Django (pron.: /ˈdʒæŋɡoʊ/ JANG-goh)[3] is a free and open source web application framework, written in Python, which follows the model–view–controller architectural pattern.[4] It is maintained by the Django Software Foundation (DSF), an independent organization established as a 501(c)(3) non-profit.
Django's primary goal is to ease the creation of complex, database-driven websites. Django emphasizes reusability and "pluggability" of components, rapid development, and the principle of don't repeat yourself. Python is used throughout, even for settings, files, and data models. Django also provides an optional administrative create, read, update and delete interface that is generated dynamically through introspection and configured via admin models.
Some well known sites that use Django include Pinterest,[5] Instagram,[6] Mozilla,[7] The Washington Times,[8] and the Public Broadcasting Service.[9]
History
Django was originally developed to manage several news-oriented sites for The World Company[10] of Lawrence, Kansas, and was released publicly under a BSD license in July 2005; the framework was named after guitarist Django Reinhardt.[11] In June 2008, it was announced that a newly formed Django Software Foundation (DSF) would maintain Django in the future.[12]
Features
Components
Screenshot of the Django admin interface for modifying a user.
The core Django MVC framework consists of an object-relational mapper which mediates between data models (defined as Python classes) and a relational database ("Model"); a system for processing requests with a web templating system ("View") and a regular-expression-based URL dispatcher ("Controller").
Also included in the core framework are:
- A lightweight, standalone web server for development and testing.
- A form serialization and validation system which can translate between HTML forms and values suitable for storage in the database.
- A caching framework which can use any of several cache methods.
- Support for middleware classes which can intervene at various stages of request processing and carry out custom functions.
- An internal dispatcher system which allows components of an application to communicate events to each other via pre-defined signals.
- An internationalization system, including translations of Django's own components into a variety of languages.
- A serialization system which can produce and read XML and/or JSON representations of Django model instances.
- A system for extending the capabilities of the template engine.
- An interface to Python's built-in unit test framework.
Bundled applications
The main Django distribution also bundles a number of applications in its "contrib" package, including:
- An extensible authentication system.
- The dynamic administrative interface.
- Tools for generating RSS and Atom syndication feeds.
- A flexible commenting system.
- A sites framework that allows one Django installation to run multiple websites, each with their own content and applications.
- Tools for generating Google Sitemaps.
- Built-in mitigation for cross-site request forgery, cross-site scripting, SQL injection, password cracking and other typical web attacks, most of them turned on by default[13][14]
- Template libraries which enable the use of lightweight markup languages such as Textile and Markdown.
- A framework for creating GIS applications.
Server arrangements
Django can be run in conjunction with Apache, NGINX using WSGI or Cherokee using flup (a Python module).[15][16] Django also includes the ability to launch a FastCGI server, enabling use behind any web server which supports FastCGI, such as Lighttpd or Hiawatha. It is also possible to use other WSGI-compliant web servers.[17] Django officially supports four database backends: PostgreSQL, MySQL, SQLite, and Oracle. Microsoft SQL Server can be used with django-mssql but only in Microsoft operating systems, while similarly external backends exist for IBM DB2, SQL Anywhere and Firebird. There is a fork named django-nonrel which supports NoSQL databases, such as MongoDB and Google App Engine's Datastore.
Django may also be run in conjunction with Jython on any Java EE application server such as GlassFish or JBoss. In this case django-jython must be installed in order to provide JDBC drivers for database connectivity, which also provides functionality to compile Django in to a .war suitable for deployment.
Google App Engine includes support for Django version 1.x.x[18] as one of the bundled frameworks.
Using Django
Online resources
Books
- Alchin, Marty (16 December 2008), Pro Django (1st ed.), Apress, p. 320, ISBN 1-430-21047-8, http://www.apress.com/9781430210474
- Forcier, Jeff; Bissex, Paul; Chun, Wesley (3 November 2008), Python Web Development with Django (1st ed.), Addison-Wesley, p. 408, ISBN 0-13-235613-9, OCLC 213835556, http://www.informit.com/store/product .aspx?isbn=0132356139
- Bennett, James (24 June 2009), Practical Django Projects (2nd ed.), Apress, p. 272, ISBN 1-430-21938-6, http://www.apress.com/9781430219385
- Holovaty, Adrian; Kaplan-Moss, Jacob (8 July 2009), The Definitive Guide to Django: Web Development Done Right (which The Django book (djangobook.com) is based on also under GNU FDL) (2nd ed.), Apress, p. 536, ISBN 1-430-21936-X, http://www.apress.com/9781430219361
- McGaw, Jim (29 October 2009), Beginning Django E-Commerce (1st ed.), Apress, p. 300, ISBN 1-430-22535-1, http://www.apress.com/9781430225355
- Greenfeld, Daniel; Roy, Audrey (January 2013), Two Scoops of Django: Best Practices for Django 1.5 (the book is currently in beta), http://django.2scoops.org/
Integrated development environments for Python
Main article: Daftar/Tabel -- integrated development environments for Python
While a number of Django developers use text editors such as Vim, Emacs, or TextMate with Django Bundle for their projects, others prefer python tools providing debugging, refactoring, unit testing, etc.[20]
Django-based software
For full list of packages see djangopackages.com
Notable free e-commerce softwares
- django-oscar
- Lightning Fast Shop (LFS)
Versions
Version history|
| 0.90[22] | 02005-11-1616 Nov 2005 |
| 0.91[23] | 02006-01-1111 Jan 2006 |
| 0.95[24] | 02006-07-2929 Jul 2006 |
| 0.96[25] | 02007-03-2323 Mar 2007 |
| 1.0[26] | 02008-09-033 Sep 2008 |
| 1.1[27] | 02009-07-2929 Jul 2009 |
| 1.2[28] | 02010-05-1717 May 2010 |
| 1.3[29] | 02011-03-2323 Mar 2011 |
| 1.4[30] | 02012-03-2323 Mar 2012 |
| 1.5[31] | 02013-02-2626 Feb 2013 |
DjangoCon
There is a biannual conference for Django developers and users, named "DjangoCon", that has been held since September 2008. One DjangoCon a year is held in Europe, in May or June;[32] while the other is held in the United States in September, usually in Portland, Oregon.[33] The 2012 DjangoCon took place in Washington D.C from 3 to 8 September.[34]
Reception
See also
References
