASCII, only Cyrillic letters from the Bulgarian language are accepted
  3. ^ Currently not allowed, but some higher-learning institutions were grandfathered in.
  4. ^ Since March 2004, see details
  5. ^ IDN not adopted due to lack of public and corporate interest[9]
  6. ^ 93 non-ASCII characters, see details
  7. ^ (January 1, 2004), (æ, ø, å, ö, ä, ü, & é): see details
  8. ^ Estonian domain names to incorporate diacritics (IDN) Starting from June 13, 2011 [1]
  9. ^ Supported characters (latin, greek, cyrillic): see details
  10. ^ (September 2005) Supported characters (latin): see details
  11. ^ a b c d e f (6 December 2011) "Opening to Europe of the .fr, .wf, .re, .yt, .pm, and .tf TLDs". http://www.afnic.fr/en/about-afnic/ne ws/general-news/5442/show/1st-review- of-the-opening-to-europe-of-the-fr-wf -re-yt-pm-and-tf-tlds.html..
    Before restricted to residents of the corresponding French territory.
  12. ^ a b c d e f Availability of IDN on the .fr, .yt, .pm, .wf, .tf, and .re TLDs
  13. ^ Support for Greek characters since July 2005, see details
  14. ^ [2], [3]
  15. ^ .my Domain Registry
  16. ^ (July 26, 2010) for Māori macrons ā, ē, ī, ō and ū. See details
  17. ^ (8 December 2007): see details
  18. ^ (11 September 2003): see details
  19. ^ a b (11 September 2010) .tf DNSsec
    (17 September 2010) .yt DNSsec
    See ".tf and .yt DNSsec keys published in DNS root". http://www.afnic.fr/en/about-afnic/ne ws/operations-news/3995/showOperation al/tf-and-yt-dnssec-keys-published-in -dns-root.html.
  20. ^ (1 July 2005) for Portuguese characters
  21. ^ (October 2003), for Swedish characters, summer 2007 also for Finnish, Meänkieli, Romani, Sami, and Yiddish: see details
  22. ^ IDN Code Points Policy for the .SH Top Level Domain
  23. ^ Since October 2010, see details
  24. ^ (28 April 2008[update]) see details
  25. ^ IDN Code Points Policy for the .TM Top Level Domain
  26. ^ (14 November 2006): see details
  27. ^ Traditional Chinese characters: see details
  28. ^ TRUNG TÂM INTERNET VIÊT NAM - Tên mien tieng viet

