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Social network analysis software

Social network analysis software (SNA software) facilitates quantitative or qualitative analysis of social networks, by describing features of a network either through numerical or visual representation.

Contents

Overview

Networks can consist of anything from families,[1] project teams, classrooms, sports teams, legislatures, nation-states, disease vectors, membership on networking websites like Twitter or Facebook, or even the Internet. Network features can be at the level of individual nodes, dyads, triads, ties and/or edges, or the entire network. For example, node-level features can include network phenomena such as betweeness and centrality, or individual attributes such as age, sex, or income.[2] SNA software generates these features from raw network data formatted in an edgelist, adjacency list, or adjacency matrix (also called sociomatrix), often combined with (individual/node-level) attribute data.[3] Though the majority of network analysis software uses a plain text ASCII data format, some software packages contain the capability to utilize relational databases to import and/or store network features.

Some SNA software can perform predictive analysis.[4] This includes using network phenomena such as a tie to predict individual level outcomes (often called peer influence or contagion modeling), using individual-level phenomena to predict network outcomes such as the formation of a tie/edge (often called homophily models[5]) or particular type of triad, or using network phenomena to predict other network phenomena, such as using a triad formation at time 0 to predict tie formation at time 1.

Network analysis software generally consists of either packages based on graphical user interfaces (GUIs), or packages built for scripting/programming languages. GUI packages are easier to learn, while scripting tools are more powerful and extensible. Widely used and well-documented GUI packages include NetMiner, UCINet, Pajek (freeware), GUESS, ORA, and Cytoscape. Private GUI packages directed at business customers include: Orgnet, which provides training on the use of its software, Keyhubs, and KXEN. Other SNA platforms, such as Idiro SNA Plus, have been specifically developed for particular industries such as telecoms and online gaming where massive data sets need to be analyzed.

Commonly used and well-documented scripting tools used for network analysis include: NetMiner with Python scripting engine, the statnet suite of packages for the R statistical programming language, igraph, which has packages for R and Python, the NetworkX library for Python, and the SNAP package for large-scale network analysis in C++. Though difficult to learn, these open source packages are growing much faster in terms of functionality and features than privately maintained software, and extensive documentation and tutorials are available.[6] They also come free thanks to open-source licensing.

Visual representations of social networks are important to understand network data and convey the result of the analysis.[7] Visualization often also facilitates qualitative interpretation of network data. With respect to visualization, network analysis tools are used to change the layout, colors, size and other properties of the network representation. All of the tools above contain visualization capabilities, NetMiner, igraph, Cytoscape, NetworkX have the highest level of functionality in terms of producing high-quality graphics.

Interactive Data Visualization technology often includes social network analysis capabilities. In this technology, other forms of data visualization are used to interact with social network graphs. These forms of visualization include a variety of charting visualizations, tables, time lines and maps. Users have the ability to display data in any of these forms while also applying functions to explore the data in a highly interactive user experience. For example, complex social network graphs can be filtered using summary chart visualizations or time lines to isolate portions of the social network graph that are of interest to the analyst. Interactive Data Visualization may also include the ability to integrate data and publish dashboards or templates to report results.

Also worthy of mention are the variety of tools built primarily for network visualization, some of which also contain analytic features. These include general purpose visualization tools such as SocNetV and Tulip; tools designed for medical applications such as SocioMetrica; tools designed for law-enforcement and intelligence organizations such as i2 Analyst's Notebook, SilentRunner Sentinel, and Sentinel Visualizer; tools designed for corporations and businesses such as NodeXL, RapidNet, Keyhubs, Idro, Ipoint, and Sonamine.

Collection of social network analysis tools and Libraries

ProductMain FunctionalityInput FormatOutput FormatPlatformLicense and costNotes
AllegroGraphGraph Database. RDF with Gruff visualization toolRDFRDFLinux, Mac, WindowsFree and CommercialAllegroGraph is a graph database. It is disk-based, fully transactional OLTP database that stores data structured in graphs rather than in tables. AllegroGraph includes a Social Networking Analytics library.
AutoMap [3]Network Text Analysis.txtDyNetML [4], .csvAny (it's in Java)Freeware for non-commercial useText mining tool that supports the extraction of relational data from texts. Distills three types of information: content analysis, semantic networks, ontologically coded networks. In order to do this, a variety of Natural Language Processing/ Information Extraction routines is provided (e.g. Stemming, Parts of Speech Tagging, Named-Entity Recognition, usage of user-defined ontologies, reduction and normalization, Anaphora Resolution, email data analysis, feature identification, entropy computation, reading and writing from and to default or user-specified database).
Centrifuge Visual Network Analytics [5]Visual Network AnalyticsAny data source that supports connection through JDBCWeb Browser, CSV data, PNG images, published visualizations for collaboration, URL images which include visualizationsWindows and LinuxFree Evaluations, commercial and government editions, enterprise licensing and OEM licensingCentrifuge Visual Network Analytics (VNA) help organizations discover insights, patterns and relationships hidden in public, cloud, social network and enterprise data. Centrifuge® Systems delivers a unique approach to interactive data visualization – Combining agile data integration, dynamic relationship mapping, and interactive visual analytics to reveal insights in big data. Using Centrifuge visualizations and link intelligence, analysts discover, measure and communicate risk and fraud.

Centrifuge solves challenging visual network, relationship mapping and data analysis problems in the areas of fraud and money laundering, organized retail crime, pharma risk analysis, intelligence analysis, cyber security and other domains. Centrifuge actively partners with software companies, information providers and others looking to enhance their solutions by embedding Centrifuge visualizations

