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Internet Information Services

Internet Information Services
Internet Information Services 7 Console.png
Screenshot of IIS Manager console of Internet Information Services 7
Developer(s)Microsoft
Stable release8.0 / 4 September 2012; 6 months ago (2012-09-04)
Development statusActive
Written inC++[1]
Operating systemMicrosoft Windows
Available inEnglish
TypeWeb server
LicenseProprietary
Websitewww.iis.net

Internet Information Services (IIS) – formerly called Internet Information Server – is a web server software application and set of feature extension modules created by Microsoft for use with Microsoft Windows.[2] IIS 7.5 supports HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, FTPS, SMTP and NNTP. It is an integral part of the Windows Server family of products (and their client counterparts in the cases of Windows NT 4.0 and Windows 2000), as well as certain editions of Windows XP, Windows Vista and Windows 7. IIS is not turned on by default when Windows is installed. The IIS Manager is accessed through the Microsoft Management Console or Administrative Tools in the Control Panel.

All versions of IIS prior to 7.0 running on client operating systems supported only 10 simultaneous connections and a single web site.

Contents

History

The first Microsoft web server was a research project at the European Microsoft Windows NT Academic Centre (EMWAC), part of the University of Edinburgh in Scotland, and was distributed as freeware.[3] However, since the EMWAC server was unable to scale to handle the volume of traffic going to Microsoft.com, Microsoft was forced to develop its own web server, IIS.[4]

Almost every version of IIS was released either alongside or with a version of Microsoft Windows:

  • IIS 1.0 was initially released as a free add-on for Windows NT 3.51.
  • IIS 2.0 was included with Windows NT 4.0.
  • IIS 3.0, which was included with Service Pack 2 of Windows NT 4.0, introduced the Active Server Pages dynamic scripting environment.[5]
  • IIS 4.0 was released as part of an "Option Pack" for Windows NT 4.0.
  • IIS 5.0 shipped with Windows 2000 and introduced additional authentication methods, management enhancements including a new MMC-based administration application, support for the WebDAV protocol, and enhancements to ASP.[6] IIS 5.0 also dropped support for the Gopher protocol[7]
  • IIS 5.1 was shipped with Windows XP Professional, and was nearly identical to IIS 5.0 on Windows 2000.
  • IIS 6.0, included with Windows Server 2003 and Windows XP Professional x64 Edition, added support for IPv6 and included a new worker process model that increased security as well as reliability.[8]
  • IIS 7.0 was a complete redesign and rewrite of IIS, and was shipped with Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008. IIS 7.0 included a new modular design that allowed for a reduced attack surface and increased performance. It also introduced a hierarchical configuration system allowing for simpler site deploys, a new Windows Forms-based management application, new command-line management options and increased support for the .NET Framework.[9] IIS 7.0 on Vista does not limit the number of allowed connections as IIS on XP did, but limits concurrent requests to 10 (Windows Vista Ultimate, Business, and Enterprise Editions) or 3 (Vista Home Premium). Additional requests are queued, which hampers performance, but they are not rejected as with XP.
  • IIS 7.5 included in Windows 7 (but it must be turned on in the side panel of Programs and Features) and Windows Server 2008 R2. IIS 7.5 improved WebDAV and FTP modules as well as command-line administration in PowerShell. It also introduced the Best Practices Analyzer tool and process isolation for application pools.[10]
  • IIS 8.0 is only available in Windows Server 2012 and Windows 8. IIS 8.0 includes Application Initialization, centralized SSL certificate support, and multicore scaling on NUMA hardware, among other new features.