Internationalized country code top-level domains

DNS nameIDN ccTLDCountryTransliterationScriptCommentsOther ccTLDDNSSEC
xn--lgbbat1ad8jالجزائر. Algeriaal-jaza'irArabic .dzNo
xn--54b7fta0cc.বাংলা BangladeshbanglaBengaliNot delegated.bdNo
xn--fiqs8s.中国 ChinazhōngguóSimplified Chinese .cnNo
xn--fiqz9s.中國 ChinazhōngguóTraditional Chinese .cnNo
xn--wgbh1cمصر. Egyptmasr [21]Arabic .egNo
xn--node.გე GeorgiageGeorgianNot delegated.geNo
xn--j6w193g.香港 Hong Konghoeng1 gong2Both Traditional and Simplified Chinese .hkNo
xn--h2brj9c.भारत IndiabhāratDevanagariNot in use.inNo
xn--mgbbh1a71eبھارت. IndiabhāratUrduNot in use.inNo
xn--fpcrj9c3d.భారత్ IndiabhāratTeluguNot in use.inNo
xn--gecrj9c.ભારત IndiabhāratGujaratiNot in use.inNo
xn--s9brj9c.ਭਾਰਤ IndiabhāratGurmukhiNot in use.inNo
xn--xkc2dl3a5ee0h.இந்தியா IndiainthiyaaTamilNot in use.inNo
xn--45brj9c.ভারত IndiabhāratBengaliNot in use.inNo
xn--mgba3a4f16aایران. IranīrānPersianNot in use.irNo
xn--mgbayh7gpaالاردن. Jordanal'urdunArabic .joNo
xn--80ao21a.қаз KazakhstanqazCyrillic .kzNo
xn--mgbx4cd0abمليسيا. MalaysiaMalaysiaArabicNot in use.myYes
xn--l1acc.мон MongoliamonMongolian CyrillicNot delegated.mnNo
xn--mgbc0a9azcgالمغرب. Moroccoal-maghribArabic .maNo
xn--mgb9awbfعمان. OmanOmanArabicNot in use.omNo
xn--mgbai9azgqp6jپاکستان. PakistanPakistanUrduNot delegated.pkNo
xn--ygbi2ammxفلسطين. Palestinian territoriesfilastīnArabic .psNo
xn--wgbl6aقطر. QatarQatarArabic .qaNo
xn--p1ai.рф RussiaRFCyrillic .ruYes
xn--mgberp4a5d4arالسعودية. Saudi Arabiaas-saʢūdiyyahArabic .saNo
xn--90a3ac.срб SerbiasrbCyrillic .rsNo
xn--yfro4i67o.新加坡 SingaporeXīnjiāpō/Sin-ka-poBoth Traditional and Simplified Chinese .sgNo
xn--clchc0ea0b2g2a9gcd.சிங்கப்பூர் SingaporecinkappūrTamil .sgNo
xn--3e0b707e.한국 South Koreahangūk̚Hangul .krYes
xn--fzc2c9e2c.ලංකා Sri LankalankaSinhalese .lkPartial[10]
xn--xkc2al3hye2a.இலங்கை Sri LankailangaiTamil .lkPartial[10]
xn--mgbpl2fhسودان. SudansudanArabicNot delegated.sdNo
xn--mgbtf8flسوريا. SyriasūryāArabic .syNo
xn--kprw13d.台湾 Taiwantáiwān/tâi-oânSimplified Chinese .twYes
xn--kpry57d.台灣 Taiwantáiwān/tâi-oânTraditional Chinese .twYes
xn--o3cw4h.ไทย ThailandthaiThai script .thPartial[10]
xn--pgbs0dhتونس. TunisiatūnisArabic .tnNo
xn--j1amh.укр UkraineukrCyrillic .uaNo
xn--mgbaam7a8hامارات. United Arab EmiratesimārātArabic .aeNo
xn--mgb2ddesاليمن. YemenalyemenArabicNot delegated.yeNo

Notes

[22]

Proposed internationalized ccTLDs

The following ccTLDs have been requested using a procedure known as IDN ccTLD Fast Track Process.

DNS nameIDN ccTLDCountryTransliterationScriptccTLD
xn--90ae.бг [23] BulgariabgBulgarian Cyrillic.bgString rejected
xn--qxam.ελ GreeceelGreek.grString rejected
xn--4dbrk0ceישראל.[24] IsraelIsraelHebrew.il 
xn--d1alf.мкд [25][26] MacedoniamkdMacedonian Cyrillic.mkproposed
xn--wgv71a.日本[27] JapanNippon or NihonKanji (both Kyūjitai and Shinjitai).jp 
xn--vcst06ab2a.日本国[27]Nippon-koku or Nihon-kokuKanji (Shinjitai) 
xn--q7ce6a.ລາວ [28] LaosLao or LaaoLao.la 
xn--mgbb7fyabليبيا. LibyaLībyāArabic.ly 
  • ".ελ" was rejected because of its confusing similarity to .EA which is not a TLD but a reserved two letter string in the reserved ISO-3166 list. Much like the case of Bulgaria’s applied-for ".бг" and subsequent denial by the DNS SP, because of similarity to .br, Greece must wait until after the IDN cctld Fast Track Process before it can enjoy its own icctld.[29][30]

Test TLDs

ICANN created a set of top-level Internationalized domain names in October 2007 for the purpose of testing the use of IDNA in the root zone and within those domains. They are expected to be available for a limited evaluation period.[31][32] Each of these TLDs encodes a word meaning "test" in the respective language.[32][33]

Each of these domains contains only one site with the word example encoded in the respective script and language. These example.test sites are test wikis used by ICANN.

TLDTransliterationLanguageScriptLink to test site
DNS nameScript version
xn--kgbechtvإختبارik͡htibārArabicArabichttp://مثال.إختبار
xn--hgbk6aj7f53bbaآزمایشیậzmạy̰sẖyPersianPerso-Arabichttp://مثال.آزمایشی
xn--0zwm56d测试cèshìChineseSimplified Chinesehttp://例子.测试
xn--g6w251d測試cèshìChineseTraditional Chinesehttp://例子.測試
xn--80akhbyknj4fиспытаниеispytánijeRussianCyrillichttp://пример.испытани� �
xn--11b5bs3a9aj6gपरीक्षाparīkṣāHindiDevanagarihttp://उदाहरण.परी� �्षा
xn--jxalpdlpδοκιμήdokiméGreekGreekhttp://παράδειγμα.δοκιμή
xn--9t4b11yi5a테스트teseuteuKoreanHangulhttp://실례.테스트
xn--deba0adטעסטtestYiddishHebrewhttp://בײַשפּיל.טעסט
xn--zckzahテストtesutoJapaneseKatakanahttp://例え.テスト
xn--hlcj6aya9esc7aபரிட்சைpariṭcaiTamilTamilhttp://உதாரணம்.பரிட் சை