CFinder [6]Finding and visualizing communities.txt.txt, .pfd, .ps, .svg, .svg, .emf, .gif, .raw, .ppm, .bmp, .jpg,.png, .wbmpLinux, Mac OS X, Windows, SolarisFreeware for non-commercial useA software for finding and visualizing overlapping dense communities in networks, based on the clique percolation method. It enables customizable visualization and allows easy strolling over the found communities. The package contains a command line version of the program as well, suitable for scripting.
C-IKNOW [7]Survey design, data collection, visualization, recommendation..DL, .txt GraphML.DL, .txt GraphMLMac, Windows, LinuxFree and CommercialC-IKNOW is a powerful web-based software tool for social network analysis investigation. It has been designed around real-world problems, and it can store and analyze virtually any type of network data. The documentation provides a basic step-by-step walkthrough of how to get started on a C-IKNOW project as well as more advanced support, including the C-IKNOW Question-Type Primer. C-IKNOW’s visualization and analytics suite allows both administrators and users to access visualizations, recommendation tools, and analytical measures for their networks.
Commetrix [8]Dynamic network visualization & analysisCommetrix-Files, direct import from data sources/DB's, (standard DB and File Specs upcoming)CSV Tables for SNA Metrics over time,(Graph Videos per Screencast), Keywords, Graphs, etc. in GUIAny system supporting java (developed for Windows Platform)Free trial, commercial licenses, free research collaboration (in beta-user group),Commetrix is a Software Framework and Tool for Dynamic Network Analysis and Visualization. It provides easy exploratory access to network graphs and has been applied to study co-authorship, Instant Messaging, manual SNA surveys, e-mail, newsgroups, etc. Each node and each linking event can have properties, e.g. types of messages or rank of nodes, but also types, topics, or time stamps. This allows animations of network growth, structural change, and topic diffusion. A short introductory video is available on the website.
CoSBiLab Graph [9]Network visualization, analysis and manipulation.dot, .txt, .dl(UCINet), .spec(BetaWB), .txt (MRMC).dot, .txt, .dl(UCINet), .txt (MRMC), .pm(PRISM), .pngWindows (.NET 3.5 required)Freeware for non-commercial useCoSBiLab Graph is an application for visualization analysis and manipulation of networks. It provides a high customizable graphical representation of networks based on local properties. Nodes can be aggregated and arranged on the space manually or by choosing from a list of predefined layouts. A set of indices is provided for measuring the positional importance of nodes in the network and they can be combined together defining new mathematical expressions. The manual and a set of examples are available on the website.
Cuttlefish [10]Dynamic network visualization and simulations using different layoutscxf, pajek, graphml, MySQL, PostgreSQL,tikz, jpeg, cxf, MySQL, PostgreSQL, Commetrix CSV,Any system supporting JavaGNU General Public LicenseCuttlefish is a network workbench application that visualizes the networks with some of the best known layout algorithms. It allows detailed visualizations of the network data, interactive manipulation of the layout, graph edition and process visualization as well as different input methods and outputs in tex using Tikz and PSTricks. It is developed by the Chair of Systems Design of ETH Zürich, a research group that applies a complex system approach to investigate economic and social networks.
Cytoscape [11]General complex network data integration, analysis, and visualization.SIF (Simple Interaction Format, GraphML, XGMML, GML, KGML, SBML, BioPAX, Excel, and text tables (including csv, tab delimited tables)SIF, XGMML, GML, GraphML, Cytoscape Session(.cys), vector/bitmap images including jpg, png, pdf, ps.Any system supporting JavaOpen source (LGPL)An open source platform for complex network data integration, analysis, and visualization. Originally Cytoscape was developed for bioinformatics research and now it is a problem domain independent platform. Many plugins are available for users and developers can expand its functionality by writing them.
Deep Email Miner [12]Social Network Analysis and text mining of an Email corpusMySQL databasepajek and MySQL databaseAny system supporting JavaGPL V2A software solution for the multistaged analysis of an Email Corpus. Social network analysis and text mining techniques are connected to enable an in depth view into the underlying information.
Detica NetReveal [13]Social Network Analysis for insurance or banking fraud, crime detection, intelligence, tax evasion, border control and network risk based targetingcsv, txt, XML and databasescsv, txt, XML and native Oracle databaseAny system supporting JavaCommercialA platform that can process billions (often at national scale) of multi-format data sources and builds social networks. In doing so, a single view of entity (customer, business, telephone, bank account, vehicle, address, citizen, etc.) can be generated across multiple, poor quality data sources. Social networks and entities can be scored using a range of powerful analytics and a full free text entity centric search is available across all records. The platform includes network visualization tools, workflow and real time rules engine to score incoming events in real time.
DEX [14]Graph database for query processing and network analysis.csv, jdbccsv, graphml, graphvizLinux, Windows & Mac OSFree evaluation version (up to 1 Million nodes, no restriction on edges, 1 concurrent user). For larger graphs or commercial ask for licenses quotation.DEX is a high-performance graph database written in Java and C++ . One of its main characteristics is its performance storage and retrieval for large graphs, in the order of billions of nodes, edges and attributes, allowing the analysis of large scale networks.
EpiFast [15]EpiFast is a model that simulates the spread of an infectious disease across a social network - see Stephen Eubank and Keith Bisset at Virginia Tech.(add)(add)(add)(add)See the journal article from the SC '08 Proceedings of the 2008 ACM/IEEE conference on Supercomputing - [16].
Discourse Network Analyzer [17]Extract networks from structured text dataText via copy&paste, .DNA files (a simple XML format)DL, GraphML, CSV, Commetrix SQL, SON (Sonia)Any system supporting Java 1.6FreewareDiscourse Network Analyzer serves two purposes: manually coding text data for statements of actors in a QDA-like fashion, and exporting one- or two-mode networks from these structured data. Dynamic algorithms for the longitudinal analysis of discourses are available.
DyNet [18]Data analysis*.agf(proprietary), *.net(pajek), *.txt*.agf(proprietary), *.net(pajek), *.txt?Proprietary(starting from $3000/user)DyNet SE (Standard Edition) is an innovative software tool to analyse pools of complex data unveiling relations and interconnections via graphical and verbose outputs. DyNet SE is based on social network theory therefore relational data is visualised in terms of networks.
EgoNet Active Development or ExplanationEgo-centric network analysisConducts interviews or takes any valid XML fileOutput to CSV and convertible to almost any other formatAny system supporting JavaOpen Source, seeking contributorsEgonet is a program for the collection and analysis of egocentric network data. Egonet contains facilities to assist in creating the questionnaire, collecting the data and providing general global network measures and data matrixes that can be used in further analysis by other software programs.
EveSim [19]EvESimulatorXML, SimCaseXMLAny system supporting JavaOpen SourceThe EvESimulator provides a simulation framework for biologically inspired P2P systems - the EvE as a part of the DBE. Although its focus is on the EvE, the EvESimulator simulates a DBE. Besides from that, the EvESimulator constitutes a collaborative platform for interdisciplinary research acting as a framework for understanding, visualising and presenting the DBE concepts to contributors.
FirmNet Online [20]Social Network Analysis survey, visualization & reports.Survey data collected via online questionnairepng, jpg, svg network imagesAny browserCommercial. Academic research supportedFirmNet Online (FNO) is a fully web-based Organizational Network Analysis tool for consultants. Online ONA survey, network visualization and reports integrated into one process based platform. Consultants can start using FNO after a certification training.
Future Point Systems [21]Visual analytics platform called Starlight for all-source analysis, including social network analysis (SNA)Virtually any format, including MSFT Office, PDF, XML, .txt, database, HTML, web services, POP or IMAP mail servers, RSS, ESRI SHPXML, CSV, ESRI SHP, KML, copy to clipboard, web reports, PDF, .jpg, .bmp, .pngWindowsGovernment GSA pricing and commercial pricingStarlight is a visual analytics platform that transforms data into actionable intelligence. SNA capabilities include centrality, path-finding and metrics support.
FNA [22]Online platform for network analysis of financial transaction, trade or link data.Arc list (.csv, .txt), Matrix (.txt), Pajek (.net), Graphml (.graphml) - from files or any JDBC databaseArc list (.csv, .txt), Matrix (.txt), Pajek (.net), Graphml (.graphml) - to files or any JDBC databaseLinux, Windows, IE9-/Chrome/Firefox 3.6-Proprietary or Web ServiceFNA is an analytics platform that helps financial institutions and regulators manage and understand financial data with network analysis and visualization. Its particularly suited for the analysis of large transaction, trade or link databases in finance and for monitoring continuous data via dashboards. You can use FNA for free online at http://www.fna.fi.
Gephi [23]Graph exploration and manipulation softwareGraphViz(.dot), Graphlet(.gml), GUESS(.gdf), LEDA(.gml), NetworkX(.graphml, .net), NodeXL(.graphml, .net), Pajek(.net, .gml), Sonivis(.graphml), Tulip(.tlp, .dot), UCINET(.dl), yEd(.gml), Gephi (.gexf), Edge list(.csv), databasesGUESS(.gdf), Gephi(.gexf), .svg, .pngAny system supporting Java 1.6 and OpenGLOpen Source (GPL3), seeking contributorsGephi is an interactive visualization and exploration platform for all kinds of networks and complex systems, dynamic and hierarchical graphs. It is a tool for people that have to explore and understand graphs. The user interacts with the representation, manipulate the structures, shapes and colors to reveal hidden properties. It uses a 3D render engine to display large networks in real-time and to speed up the exploration. A flexible and multi-task architecture brings new possibilities to work with complex data sets and produce valuable visual results.
GraphStream [24]Dynamic Graph LibraryGraphStream(.dgs), GraphViz(.dot), Graphlet(.gml), edge listGraphStream(.dgs), GraphViz(.dot), Graphlet(.gml), image sequenceAny system supporting JavaOpen SourceWith GraphStream you deal with graphs. Static and Dynamic.

