Appendix A. Contributed Scripts

#!/bin/bash# mail-format.sh (ver. 1.1): Format e-mail messages.# Gets rid of carets, tabs, and also folds excessively long lines.# =================================================================# Standard Check for Script Argument(s)ARGS=1E_BADARGS=85E_NOFILE=86if [ $# -ne $ARGS ]  # Correct number of arguments passed to script?then  echo "Usage: `basename $0` filename"   exit $E_BADARGSfiif [ -f "$1" ]   # Check if file exists.then file_name=$1else echo "File "$1" does not exist." exit $E_NOFILEfi# -----------------------------------------------------------------MAXWIDTH=70  # Width to fold excessively long lines to.# =================================# A variable can hold a sed script.# It's a useful technique.sedscript='s/^>//s/^  *>//s/^  *//s/*//'# =================================#  Delete carets and tabs at beginning of lines,#+ then fold lines to $MAXWIDTH characters.sed "$sedscript" $1 | fold -s --width=$MAXWIDTH #  -s option to "fold" #+ breaks lines at whitespace, if possible.#  This script was inspired by an article in a well-known trade journal#+ extolling a 164K MS Windows utility with similar functionality.##  An nice set of text processing utilities and an efficient#+ scripting language provide an alternative to the bloated executables#+ of a clunky operating system.exit $?

#! /bin/bash# rn.sh# Very simpleminded filename "rename" utility (based on "lowercase.sh").##  The "ren" utility, by Vladimir Lanin ([email protected]),#+ does a much better job of this.ARGS=2E_BADARGS=85ONE=1 # For getting singular/plural right (see below).if [ $# -ne "$ARGS" ]then  echo "Usage: `basename $0` old-pattern new-pattern"   # As in "rn gif jpg", which renames all gif files in working directory to jpg.  exit $E_BADARGSfinumber=0  # Keeps track of how many files actually renamed.for filename in *$1*  #Traverse all matching files in directory.do   if [ -f "$filename" ]  # If finds match...   then fname=`basename $filename` # Strip off path. n=`echo $fname | sed -e "s/$1/$2/"`   # Substitute new for old in filename. mv $fname $n  # Rename. let "number += 1" fidone   if [ "$number" -eq "$ONE" ] # For correct grammar.then echo "$number file renamed." else  echo "$number files renamed." fi exit $?# Exercises:# ---------# What types of files will this not work on?# How can this be fixed?

#! /bin/bash# blank-rename.sh## Substitutes underscores for blanks in all the filenames in a directory.ONE=1 # For getting singular/plural right (see below).number=0  # Keeps track of how many files actually renamed.FOUND=0   # Successful return value.for filename in * #Traverse all files in directory.do echo "$filename" | grep -q " " #  Check whether filename if [ $? -eq $FOUND ]   #+ contains space(s). then   fname=$filename  # Yes, this filename needs work.   n=`echo $fname | sed -e "s/ /_/g"`   # Substitute underscore for blank.   mv "$fname" "$n" # Do the actual renaming.   let "number += 1"  fidone   if [ "$number" -eq "$ONE" ] # For correct grammar.then echo "$number file renamed." else  echo "$number files renamed." fi exit 0

#!/bin/bash# Example "ex72.sh" modified to use encrypted password.#  Note that this is still rather insecure,#+ since the decrypted password is sent in the clear.#  Use something like "ssh" if this is a concern.E_BADARGS=85if [ -z "$1" ]then  echo "Usage: `basename $0` filename"   exit $E_BADARGSfi  Username=bozo   # Change to suit.pword=/home/bozo/secret/password_encrypted.file# File containing encrypted password.Filename=`basename $1`  # Strips pathname out of file name.Server="XXX" Directory="YYY" # Change above to actual server name & directory.Password=`cruft <$pword`  # Decrypt password.#  Uses the author's own "cruft" file encryption package,#+ based on the classic "onetime pad" algorithm,#+ and obtainable from:#+ Primary-site:   ftp://ibiblio.org/pub/Linux/utils/file#+ cruft-0.2.tar.gz [16k]ftp -n $Server <<End-Of-Sessionuser $Username $Passwordbinarybellcd $Directoryput $FilenamebyeEnd-Of-Session# -n option to "ftp" disables auto-logon.# Note that "bell" rings 'bell' after each file transfer.exit 0