Infrastructure top-level domain

InfrastructureEntityNotesDNSSEC
.arpaAddress and Routing Parameter AreaThis is an Internet infrastructure TLD.Yes

See also

References

  1. ^ IANA maintained list of top-level domains
  2. ^ UPU. "Description of TLD Policies: Criteria for Registration". E17. http://archive.icann.org/en/tlds/post 1/tld-app-policy-description-15aug00- V20.htm. Retrieved 2013-01-01.
  3. ^ UPU. "Description of TLD Policies:TLD String". E2. http://archive.icann.org/en/tlds/post 1/tld-app-policy-description-15aug00- V20.htm. Retrieved 2013-01-01. "Only ASCII characters will be used"
  4. ^ Telnic. "IDN.tel". http://www.telnic.org/idn.html. Retrieved 2010-09-02.
  5. ^ "Andorra Telecom trademark domain registration policy". http://www.nic.ad/angles/comamarca_e. htm.
  6. ^ "Andorra Telecom trade name registration policy". http://www.nic.ad/angles/nomcomercial _e.htm.
  7. ^ Domínios .br Registro.br
  8. ^ (May 9, 2005) for Portuguese (Brazilian) names: see Anúncio 04/05/2005
  9. ^ IDN - Internationalized Domain Names at nic.cz
  10. ^ a b c d e f g Delegation Signer (DS) record in a root zone is not yet published.
  11. ^ a b Milton Mueller (2002), Ruling the Root: Internet Governance and the Taming of Cyberspace, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, p. 79, ISBN 9780262632980, http://books.google.ie/books?id=sMKmd Jq7iE0C&lpg=PA79&dq=&pg=P A79#v=onepage&q&f=false
  12. ^ "Domain chaos spikes e-business ambitions". Silicon Republic. 17 December 2002. http://www.siliconrepublic.com/strate gy/item/368-domain-chaos-spikes-e-bus in. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
  13. ^ Information Technology Law: Professional Practice Guide, Dublin: Law Society of Ireland, 2004, p. 23
  14. ^ ICTA: ky Domain Policies
  15. ^ The Official .LA Registry
  16. ^ (Dutch) SIDN registreert 3.000.000ste .nl-domeinnaam (SIDN registers 3 millionth .nl domain name), Official website of SIDN
  17. ^ ICAAN MOU Agreement re .ps - Note the formal description remains "Palestinian Territory, Occupied"
  18. ^ "Beginning of the Landrush phase of second level domain under (.sa)". http://nic.sa/en/view/news_131.
  19. ^ IANA Report - Delegation of the .台灣 and .台湾 (“Taiwan”) domains representing Taiwan, Province of China in Chinese to Taiwan Network Information Center).
  20. ^ "New rules for the registration of domain names under UY".
  21. ^ دوت مصر ::: الصفحة الرئيسية
  22. ^ IDN ccTLD Fast Track String Evaluation Completion, ICANN
  23. ^ IDN ccTLD Form of Interest | Bulgaria
  24. ^ IDN ccTLD Form of Interest | Israel
  25. ^ мкд Test Page | Macedonia
  26. ^ Macedonian Domain Registrar Vote on TLD | Macedonia
  27. ^ a b IDN ccTLD Form of Interest | Japan
  28. ^ IDN ccTLD Form of Interest | Laos
  29. ^ DNS Stability Panel denies Greek IDN cctld .ελ http://idntraffic.com/greek-idn-cctld -%CE%B5%CE%BB-denied/
  30. ^ SWORDs are Confusing, It’s all Greek to me http://idntraffic.com/SWORDs_are_Conf using,_Vaggelis_Segredakis,_.gr[1].pdf
  31. ^ IANA Report on Delegation of Eleven Evaluative Internationalised Top-Level Domains
  32. ^ a b IDNwiki, IDN TLD evaluation gateway
  33. ^ My Name, My Language, My Internet: IDN Test Goes Live, 15 October 2007

External links

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