You create them from scratch, from a file or any source. You display and render them.

Graph-tool [25]Python module for efficient analysis and visualization of graphs.GraphViz(.dot), GraphMLGraphViz(.dot), GraphML, .bmp, .canon, .cmap, .eps, .fig, .gd, .gd2, .gif, .gtk, .ico, .imap, .cmapx, .ismap, .jpeg, .pdf, .plain, .png, .ps, .ps2, .svg, .svgz, .tif, .vml, .vmlz, .vrml, .wbmp, .xlibGNU/Linux, MacFree Software (GPL3)Graph-tool is a python module for efficient analysis of graphs. Its core data structures and algorithms are implemented in C++, with heavy use of Template metaprogramming, based on the Boost Graph Library. It contains a comprehensive list of algorithms.
GraphvizGraph vizualisation softwareGraphViz(.dot).bmp, .canon, .cmap, .eps, .fig, .gd, .gd2, .gif, .gtk, .ico, .imap, .cmapx, .ismap, .jpeg, .pdf, .plain, .png, .ps, .ps2, .svg, .svgz, .tif, .vml, .vmlz, .vrml, .wbmp, .xlibLinux, Mac, WindowsOpen Source (CPL)Graphviz is open source graph visualization framework. It has several main graph layout programs suitable for social network visualization.
iDETECT [26]Visual Network AnalyticsAny structured and unstructured data sources, Database-agnosticWeb Browser, CSV data, published visualizations for collaborationAny platform supporting Java (back-end), Web-browser (front-end)CommercialiDETECT provides next-generation investigative monitoring and analysis platform. Its technology empowers financial institutions, private sector businesses and government agencies to monitor, detect, investigate, and defeat the most sophisticated forms of crimes - often those which have never been found before. iDETECT is redefining the ways of extracting actionable intelligence from structured and unstructured data through innovative analytics processes.
Idiro SNA Plus [27]Highly scalable Social Network Analysis for TelecomsAll databases e.g. Oracle, DB2, Teradata & flat fileAll databases & flat text FilesLinuxCommercialIdiro SNA Plus is the market leading SNA platform for telecoms with a particular focus on churn prediction, viral marketing, acquisition and family unit identification. Idiro SNA Plus takes social network analysis from academia and into the realm of business where the focus is on deriving real value from the application of SNA to real-world problems. With Idiro SNA Plus users can do the following:

1. Churn - Predict churners and quantify the damage a person would cause if they were to churn

2. Viral marketing - Identify key influencers for viral marketing

3. Family units - Identify family units for marketing purposes

4. Acquisition - Identify targets for member-get-member campaigns

5. Rotational churn - Identify rotational churners

igraph [28]Analysis and visualization of very large networks.txt (edge list), .graphml, .gml, .ncol, .lgl, .net.txt (edge list), .graphml, .dot. .gml, .ncol, .lgl, .netWindows, Linux, Mac OS XOpen source (GNU GPL)igraph is a C library for the analysis of large networks. It includes fast implementations for classic graph theory problems and recent network analysis methods like community structure search, cohesive blocking, structural holes, dyad and triad census and motif count estimation. Higher level interfaces are available for R, Python, and Ruby.
iPoint [29]Analysis and visualization of social networks trends, geo-location, age, gender and sentimentTake any valid XMLXML, FlexWindows, Linux, Mac OS XCommercialiPoint monitors and analyzes Consumer Generated Media, the full privacy of the author is maintained and its reporting dashboard reads from iMediaStreams web services. The analysis is easily viewed and managed from the worldwide, to the state, to the hyperlocal neighborhood level.
InFlow [30]Interactive network mapping and network metrics in one integrated application for social and organizational network analysis.Easy data import from Microsoft Office[PC/MAC] and CSV filesExport graphics to Microsoft Office [PC/MAC] -- Powerpoint, Word, Visio—and network files to interactive Java applet for WWWWindows 2000, XP, VistaCommercial, Site, and Academic licenses available. Training & Mentoring in social network analysis, data gathering, and software application, is also available.InFlow is intended for business users, and is designed for ease-of-use, multiple networks per node set, and what-if capabilities. Network data can be entered via 1) CSV files, from data bases and spreadsheets, 2) automated survey tools such as NetworkGenie, Optimice, etc. 3) data entry screens with paper surveys, or 4) drawn by hand with mouse, using node & link tools in graphics window. Most popular network metrics included: Density, Geodesics, Freeman Centralities, Watts-Strogatz Small World, Structural Equivalence, Cluster Analysis, Krackhardt E/I Ratio, and Krebs Reach & Weighted Average Path Length. Metrics are executed based on current network view—you measure what is mapped. Many network layouts are possible using automated algorithms and geometric layouts[arcs, lines, etc.] resulting in an unlimited number of custom views. Different actions can be taken on selected nodes vs. unselected nodes.
Java Universal Network/Graph (JUNG) Frameworknetwork and graph manipulation, analysis, and visualizationbuilt-in support for GraphML, Pajek, and some text formats; user can create parsers for any desired formatbuilt-in support for GraphML, Pajek, and some text formats; user can create exporters for any desired formatAny platform supporting JavaOpen source (BSD license)JUNG is a Java API and library that provides a common and extensible language for the modeling, analysis, and visualization of relational data. It supports a variety of graph types (including hypergraphs), supports graph elements of any type and with any properties, enables customizable visualizations, and includes algorithms from graph theory, data mining, and social network analysis (e.g., clustering, decomposition, optimization, random graph generation, statistical analysis, distances, flows, and centrality (PageRank, HITS, etc.)). It is limited only by the amount of memory allocated to Java.
Jerarca [31]Social network analysis, community structure, hierarchical clustering of networks..txt (Daftar/Tabel -- links)Text, output to MEGA [32], output to Cytoscape [33], hierarchical tree in Newick formatLinux, WindowsOpen Source (GNU GPLv3)Jerarca is a suite of hierarchical clustering algorithms that provides a simple and easy way to analyze complex networks. It is designed to efficiently convert unweighted undirected graphs into hierarchical trees by means of iterative hierarchical clustering. Moreover, Jerarca detects and returns the community structure of the network.
Keyhubs [34]Social Network Analysis  Web-based Keyhubs provides software and services for workplace social analytics: www.keyhubs.com.
KrackPlot [35]Network visualizationUCINET, MathematicaUCINET, Mathematica??KrackPlot is a program for network visualization designed for social network analysts.
KXEN Social Network (KSN)[36]Powerful Social Network AnalysisAll databases, Text Files, other Input formatsAll databases, Text Files, other Output formats, graph structure export : dot format used by GraphViz, link structure.Unix, Linux, WindowsCommercialKSN is a Social Network Analysis module designed for extracting many Social Networks from CDRs, extracting many attributes from a Social Network, integrating Social Network attributes into the customers database and exploiting Social Network attributes to build predictive models
libSNA [37]Basic network statisticsCsvCsvAny platform supporting pythonOpen source(LGPL)libSNA is a widely-used open source library for conducting SNA research. Written in the object oriented programming language Python, libSNA provides a simple programming interface for applying SNA to large scale networks. libSNA is built on top of the open source library NetworkX; without NetworkX, libSNA would not be possible.
MathematicaGraph analysis, statistics, data visualization, optimization, image recognition.3DS, ACO, Affymetrix, AIFF, ApacheLog, ArcGRID, AU, AVI, Base64, BDF, Binary, Bit, BMP, Byte, BYU, BZIP2, CDED, CDF, Character16, Character8, CIF, Complex128, Complex256, Complex64, CSV, CUR, DBF, DICOM, DIF, DIMACS, Directory, DOT, DXF, EDF, EPS, ExpressionML, FASTA, FITS, FLAC, GenBank, GeoTIFF, GIF, GPX, Graph6, Graphlet, GraphML, GRIB, GTOPO30, GXL, GZIP, HarwellBoeing, HDF, HDF5, HTML, ICO, ICS, Integer128, Integer16, Integer24, Integer32, Integer64, Integer8, JPEG, JPEG2000, JSON, JVX, KML, LaTeX, LEDA, List, LWO, MAT, MathML, MBOX, MDB, MGF, MMCIF, MOL, MOL2, MPS, MTP, MTX, MX, NASACDF, NB, NDK, NetCDF, NEXUS, NOFF, OBJ, ODS, OFF, Package, Pajek, PBM, PCX, PDB, PDF, PGM, PLY, PNG, PNM, PPM, PXR, QuickTime, RawBitmap, Real128, Real32, Real64, RIB, RSS, RTF, SCT, SDF, SDTS, SDTSDEM, SHP, SMILES, SND, SP3, Sparse6, STL, String, SurferGrid, SXC, Table, TAR, TerminatedString, Text, TGA, TGF, TIFF, TIGER, TLE, TSV, USGSDEM, UUE, VCF, VCS, VTK, WAV, Wave64, WDX, XBM, XHTML, XHTMLMathML, XLS, XLSX, XML, XPORT, XYZ, ZIP3DS, ACO, AIFF, AU, AVI, Base64, Binary, Bit, BMP, Byte, BYU, BZIP2, C, CDF, Character16, Character8, Complex128, Complex256, Complex64, CSV, DICOM, DIF, DIMACS, DOT, DXF, EMF, EPS, ExpressionML, FASTA, FITS, FLAC, FLV, GIF, Graph6, Graphlet, GraphML, GXL, GZIP, HarwellBoeing, HDF, HDF5, HTML, Integer128, Integer16, Integer24, Integer32, Integer64, Integer8, JPEG, JPEG2000, JSON, JVX, KML, LEDA, List, LWO, MAT, MathML, Maya, MGF, MIDI, MOL, MOL2, MTX, MX, NASACDF, NB, NetCDF, NEXUS, NOFF, OBJ, OFF, Package, Pajek, PBM, PCX, PDB, PDF, PGM, PLY, PNG, PNM, POV, PPM, PXR, QuickTime, RawBitmap, Real128, Real32, Real64, RIB, RTF, SCT, SDF, SND, Sparse6, STL, String, SurferGrid, SVG, SWF, Table, TAR, TerminatedString, TeX, Text, TGA, TGF, TIFF, TSV, UUE, VideoFrames, VRML, VTK, WAV, Wave64, WDX, WMF, X3D, XBM, XHTML, XHTMLMathML, XLS, XLSX, XML, XYZ, ZIP, ZPRWindows, Macintosh, LinuxCommercialMathematica is a general purpose computation and analysis environment.
Meerkat [38]Static and dynamic networks: community mining, visualization, exploration, and filtering software.Pajek(.net), Edge list, Meerkat (.meerkat), GraphML (.graphml)Meerkat (.meerkat), GraphML (.graphml), .jpg, .pdf, .cvsWindows, Ubuntu and OSX, Java 1.6+Free to use Lite version, pay to use Full to be released.Meerkat allows interactive visualization of networks, and provides facilities and algorithms for community mining, filtering on edge and node properties, network statistics, and node metrics. In particular, it provides dynamic network community mining, or community evolution event analysis, which allows abstraction and better understanding of changes to communities across timeframes for dynamic networks.
MetaSight [39]Email / communication network visualization and analysisMS Exchange and Lotus email serversInteractive user interfaceWindows ServerCommercialMetaSight is an enterprise social software application which uses data from routine e-mail to infer and map business expertise and relationships. Applications include expertise location and external relationship management.
NEO4J [40]Graph Database with several modules such as rdf or visualizationGraphML, rdf, csv, other??AGPL and commercialNeo4j is a graph database. It is an embedded, disk-based, fully transactional Java persistence engine that stores data structured in graphs rather than in tables.
Network Overview Discovery Exploration for Excel (NodeXL) [41]Network overview, discovery and explorationemail, .csv (text), .txt, .xls (Excel), .xslt (Excel 2007), .net (Pajek), .dl (UCINet), GraphML.csv (text), .txt, .xls (Excel), .xslt (Excel 2007), .dl (UCINet), GraphMLWindows XP/Vista/7Free (Ms-PL)NodeXL is a free and open Excel 2007/2010 Add-in and C#/.Net library for network analysis and visualization. It integrates into Excel 2007 and 2010 and adds directed graph as a chart type to the spreadsheet and calculates a core set of network metrics and scores. Supports extracting email, Twitter, YouTube, Facebook, WWW and flickr social networks. Accepts edge lists and matrix representations of graphs. Allows for easy manipulation and filtering of underlying data in spreadsheet format. Multiple network visualization layouts. Reads and writes UCINet and GraphML files.
NetMiner 4 [42]All-in-one Software for Network Analysis and Visualization.xls(Excel),.xlsx (Excel 2007), .csv(text), .dl(UCINET), .net(Pajek), .dat(StOCNET), .gml; NMF(proprietary).xls(Excel),.xlsx (Excel 2007), .csv(text), .dl(UCINET), .net(Pajek), .dat(StOCNET), NMF(proprietary)Microsoft WindowsCommercial with free trialNetMiner is a software tool for exploratory analysis and visualization of large network data. NetMiner 4 embed internal Python-based script engine which equipped with the automatic Script Generator for unskilled users. Then the users can operate NetMiner 4 with existing GUI or programmable script language.