#!/bin/bash# copy-cd.sh: copying a data CDCDROM=/dev/cdrom   # CD ROM deviceOF=/home/bozo/projects/cdimage.iso # output file#   /xxxx/xxxxxxxx/  Change to suit your system.BLOCKSIZE=2048# SPEED=10 # If unspecified, uses max spd.# DEVICE=/dev/cdrom  older version.DEVICE="1,0,0" echo; echo "Insert source CD, but do *not* mount it." echo "Press ENTER when ready. " read ready # Wait for input, $ready not used.echo; echo "Copying the source CD to $OF." echo "This may take a while. Please be patient." dd if=$CDROM of=$OF bs=$BLOCKSIZE  # Raw device copy.echo; echo "Remove data CD." echo "Insert blank CDR." echo "Press ENTER when ready. " read ready # Wait for input, $ready not used.echo "Copying $OF to CDR." # cdrecord -v -isosize speed=$SPEED dev=$DEVICE $OF   # Old version.wodim -v -isosize dev=$DEVICE $OF# Uses Joerg Schilling's "cdrecord" package (see its docs).# http://www.fokus.gmd.de/nthp/employees/schilling/cdrecord.html# Newer Linux distros may use "wodim" rather than "cdrecord" ...echo; echo "Done copying $OF to CDR on device $CDROM." echo "Do you want to erase the image file (y/n)? "  # Probably a huge file.read answercase "$answer" in[yY]) rm -f $OF  echo "$OF erased."   ;*) echo "$OF not erased.";esacecho# Exercise:# Change the above "case" statement to also accept "yes" and "Yes" as input.exit 0

#!/bin/bash# collatz.sh#  The notorious "hailstone" or Collatz series.#  -------------------------------------------#  1) Get the integer "seed" from the command-line.#  2) NUMBER <-- seed#  3) Print NUMBER.#  4)  If NUMBER is even, divide by 2, or#  5)+ if odd, multiply by 3 and add 1.#  6) NUMBER <-- result #  7) Loop back to step 3 (for specified number of iterations).##  The theory is that every such sequence,#+ no matter how large the initial value,#+ eventually settles down to repeating "4,2,1..." cycles,#+ even after fluctuating through a wide range of values.##  This is an instance of an "iterate," #+ an operation that feeds its output back into its input.#  Sometimes the result is a "chaotic" series.MAX_ITERATIONS=200# For large seed numbers (>32000), try increasing MAX_ITERATIONS.h=${1:-$$}  #  Seed. #  Use $PID as seed, #+ if not specified as command-line arg.echoecho "C($h) -*- $MAX_ITERATIONS Iterations" echofor ((i=1; i<=MAX_ITERATIONS; i++))do# echo -n "$h" # ^^^ # tab# printf does it better ...COLWIDTH=%7dprintf $COLWIDTH $h  let "remainder = h % 2"   if [ "$remainder" -eq 0 ]   # Even?  then let "h /= 2"  # Divide by 2.  else let "h = h*3 + 1" # Multiply by 3 and add 1.  fiCOLUMNS=10 # Output 10 values per line.let "line_break = i % $COLUMNS" if [ "$line_break" -eq 0 ]then  echofi  doneecho#  For more information on this strange mathematical function,#+ see _Computers, Pattern, Chaos, and Beauty_, by Pickover, p. 185 ff.,#+ as listed in the bibliography.exit 0

