Firefox 3.0 menu with shortcuts highlighted with green and mnemonics highlighted with yellow.
Two menus of
Apple Finder (montaged) with some keyboard shortcuts specified in the right column
In computing, a keyboard shortcut is a finite set of one or more keys that invoke a software or operating system operation when triggered by the user. A meaning of term "keyboard shortcut" can vary depending on software manufacturer. For instance, Microsoft differentiates keyboard shortcuts from hotkeys (mnemonics) whereby the former consists of a specific key combination used to trigger an action, and the latter represents a designated letter in a menu command or toolbar button that when pressed together with the Alt key, activates such command.
Description
Keyboard shortcuts are typically an alternative means for invoking one or more commands that would otherwise be accessible only through a menu, a pointing device, different levels of a user interface, or via a command-line interface. Keyboard shortcuts generally expedite common operations by reducing input sequences to a few keystrokes, hence the term "shortcut".[1]
Some keyboard shortcuts require the user to press a single key or a sequence of keys one after the other. Other keyboard shortcuts require pressing and holding several keys simultaneously. For simultaneous keyboard shortcuts, one usually first holds down the modifier key(s), then quickly presses and releases the regular (non-modifier) key, and finally releases the modifier key(s). This distinction is important, as trying to press all the keys simultaneously will frequently either miss some of the modifier keys, or cause unwanted auto-repeat. One exception is shortcuts involving the Esc key, which almost always requires pressing and releasing the Esc key before pressing the next key.
Mnemonics are distinguishable from keyboard shortcuts. One difference between them is that the keyboard shortcuts are not localized on multi-language software but the mnemonics are generally localized to reflect the symbols and letters used in the specific locale. In most GUIs, a program's keyboard shortcuts are discoverable by browsing the program's menus – the shortcut is indicated in the menu choice. There are keyboards, commonly called Specialty Keyboards that have the shortcuts for a particular application already marked on them. These keyboards can help the users learn the shortcuts and improve their speed of using the particular applications. In certain cases, those keyboards can be created by applying shortcut stickers on a regular keyboard, which usually gives quicker access to software program features not visible otherwise. Such keyboards are often used for editing video, audio, or graphics,[2] as well as in software training courses.
Customization
When shortcuts are referred to as key bindings it carries the connotation that the shortcuts are customizable to a user's preference and that program functions may be 'bound' to a different set of keystrokes instead of or in addition to the default.[1] This highlights a difference in philosophy regarding shortcuts. Some systems, typically end-user-oriented systems such as Windows, consider standardized shortcuts essential to the environment's ease of use. These systems usually limit a user's ability to change shortcuts, typically requiring a separate, possibly third-party, utility to perform the task. Other systems, typically Unix and related, consider shortcuts to be a user's prerogative, and that they should be changeable to suit individual preference. Hardcore gamers often customize their key bindings in order to increase performance via faster reaction times. In most real-world environments, both philosophies co-exist; a core set of sacred shortcuts remain fixed while others, typically involving an otherwise unused modifier key or keys, are under the user's control.
"Sacred" keybindings
The original Macintosh User Interface Guidelines defined a set of keyboard shortcuts that would remain consistent across application programs. This provides a better user experience than the situation then prevalent of applications using wholly unrelated keys for different functions. This could result in user errors across multiple applications if, for example, one program used ⌘ Command+D to mean "Delete" while another used it to access a "Disk" menu. The standard bindings were:
- ⌘ Q : Quit
- ⌘ W : Close Window
- ⌘ I : Italicize text
- ⌘ U : Underline text
- ⌘ O : Open
- ⌘ P : Print
- ⌘ A : Select All
- ⌘ S : Save
- ⌘ F : Find
- ⌘ G : Find Again
- ⌘ Z : Undo (resembles the action of striking out a mistake)
- ⌘ X : Cut (resembles scissors)
- ⌘ C : Copy
- ⌘ V : Paste (resembles an arrow pointing downward "into" the document, or a brush used for applying paste)
- ⌘ B : Bold text
- ⌘ N : New Document
- ⌘ . (full stop): User interrupt
- ⌘ ? : Help (? signifies a question or confusion)
Later environments such as Microsoft Windows retained some of these bindings, while adding their own from alternate standards like Common User Access. The shortcuts on these platforms were not as strictly standardized across applications as on the early Macintosh user interface, where if a program did not include the function normally carried out by one of the standard keystrokes, guidelines stated that it should not redefine the key to do something else as it would potentially confuse users.[3]
Problems with access keys
In summer 2002 a non-scientific study concluded that various web browsers like the IBM Home Page Reader did not make any distinction between the built in keyboard shortcuts for going in different modes and available access keys in websites.[4]
Notation
WorldWideWeb for
NextStep with keyboard shortcuts visible at bottom left. All shortcuts require the Control key to be pressed. Additionally, the Heading commands under the Style menu and commands under the Link menu require the
⇧ Shift key to be held down.
The simplest keyboard shortcuts consist of only one key. For these, one generally just writes out the name of the key, as in the message "Press F1 for Help". The name of the key is sometimes surrounded in brackets or similar characters. For example: [F1] or <F1>. The key name may also be set off using special formatting (bold, italic, all caps, etc.)
Many shortcuts require two or more keys to be pressed together. For these, the usual notation is to list the keys names separated by plus signs or hyphens. For example: "Ctrl+C", "Ctrl-C", or "Ctrl+C". The Ctrl key is sometimes indicated by a caret character (^). Thus Ctrl-C is sometimes written as ^C. At times, usually on Unix platforms, the case of the second character is significant – if the character would normally require pressing the Shift key to type, then the Shift key is part of the shortcut e.g. '^C' vs. '^c' or '^@' vs. '^2'.
Some keyboard shortcuts require keys (or sets of keys) to be pressed individually, in sequence. These are generally written with the individual keys (or sets) separated by commas or semicolons. For example "Alt+F, S" or "Alt+F; S" would mean "First press Alt and F together, release them and then press S". Such shortcuts often represent a series of smaller shortcuts, strung together to create a larger action. To continue the "Alt+F, S" example, in many programs, this will open the "File" menu, and then invoke the "Save" function.
See also
Notes and references
External links