Usage

IIS is the third most popular web server in the world, behind Apache HTTP Server and nginx.[11][12][13] IIS dropped from the second most popular position at the end of 2011, where during October it previously held 14% of servers and responded to 12% of total requests.[14]

Security

Earlier versions of IIS were hit with a number of vulnerabilities, especially the CA-2001-13 which led to the infamous Code Red worm;[15] however, both versions 6.0 and 7.0 currently have no reported issues with this specific vulnerability.[16][17] In IIS 6.0 Microsoft opted to change the behaviour of pre-installed ISAPI handlers,[18] many of which were culprits in the vulnerabilities of 4.0 and 5.0, thus reducing the attack surface of IIS. In addition, IIS 6.0 added a feature called "Web Service Extensions" that prevents IIS from launching any program without explicit permission by an administrator.

In the current release, IIS 7, the components are provided as modules so that only the required components have to be installed, thus further reducing the attack surface. In addition, security features are added such as Request Filtering, which rejects suspicious URLs based on a user-defined rule set.[19]

By default IIS 5.1 and lower run websites in-process under the SYSTEM account,[20] a default Windows account with 'superuser' rights. Under 6.0 all request handling processes have been brought under a Network Services account with significantly fewer privileges so that should there be a vulnerability in a feature or in custom code it won't necessarily compromise the entire system given the sandboxed environment these worker processes run in.[21] IIS 6.0 also contained a new kernel HTTP stack (http.sys) with a stricter HTTP request parser and response cache for both static and dynamic content.[22]

According to Secunia, as of June 2011[update], IIS 7 had a total of 6 resolved vulnerabilities while[17] IIS 6 had a total of 11 vulnerabilities out of which 1 was still unpatched. The unpatched security advisory has a severity rating of 2 out of 5.[16]

In June 2007, a Google study of 80 million domains concluded that while the IIS market share was 23% at the time, IIS servers hosted 49% of the world's malware, the same as Apache servers whose market share was 66%. The study also observed the geographical location of these dirty servers and suggested that the cause of this could be the use of pirated copies of Windows that could not obtain security updates from Microsoft.[23] Microsoft has corrected this situation; Microsoft now supplies security updates even to pirated copies of Windows.[24][25]

Features

IIS 6.0 and higher support the following authentication mechanisms:[26]

  • Anonymous authentication
  • Basic access authentication
  • Digest access authentication
  • Integrated Windows Authentication
  • UNC authentication
  • .NET Passport Authentication (Removed in Windows Server 2008 and IIS 7.0)[27]
  • Certificate authentication

IIS 7.0 has a modular architecture. Modules, also called extensions, can be added or removed individually so that only modules required for specific functionality have to be installed. IIS 7 includes native modules as part of the full installation. These modules are individual features that the server uses to process requests and include the following:[28]

  • HTTP modules – Used to perform tasks specific to HTTP in the request-processing pipeline, such as responding to information and inquiries sent in client headers, returning HTTP errors, and redirecting requests.
  • Security modules – Used to perform many tasks related to security in the request-processing pipeline, such as specifying authentication schemes, performing URL authorization, and filtering requests.
  • Content modules – Used to perform tasks related to content in the request-processing pipeline, such as processing requests for static files, returning a default page when a client does not specify a resource in a request, and listing the contents of a directory.
  • Compression modules – Used to perform tasks related to compression in the request-processing pipeline, such as compressing responses, applying Gzip compression transfer coding to responses, and performing pre-compression of static content.
  • Caching modules – Used to perform tasks related to caching in the request-processing pipeline, such as storing processed information in memory on the server and using cached content in subsequent requests for the same resource.
  • Logging and Diagnostics modules – Used to perform tasks related to logging and diagnostics in the request-processing pipeline, such as passing information and processing status to HTTP. sys for logging, reporting events, and tracking requests currently executing in worker processes.