Main features include : analysis of large networks(+10,000,000 nodes), comprehensive network measures and models, both exploratory & confirmatory analysis, interactive visual analytics, what-if network analysis, built-in statistical procedures and charts, full documentation(1,000+ pages of User's Manual), expressive network data model, facilities for data & workflow management, Python-based Script workbench and user-friendliness.

Network Genie [43]Social Network Survey Data collectionOnline survey and project design environmentOutput to CSV, InFLow [44], NEGOPY [45], MultiNet [46], Pajek [47], Siena [48], and UCINET [49]Any social web browserPayment assessed for completed surveys at $.50 per survey. Data collection is free. Payment is required prior to data download.Network Genie is used to: (1) Design complete, egocentric, and hybrid social network surveys using a wide variety of survey question formats; (2) Manage social network projects, including manage a collaborative team who have privileges defined by a project coordinator; (3) Collect social network data using online forms; and (4) Download and export data to the social network analysis program of your choice. Registration is free.
Network Workbench [50][51]Modeling, Analysis and Visualization of Large Scale Networks.net, .mat, .graphml, .nwb, .csv, xgmml.net, .mat, .graphml, .nwb, .csv, xgmml, .eps, .pdfLinux, Mac OS X, Windows, SolarisOpen Source (Apache 2.0)Contains a variety of algorithms and features useful for analyzing networks, including Page Rank, Pathfinder Network Scaling, Small World network generation, and Blondel Community Detection to name a few. The underlying OSGi plugin model allows users to expand on Network Workbench's core functionality.
NetworkXPython package for the creation, manipulation, and study of the structure, dynamics, and functions of complex networks.GML, Graph6/Sparse6, GraphML, GraphViz (.dot), NetworkX (.yaml, adjacency lists, and edge lists), Pajek (.net), LEDAGML, Gnome Dia, Graph6/Sparse6, GraphML, GraphViz (.dot), NetworkX (.yaml, adjacency lists, and edge lists), Pajek (.net), LEDA, and assorted image formats (.jpg, .png, .ps, .svg, et al.)Open source (GPL and similar)FreeNetworkX (NX) is a toolset for graph creation, manipulation, analysis, and visualization. User interface is through scripting/command-line provided by Python. NX includes a several algorithms, metrics and graph generators. Visualization is provided through pylab and graphviz.

NX is an open-source project, in active development since 2004 with an open bug-tracking site, and user forums. Development is sponsored by Los Alamos National Lab.