#!/bin/bash# days-between.sh: Number of days between two dates.# Usage: ./days-between.sh [M]M/[D]D/YYYY [M]M/[D]D/YYYY## Note: Script modified to account for changes in Bash, v. 2.05b +,#+  that closed the loophole permitting large negative#+  integer return values.ARGS=2 # Two command-line parameters expected.E_PARAM_ERR=85 # Param error.REFYR=1600 # Reference year.CENTURY=100DIY=365ADJ_DIY=367   # Adjusted for leap year + fraction.MIY=12DIM=31LEAPCYCLE=4MAXRETVAL=255 #  Largest permissible  #+ positive return value from a function.diff= # Declare global variable for date difference.value= # Declare global variable for absolute value.day=  # Declare globals for day, month, year.month=year=Param_Error () # Command-line parameters wrong.{  echo "Usage: `basename $0` [M]M/[D]D/YYYY [M]M/[D]D/YYYY"   echo "   (date must be after 1/3/1600)"   exit $E_PARAM_ERR}  Parse_Date () # Parse date from command-line params.{  month=${1%%/**}  dm=${1%/**} # Day and month.  day=${dm#*/}  let "year = `basename $1`"  # Not a filename, but works just the same.}  check_date () # Checks for invalid date(s) passed.{  [ "$day" -gt "$DIM" ] || [ "$month" -gt "$MIY" ] ||  [ "$year" -lt "$REFYR" ] && Param_Error  # Exit script on bad value(s).  # Uses or-list / and-list.  #  # Exercise: Implement more rigorous date checking.}strip_leading_zero () #  Better to strip possible leading zero(s){ #+ from day and/or month  return ${1#0}   #+ since otherwise Bash will interpret them} #+ as octal values (POSIX.2, sect 2.9.2.1).day_index ()  # Gauss' Formula:{ # Days from March 1, 1600 to date passed as param.  #   ^^^^^^^^^^^^^  day=$1  month=$2  year=$3  let "month = $month - 2"   if [ "$month" -le 0 ]  then let "month += 12" let "year -= 1"   fi let "year -= $REFYR"   let "indexyr = $year / $CENTURY"   let "Days = $DIY*$year + $year/$LEAPCYCLE - $indexyr   + $indexyr/$LEAPCYCLE + $ADJ_DIY*$month/$MIY + $day - $DIM"   #  For an in-depth explanation of this algorithm, see  #+   http://weblogs.asp.net/pgreborio/archive/2005/01/06/347968.aspx  echo $Days}  calculate_difference () # Difference between two day indices.{  let "diff = $1 - $2" # Global variable.}  abs () #  Absolute value{  #  Uses global "value" variable.  if [ "$1" -lt 0 ] #  If negative  then #+ then let "value = 0 - $1"   #+ change sign,  else #+ else let "value = $1"   #+ leave it alone.  fi}if [ $# -ne "$ARGS" ]  # Require two command-line params.then  Param_Errorfi  Parse_Date $1check_date $day $month $year   #  See if valid date.strip_leading_zero $day #  Remove any leading zeroesday=$? #+ on day and/or month.strip_leading_zero $monthmonth=$?let "date1 = `day_index $day $month $year`" Parse_Date $2check_date $day $month $yearstrip_leading_zero $dayday=$?strip_leading_zero $monthmonth=$?date2=$(day_index $day $month $year) # Command substitution.calculate_difference $date1 $date2abs $diff # Make sure it's positive.diff=$valueecho $diffexit 0#  Exercise:#  --------#  If given only one command-line parameter, have the script#+ use today's date as the second.#  Compare this script with#+ the implementation of Gauss' Formula in a C program at#+ http://buschencrew.hypermart.net/software/datedif

#!/bin/bash# makedict.sh  [make dictionary]# Modification of /usr/sbin/mkdict (/usr/sbin/cracklib-forman) script.# Original script copyright 1993, by Alec Muffett.##  This modified script included in this document in a manner#+ consistent with the "LICENSE" document of the "Crack" package#+ that the original script is a part of.#  This script processes text files to produce a sorted list#+ of words found in the files.#  This may be useful for compiling dictionaries#+ and for other lexicographic purposes.E_BADARGS=85if [ ! -r "$1" ] #  Need at least onethen #+ valid file argument.  echo "Usage: $0 files-to-process"   exit $E_BADARGSfi  # SORT="sort"   #  No longer necessary to define #+ options to sort. Changed from #+ original script.cat $* | #  Dump specified files to stdout. tr A-Z a-z | #  Convert to lowercase. tr ' ' '12' | #  New: change spaces to newlines.#   tr -cd '12[a-z][0-9]' |   #  Get rid of everything #+ non-alphanumeric (in orig. script). tr -c '12a-z'  '12' |   #  Rather than deleting non-alpha #+ chars, change them to newlines. sort |  #  $SORT options unnecessary now. uniq |  #  Remove duplicates. grep -v '^#' |  #  Delete lines starting with #. grep -v '^$' #  Delete blank lines.exit $?