IIS 7.5 includes the following additional or enhanced security features:[29]

  • Client certificate mapping
  • IP security
  • Request filtering
  • URL authorization

Authentication changed slightly between IIS 6.0 and IIS 7, most notably in that the anonymous user which was named "IUSR_{machinename}" is a built-in account in Vista and future operating systems and named "IUSR". Notably, in IIS 7, each authentication mechanism is isolated into its own module and can be installed or uninstalled.[27]

IIS Express

IIS Express, a lightweight version of IIS, is available as a standalone freeware server and may be installed on Windows XP with Service Pack 3 and subsequent versions of Microsoft Windows. IIS 7.5 Express supports only the HTTP and HTTPS protocols.[30] IIS Express can be downloaded separately[31] or as a part of Microsoft WebMatrix.[32]

Extensions

IIS releases new feature modules between major version releases to add new functionality. The following extensions are available for IIS 7.5:

  • FTP Publishing Service – Lets Web content creators publish content securely to IIS 7 Web servers with SSL-based authentication and data transfer.[33]
  • Administration Pack – Adds administration UI support for management features in IIS 7, including ASP.NET authorization, custom errors, FastCGI configuration, and request filtering.[34]
  • Application Request Routing – Provides a proxy-based routing module that forwards HTTP requests to content servers based on HTTP headers, server variables, and load balance algorithms.[35]
  • Database Manager – Allows easy management of local and remote databases from within IIS Manager.[36]
  • Media Services – Integrates a media delivery platform with IIS to manage and administer delivery of rich media and other Web content.[37]
  • URL Rewrite Module – Provides a rule-based rewriting mechanism for changing request URLs before they are processed by the Web server.[38]
  • WebDAV – Lets Web authors publish content securely to IIS 7 Web servers, and lets Web administrators and hosters manage WebDAV settings using IIS 7 management and configuration tools.[39]
  • Web Deployment Tool – Synchronizes IIS 6.0 and IIS 7 servers, migrates an IIS 6.0 server to IIS 7, and deploys Web applications to an IIS 7 server.[40]

See also

IIS topics
  • IIS Metabase
  • LogParser
  • Microsoft Personal Web Server
  • Windows Activation Services