Nevada [52]Dynamic network visualization & analysisXML-based GAML (similar to GraphML), Pajek filesSVG, PNG, and GraphMLAny system supporting JavaOpen Source, GNU General Public LicenseNevada is a tool for interactive visualization of dynamic networks. Unlike other dynamic network visualization tools it's focussing on visualizations preserving the user's mental-map. Import of Pajek files is supported.
[NGCE][53]Graph Generator, Graph Analyzertxttxt, net – Pajek compatibleAny system supporting JavaUniversity of Illinois/NCSA Open Source LicenseNGCE is graph generator and statistical analyzer which can create reproducible graphs for simulations or other scientific experiments. In particular it is capable of creating: Homogeneous Graphs, Random Graphs, Scale-Free Graphs, Random Graphs with Fixed Connectivity and Custom Graphs. Various scripts calculate the probability distribution function P(k), which gives the probability that a node has exactly k edges. After the completion of this step, P(k) is automatically plotted using the gnuplot program. Every plot is displayed graphically, but is also stored in the Encapsulated PostScript (EPS) format. In addition, the title of each plot is created dynamically, in the form of an opaque Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) which allows the complete reconstruction of the particular graph.
ONA Surveys [54]Social Network Survey Data collectionOnline survey and project design environmentOutput to Microsoft Excel, Inflow [55] and Netdraw [56]Microsoft Internet ExplorerSubscription based. Unlimited number of surveys. Pricing for commercial and academic use.ONA Surveys is a tool aimed primarily at ONA/SNA practitioners to help collect data about relationships. Free registration provides full functionality, but export is limited to first 5 nodes. Paid subscription provides unlimited surveys with unlimited respondents. Supports multiple languages.
ORA [57]Social Network Analysis, Network Visualization, Meta-Network Analysis, Trail Analysis, Geospatial Network Analysis, Network GenerationDyNetML [58], .csvDyNetML, .csvWindowsFreeware for non-commercial use*ORA is a dynamic meta-network assessment and analysis tool containing hundreds of social network, dynamic network metrics, trail metrics, procedures for grouping nodes, identifying local patterns, comparing and contrasting networks, groups, and individuals from a dynamic meta-network perspective. *ORA has been used to examine how networks change through space and time, contains procedures for moving back and forth between trail data (e.g. who was where when) and network data (who is connected to whom, who is connected to where …), and has a variety of geo-spatial network metrics, and change detection techniques. *ORA can handle multi-mode, multi-plex, multi-level networks. It can identify key players, groups and vulnerabilities, model network changes over time, and perform COA analysis. It has been tested with large networks. Distance based, algorithmic, and statistical procedures for comparing and contrasting networks are part of this toolkit.
Pajek [59][60]Analysis and Visualization of Large Scale Networks.net, .paj, .dat(UCINET), .ged, .bs, .mac, .mol.net, .paj, .dat(UCINET), .xml(graphML), .bsWindows, Linux, Mac OS XFreeware for non-commercial useA widely used program for drawing networks, Pajek also has analytical capabilities, and can be used to calculate most centrality measures, identify structural holes, block-model, and so on. Macros can be recorded to perform repetitive tasks. Data can be sent directly to R, to calculate additional statistics.
RSocial network analysis within the versatile and popular R environmentR will read in almost any format data fileR has write capability for most data formatsWindows, Linux, MacOpen sourceR contains several packages relevant for social network analysis: igraph is a generic network analysis package; sna performs sociometric analysis of networks; network manipulates and displays network objects; tnet performs analysis of weighted networks, two-mode networks, and longitudinal networks; ergm is a set of tools to analyze and simulate networks based on exponential random graph models exponential random graph models; Bergm provides tools for Bayesian analysis for exponential random graph models, hergm implements hierarchical exponential random graph models; latentnet has functions for network latent position and cluster models; degreenet provides tools for statistical modeling of network degree distributions; and networksis provides tools for simulating bipartite networks with fixed marginals.
Radatools[61]Network analysis, Communities detection.txt, .net/.clu (Pajek).txt, .net/.clu (Pajek)Linux, Windows, Mac Os XFreeRadatools is a collection of programs to analyze complex networks, with special emphasis on community detection and the whole mesoscale determination. Implements several algorithms for community detection (tabu, extremal, spectral, fast, fine-tuning by reposition), and the AFG methodology for the analysis of the mesoscale at different resolution levels. There are also tools to calculate the main network properties (degrees, strengths, clustering coefficients, assortativity, connectedness, reciprocity, shortest path lengths, diameter, betweenness, degree distribution, distances, etc.), compare partitions (Jaccard Index, Rand Index, Normalized Mutual Information, Variation of Information, etc.), extract the connected components, calculate the spanning tree, etc.
Sentinel Visualizer [62]Comprehensive network analysis and visualizationStructured XML, and databases such as SQL Server, Oracle, and Access. Also, Excel, Text and HTML formats.Open database architecture in SQL Server; Structured XML and unstructured documents in Word, PDF, Excel, Text and HTML formats.Microsoft WindowsCommercial (starting from $2000/user) 45-day free trial availableSentinel Visualizer is a Windows-based program that provides data visualization, analysis and knowledgebase management within one product. Sentinel Visualizer produces interactive dynamic link charts, timeline and geospatial views, and provides a variety of analysis tools including Social Network Analysis, temporal analysis and entity and relationship weighting. Sentinel Visualizer includes a multi-user knowledgebase for efficiently and economically storing analysis data.
SNA-Forte [63]A Scalable Social Network Analysis SolutionAny data source that can be imported into SAS (DB connections, text files, SAS files)Any data source that can be exported from SAS (DB connections, text files, SAS files)Any platform supporting SASFree software; is provided as part of professional services.SNA-Forte is a social network analysis solution using raw telecommunications CDR data as its input and automatically identifying communities of customers, as well as segments of these communities and roles of individuals in each community, based on selected parameters and weights. The algorithm is implemented as an open-source solution in SAS and is already in use in commercial environment.
SNA-Network [64]A toolkit for Social Network Analysis.gdf (Guess), .net (Pajek).gdf (Guess), .net (Pajek)Any platform supporting Perl 5Free software; may be redistributed/modified under the same terms as Perl itself.SNA-Network is a bundle of modules for network algorithms, specifically designed for the needs of Social Network Analysis (SNA), but can be used for any other graph algorithms. It represents a standard directed and weighted network, which can also be used as an undirected and/or unweighted network. Data structures have been designed for SNA-typical sparse network operations, and consist of Node and Edge objects, linked via references to each other.
Social Networks Visualizer [65]Social Networks Visualization and Analysis Tool.xml (GraphML), .net (pajek), .dot (GraphViz), .sm/.net (Sociomatrix), .net (UCINET).xml (GraphML), .net (pajek), .dot (GraphViz), .sm/.net (Sociomatrix)Linux, Windows, Mac (Qt toolkit needed)Free Software (GPL3)SocNetV (Social Networks Visualizer) is an open-source graphical application, developed in C++ language and the cross-platform Qt toolkit. The user interface is friendly and simple, allowing the researcher to draw social networks or plain graphs by clicking on a canvas. SocNetV computes basic network properties (i.e. density, diameter, shortest path lengths), as well as more advanced statistics, such as centralities (i.e. closeness, betweeness, graph), clustering coefficient, etc. Various layout algorithms are supported. For instance, nodes can be automatically positioned on circles or levels according to their betweeness centralities. Random networks and small world creation is also supported. SocNetV can handle any number of nodes, although with a speed penalty when nodes are more than 3000 or the graph is quite dense (many edges).
Socilyzer [66]Easy-to-use organizational and social network analysis tool for managers and consultants. Complete with guidebook and study templates.Data is collected with online surveys. Pro users can also import edgelists (CSV) or copy-paste raw matrix data into a data editor. Users can import data from Podio, an web-based collaboration platform.Export network visualizations and copy statistics tables to PowerPoint, Word, print etc. Pro users can also generate and export data in VNA-format.All platforms (web-based)Commercial. A free plan is available for visualizations.An all-in-one social network analysis analysis tool with built-in questionnaire design, data collection, data visualization and statistics. Find the guidebook and study templates at: https://socilyzer.com
Sociomapping [67]Team network analysis tool. Showing mutual relations in landscape-like graphs.Data is collected with online surveys. ?All platforms (web-based)Commercial license and academic license.An all-in-one social network analysis analysis tool with built-in questionnaire design, data collection, data visualization and statistics. Find case studies and other application possibilities at: https://www.sociomap.com
SocioMetrica [68]EgoNet, LinkAlyzer, and VisuaLyzer applicationsDyNetML, Excel, DL, text, UCINETDyNetML, Excel, DL, text, UCINET, SPSSWindowsSharewareA set of applications for interview-based gathering of egocentric data (EgoNet), linking of data records through matching of node attributes (LinkAlyzer), and visualization (VisuaLyzer). VisuaLyzer also provides prototype functionality for analysis using a relational algebra model. A relational programming language, RAlog, derives and analyzes representations in this relation algebra.
SocProg [69]Analyses movements of individuals, social and population structure. Prepares data for population size analysis.  Cross-platform (requires MATLAB and Statistics Toolbox) or Windows (stand-alone)Freeware 
SONAMINE [70]Scalable network scoring and analysis up to hundreds of millions nodes and billion edgesany comma separated text filecomma separate text fileWindows, LinuxCommercial, free eval. Enterprise software license or hosted.SONAMINE graph scoring engine is software for analysts. It distributes work over multiple servers, is fault tolerant and horizontally scalable. It is used for node scoring and data mining. SONAMINE graph query server is a real time high performance graph query engine.
SONIVIS [71]Network visualisation and analysis, especially Wiki-based information spaces.xml(graphML).xml(graphML)Windows, Linuxopen-source (GPL)SONIVIS:Tool is a Java-based, open-source application, which is based on the Eclipse Rich Client Platform (RCP). The user interface is organized into three main perspectives: Analysis, Manipulation, and Statistics. Besides various Wiki and network analysis metrics, the tool provides predefined and user-definable graphical analyses. It offers a quick overview on current Wiki states or developments
statnet [72]Social network analysis within the versatile and popular R environmentR will read in almost any format data fileR has write capability for most data formatsWindows, Linux, MacOpen source (GPL)A suite of R packages for social network analysis: sna performs sociometric analysis of networks; network manipulates and displays network objects; ergm implements exponential random graph models for networks; latentnet has functions for network latent position and cluster models; degreenet provides tools for statistical modeling of network degree distributions; and networksis provides tools for simulating bipartite networks with fixed marginals; the statnet meta-package allows for package management.
StOCNET [73]Software package for the advanced statistical analysis of social networksText (.dat, .txt)TextWindowsFreeware/Open sourceStOCNET is a software system for the advanced statistical analysis of social networks, focusing on probabilistic (stochastic) models. The program consists of several statistical models for network analysis. In the present version, six modules are implemented: BLOCKS (stochastic blockmodeling of relational data), p2 (analysis of binary network data with actor and/or dyadic covariates), PACNET (constructing a partial algebraic model for observed multiple complete networks using a statistical approach), SIENA (analysis of repeated measures on social networks and MCMC-estimation of exponential random graphs), ULTRAS (analysis of binary undirected network data using ultrametric measurement models), and ZO (simulation and/or enumeration of graphs with given degrees).
tnet [74]Social network analysis of weighted, two-mode, and longitudinal networks in REdgelistR has write capability for most data formatsWindows, Linux, MacOpen source (GPL)A packages for social network analysis of weighted, two-mode, and longitudinal networks. Possible extensions are discussed here [75]
TulipSocial Network Analysis toolTulip format (.tlp), GraphViz (.dot), GML, txt, adjacency matrix.tlp, .gmlWindows Vista, XP, 7/ Linux / Mac OSLGPLTulip is an information visualization framework dedicated to the analysis and visualization of relational data. Tulip aims to provide the developer with a complete library, supporting the design of interactive information visualization applications for relational data that can be tailored to the problems he or she is addressing.
UCINET [76]Social Network Analysis toolExcel, DL, text, Pajek .net, Krackplot, Negopy, proprietary (##.d & ##.h)Excel, DL, text, Pajek .net, Krackplot, Mage, Metis, proprietary (##.d & ##.h)WindowsSharewareA comprehensive package for the analysis of social network data as well as other 1-mode and 2-mode data. Can handle a maximum of 32,767 nodes (with some exceptions) although practically speaking many procedures get too slow around 5,000 - 10,000 nodes. Social network analysis methods include centrality measures, subgroup identification, role analysis, elementary graph theory, and permutation-based statistical analysis. In addition, the package has strong matrix analysis routines, such as matrix algebra and multivariate statistics.
UNISoN [77]Download usenet messages and save SNA output filesReads from free NNTP serversCreates CSV files and Pajek .net filesAny system supporting JavaFreewareA java application that can download Usenet messages from free NNTP servers, show the saved messages, then allow filtering of data to save to a Pajek network file or CSV file. It creates networks using the author of each post. If someone replies to a post, there is a unidirectional link created from the author of the post to the author of the message they are replying to. There is also a preview panel that shows the network visually.
UrlNet [78]Generation of social network analysis program input filesWorld Wide Web pages, online search engine result sets, and Internet Web Service APIscurrently generates Pajek projects [79] and GUESS .gdf files [80]Any (it's written in Python, requires v2.5 or higher [81]; source code is included)Freeware for non-commercial useUrlNet is a Python class library for generating networks based on Internet linkages. In the simplest case, UrlNet creates a tree by harvesting the outlink URLs from the page referenced by a root URL (level zero); retrieving each of those pages (level 1), harvesting their outlink URLs; retrieving those pages (level 2), harvesting their outlink URLs; et cetera to a caller-specified depth. UrlNet can also create "forests", the union of multiple tree networks. Specialized classes are provided for generation of networks from search engine result sets (6 search engines are currently supported).

UrlNet can also utilize URL-based Web Service APIs to generate networks. Current examples include Technorati's Cosmos API and three types of networks utilizing APIs provided by the National Center for Biological Information (NCBI).[8]

VennMaker [82]Egocentric network analysis and interview toolCopy&Paste edges from other programsJPEG, PNG, SVG, CSVJava 1.6 (Windows, Linux, MacOS)Commercial (free demo version)VennMaker is a software program that allows data to be jointly gathered both qualitatively and quantitatively at the same time during an interview. In addition, the interview is recorded on an audio track. While the respondent is visualising and describing the personal network in conversation, qualitative data can be collected visually and/or by way of audio recording and adding comments. Quantitative data can be directly established on the digital network map or with an optional electronic questionnaire. The interviewer is able to configure the digital questionnaire prior to the survey, making adjustments according to the focus in question. For non-standardised surveys, e.g. narrative interviews, it is possible to adjust all set-tings of the network map during the course of the interview as well.
visone [83]Interactive analysis and visualization of social networksGraphML, UCINET (.dl), Pajek (.net), Excel (.csv), Matrices, and Edge listsSame as input and images as PNG, PDF, JPEGJava (Windows, Linux, MacOS)Freeware (also for commercial use)Interactive graphical tool for manipulating, analyzing, and visualizing social networks. Analysis methods include centrality indices, clustering, cliques, components, and centralization. Generic graph layout algorithms and tailored network visualizations are available. visone supports many graphical properties and generates high-quality images in PNG, PDF, etc.
VisuaLyzer [84]Network visualizationEdgelist/Edgearray, Excel or GraphML formatsEdgelist/Edgearray, Excel or GraphML formats?CommercialInteractive tool for entering, visualizing and analyzing social network data.