References

  1. ^ Lextrait, Vincent (February 2010). "The Programming Languages Beacon, v10.0". http://www.lextrait.com/Vincent/imple mentations.html. Retrieved February 12, 2010.
  2. ^ "Microsoft Corporation". http://www.microsoft.com/technet/prod technol/WindowsServer2003/Library/IIS /ddf1d92f-3e6e-423f-b024-35cefc10a22f .mspx?mfr=true.
  3. ^ "Windows NT Internet Servers". Microsoft. July 10, 2002. http://support.microsoft.com/kb/12073 4. Retrieved 2008-05-26.
  4. ^ Kramer, Dave (December 24, 1999). "A Brief History of Microsoft on the Web". Microsoft corporation. http://www.microsoft.com/misc/feature s/features_flshbk.htm.
  5. ^ "Microsoft ASP.NET 2.0 Next Stop on Microsoft Web Development Roadmap". http://www.directionsonmicrosoft.com/ sample/DOMIS/update/2004/08aug/0804a2 nsow.htm.
  6. ^ "Chapter 1 - Overview of Internet Information Services 5.0". http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/li brary/bb742405.aspx. Retrieved 2010-10-25.
  7. ^ "Chapter 2 - Managing the Migration Process". http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/li brary/bb742407.aspx. Retrieved 2012-06-27.
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  11. ^ "Ngninx over takes Microsoft No. 2 Web Server". InfoWorld. 4 January 2012. https://www.infoworld.com/t/applicati on-servers/nginx-overtakes-microsoft- no-2-web-server-183079. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
  12. ^ "Web servers: nginx overtakes IIS". The H Open Source: News and Features. 5 January 2012. http://www.h-online.com/open/news/ite m/Web-servers-nginx-overtakes-IIS-140 3980.html. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
  13. ^ "Nginx Overtakes Microsoft As No. 2 Web Server". Slashdot. 4 January 2012. http://tech.slashdot.org/story/12/01/ 05/0037233/nginx-overtakes-microsoft- as-no-2-web-server. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
  14. ^ "October 2011 Web Server Survey". Netcraft. Netcraft Ltd.. 6 October 2011. http://news.netcraft.com/archives/201 1/10/06/october-2011-web-server-surve y.html. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
  15. ^ "CA-2001-13 Buffer Overflow In IIS Indexing Service DLL". CERT® Advisory. Computer emergency response team. 17 January 2002. http://www.cert.org/advisories/CA-200 1-13.html. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
  16. ^ a b "Vulnerability Report: Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS) 6". Secunia. Secunia ApS. http://secunia.com/advisories/product /1438/?task=statistics. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
  17. ^ a b "Vulnerability Report: Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS) 7.x". Secunia. Secunia ApS. http://secunia.com/advisories/product /17543/?task=statistics. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
  18. ^ "IIS Installs in a Locked-Down Mode (IIS 6.0)". Microsoft Developer Network (MSDN). Microsoft Corporation. http://www.microsoft.com/technet/prod technol/WindowsServer2003/Library/IIS /54257c42-d723-4b12-badf-f4902c195821 .mspx?mfr=true. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
  19. ^ Kenneth, Schaefer (2011). "Core Server". Professional IIS 7. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-05855-8.
  20. ^ "How To: Run Applications Not in the Context of the System Account in IIS (Revision 5.t Corporation". 7 July 2008. http://support.microsoft.com/kb/31906 7/. Retrieved 20 July 2007.
  21. ^ Henrickson, Hethe; Hofmann, Scott R. (2003). "Chapter 15: ASP.NET Web Services". IIS 6: the complete reference. New York City: McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 482. ISBN 978-0-07-222495-5.
  22. ^ Henrickson, Hethe; Hofmann, Scott R. (2003). "Chapter 1: IIS Fundamentals". IIS 6: the complete reference. New York City: McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-07-222495-5.
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  25. ^ Cooke, Paul (27 April 2009). "Who Gets Windows Security Updates?". Windows Security Blog. Microsoft Corporation. http://windowsteamblog.com/windows/b/ windowssecurity/archive/2009/04/27/wh o-gets-windows-security-updates.aspx. Retrieved 18 July 2011.
  26. ^ "Authentication Methods Supported in IIS 6.0 (IIS 6.0)". IIS 6.0 Documentation. Microsoft corporation. http://www.microsoft.com/technet/prod technol/WindowsServer2003/Library/IIS /523ae943-5e6a-4200-9103-9808baa00157 .mspx?mfr=true. Retrieved 13 July 2011.
  27. ^ a b "Changes Between IIS 6.0 and IIS 7 Security". IIS.net. Microsoft Corporation. 7 February 2010. http://learn.iis.net/page.aspx/110/ch anges-between-iis-60-and-iis-7-securi ty/. Retrieved 13 July 2011.
  28. ^ Templin, Reagan (11 August 2010). "Introduction to IIS 7 Architecture". IIS.net. Microsoft Corporation. IIS 7 Modules. http://learn.iis.net/page.aspx/101/in troduction-to-iis-7-architecture/. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
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  30. ^ "IIS Express FAQ". The Official Microsoft IIS Site. Microsoft corporation. January 14, 2011. http://learn.iis.net/page.aspx/901/ii s-express-faq/. Retrieved January 27, 2011.
  31. ^ "Download details: Internet Information Services (IIS) 7.5 Express". Microsoft Download Center. Microsoft corporation. January 10, 2011. http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/en /details.aspx?FamilyID=abc59783-89de- 4adc-b770-0a720bb21deb. Retrieved January 27, 2011.
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  34. ^ "Administration Pack". IIS.net. Microsoft Corporation. http://www.iis.net/download/Administr ationPack. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
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  37. ^ "IIS Media Services". IIS.net. Microsoft Corporation. http://www.iis.net/media. Retrieved 30 July 2011.
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  40. ^ "Web Deploy 2.0". IIS.net. Microsoft Corporation. http://www.iis.net/download/webdeploy q. Retrieved 17 July 2011.

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