Create nodes and links directly in VisuaLyzer, or import data from Edgelist/Edgearray, Excel or GraphML formats.

WAND [85]Ecological network analysisScor filesScor filesWindowsOpen source(GPL) 
Weighted Spectral Distribution [86]Graph Analysis, Parameter tuning, Spectral Graph TheoryMatlab functionMatlab variablesWindows, Linux, Mac OS X 64-bitOpen source(GPL)The Weighted Spectral Toolbox is a matlab toolbox for use with undirected graphs. There are several functions in the toolbox but the main ones obtain the best fit (in the weighted spectral sense) of a topology generator to a target graph and Produce a weighted spectral distribution for a given network (adjacency matrix).
Wolfram Alpha[87]Graph analysis, time series analysis, categorical data analysisFacebook APIMany formatsWeb serviceFreeWolfram Alpha is a general computational knowledge engine answering queries on many knowledge domains. Give it the input "Facebook report" and it will answer queries on analysis of your social network data,[9][10]
Xanalys Link Explorer [88]Visual analytics combining link analysis with temporal and spatial analysisODBC databases, flat files, direct data entry*.wf, *.xas (Proprietary formats), ExcelMicrosoft WindowsCommercial, Free trialInteractive visual analytics tool combining data acquisition and querying with link analysis, temporal analysis and spatial analysis (GIS) techniques. Integrates with other desktop applications and services such as Excel and Bing mapping
Plotonic [89]social network analysiskeywords/phrasesgraphics, textPHPCommercialInteractive web service for tracking brands on social networks. Compiles social network data into psychographic, demographic, and geographic charts and maps.
Jungle Torch [90]social network analysis, seo report, inbound marketingkeywords/phrasesGraphics, Excel, Textany web browserFree Trial, CommercialJungle Torch gives an SEO view of websites. Jungle Torch provides users with a social network analysis and can determine who is saying what about a particular company good or bad.
LTAS Technologies Inc. [91]Web Identity Search ToolFacebookFacebook friends data, and profile dataWindows, Linux, Mac OS X 64-bitFree trial credits, pay-per-search and site licensing available (for use only by law enforcement, government agencies, private investigators, and insurance industry)Web Identity Search Tool (WIST), which allows an investigator to find the “degrees of separation” between any two Facebook users up to 3 Degrees, and displays the results in an interactive network graph showing associations and mutual friends.

See also

References

  1. ^ J. F. Padgett, "Robust Action and the Rise of the Medici, 1400–1434" American Journal of Sociology, 1993 [1]
  2. ^ Robert Hanneman (1998-10-20). "Introduction to Social Network Methods: Daftar Isi". Faculty.ucr.edu. http://www.faculty.ucr.edu/~hanneman/ nettext/. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
  3. ^ "Introduction to Social Network Methods: Chapter 1: Social Network Data". Faculty.ucr.edu. http://faculty.ucr.edu/~hanneman/nett ext/C1_Social_Network_Data.html. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
  4. ^ "Only connect: Felix Grant looks at the application of data analysis software to social networks", Scientific Computing World June 2010: pp 9–10.[2]
  5. ^ "Homophily". Analytictech.com. http://www.analytictech.com/mgt780/to pics/homophily.htm. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
  6. ^ "Social Network Analysis in R". Sna.stanford.edu. http://sna.stanford.edu/rlabs.php. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
  7. ^ "JoSS: Journal of Social Structure". Cmu.edu. http://www.cmu.edu/joss/content/artic les/volume1/Freeman.html. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
  8. ^ "Entrez Utilities". Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/qu ery/static/eutils_help.html. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
  9. ^ Facebook friends mapped by Wolfram Alpha app BBC News
  10. ^ Wolfram Alpha Launches Personal Analytics Reports For Facebook Tech Crunch
Notes
  • Barnes, J. A. "Class and Committees in a Norwegian Island Parish", Human Relations 7:39-58
  • Berkowitz, S. D. 1982. An Introduction to Structural Analysis: The Network Approach to Social Research. Toronto: Butterworth.
  • Brandes, Ulrik, and Thomas Erlebach (Eds.). 2005. Network Analysis: Methodological Foundations Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
  • Breiger, Ronald L. 2004. "The Analysis of Social Networks." Pp. 505–526 in Handbook of Data Analysis, edited by Melissa Hardy and Alan Bryman. London: Sage Publications. Excerpts in pdf format
  • Burt, Ronald S. (1992). Structural Holes: The Structure of Competition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Carrington, Peter J., John Scott and Stanley Wasserman (Eds.). 2005. Models and Methods in Social Network Analysis. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Christakis, Nicholas and James H. Fowler "The Spread of Obesity in a Large Social Network Over 32 Years," New England Journal of Medicine 357 (4): 370-379 (26 July 2007)
  • Doreian, Patrick, Vladimir Batagelj, and Anuska Ferligoj. (2005). Generalized Blockmodeling. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Freeman, Linton C. (2004) The Development of Social Network Analysis: A Study in the Sociology of Science. Vancouver: Empirical Press.
  • Hansen, William B. and Reese, Eric L. 2009. Network Genie Users Manual. Greensboro, NC: Tanglewood Research.
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  • Krebs, Valdis (2002) Uncloaking Terrorist Networks, First Monday, volume 7, number 4 (Application of SNA software to terror nets Web Reference.)
  • Krebs, Valdis (2008) A Brief Introduction to Social Network Analysis (Common metrics in most SNA software Web Reference.)
  • Krebs, Valdis (2008) Various Case Studies & Projects using Social Network Analysis software Web Reference.)
  • Lin, Nan, Ronald S. Burt and Karen Cook, eds. (2001). Social Capital: Theory and Research. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
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External links

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