#!/bin/bash# soundex.sh: Calculate "soundex" code for names# =======================================================# Soundex script#  by# Mendel Cooper# [email protected]# reldate: 23 January, 2002##   Placed in the Public Domain.## A slightly different version of this script appeared in#+ Ed Schaefer's July, 2002 "Shell Corner" column#+ in "Unix Review" on-line,#+ http://www.unixreview.com/documents/uni1026336632258/# =======================================================ARGCOUNT=1 # Need name as argument.E_WRONGARGS=90if [ $# -ne "$ARGCOUNT" ]then  echo "Usage: `basename $0` name"   exit $E_WRONGARGSfi  assign_value () #  Assigns numerical value{  #+ to letters of name.  val1=bfpv # 'b,f,p,v' = 1  val2=cgjkqsxz # 'c,g,j,k,q,s,x,z' = 2  val3=dt  #  etc.  val4=l  val5=mn  val6=r# Exceptionally clever use of 'tr' follows.# Try to figure out what is going on here.value=$( echo "$1" | tr -d wh | tr $val1 1 | tr $val2 2 | tr $val3 3 | tr $val4 4 | tr $val5 5 | tr $val6 6 | tr -s 123456 | tr -d aeiouy )# Assign letter values.# Remove duplicate numbers, except when separated by vowels.# Ignore vowels, except as separators, so delete them last.# Ignore 'w' and 'h', even as separators, so delete them first.## The above command substitution lays more pipe than a plumber <g>.}  input_name="$1" echoecho "Name = $input_name" # Change all characters of name input to lowercase.# ------------------------------------------------name=$( echo $input_name | tr A-Z a-z )# ------------------------------------------------# Just in case argument to script is mixed case.# Prefix of soundex code: first letter of name.# --------------------------------------------char_pos=0 # Initialize character position. prefix0=${name:$char_pos:1}prefix=`echo $prefix0 | tr a-z A-Z`   # Uppercase 1st letter of soundex.let "char_pos += 1" # Bump character position to 2nd letter of name.name1=${name:$char_pos}# ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Exception Patch ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++#  Now, we run both the input name and the name shifted one char#+ to the right through the value-assigning function.#  If we get the same value out, that means that the first two characters#+ of the name have the same value assigned, and that one should cancel.#  However, we also need to test whether the first letter of the name#+ is a vowel or 'w' or 'h', because otherwise this would bollix things up.char1=`echo $prefix | tr A-Z a-z` # First letter of name, lowercased.assign_value $names1=$valueassign_value $name1s2=$valueassign_value $char1s3=$values3=9$s3  #  If first letter of name is a vowel #+ or 'w' or 'h', #+ then its "value" will be null (unset). #+ Therefore, set it to 9, an otherwise #+ unused value, which can be tested for.if [[ "$s1" -ne "$s2" || "$s3" -eq 9 ]]then  suffix=$s2else suffix=${s2:$char_pos}fi  # ++++++++++++++++++++++ end Exception Patch ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++padding=000 # Use at most 3 zeroes to pad.soun=$prefix$suffix$padding # Pad with zeroes.MAXLEN=4   # Truncate to maximum of 4 chars.soundex=${soun:0:$MAXLEN}echo "Soundex = $soundex" echo#  The soundex code is a method of indexing and classifying names#+ by grouping together the ones that sound alike.#  The soundex code for a given name is the first letter of the name,#+ followed by a calculated three-number code.#  Similar sounding names should have almost the same soundex codes.#   Examples:#   Smith and Smythe both have a "S-530" soundex.#   Harrison = H-625#   Hargison = H-622#   Harriman = H-655#  This works out fairly well in practice, but there are numerous anomalies.###  The U.S. Census and certain other governmental agencies use soundex,#  as do genealogical researchers.##  For more information,#+ see the "National Archives and Records Administration home page",#+ http://www.nara.gov/genealogy/soundex/soundex.html# Exercise:# --------# Simplify the "Exception Patch" section of this script.exit 0

#!/bin/bash# life.sh: "Life in the Slow Lane" # Author: Mendel Cooper# License: GPL3# Version 0.2:   Patched by Daniel Albers#+   to allow non-square grids as input.# Version 0.2.1: Added 2-second delay between generations.# ##################################################################### ## This is the Bash script version of John Conway's "Game of Life".  ## "Life" is a simple implementation of cellular automata.   ## --------------------------------------------------------------------- ## On a rectangular grid, let each "cell" be either "living" or "dead."  ## Designate a living cell with a dot, and a dead one with a blank space.##  Begin with an arbitrarily drawn dot-and-blank grid,  ##+ and let this be the starting generation: generation 0.   ## Determine each successive generation by the following rules:  ##   1) Each cell has 8 neighbors, the adjoining cells   ##+ left, right, top, bottom, and the 4 diagonals.   ##   ##   123 ##   4*5 The * is the cell under consideration.  ##   678 ##   ## 2) A living cell with either 2 or 3 living neighbors remains alive.   #SURVIVE=2   ## 3) A dead cell with 3 living neighbors comes alive, a "birth." #BIRTH=3 ## 4) All other cases result in a dead cell for the next generation. ## ##################################################################### #startfile=gen0   # Read the starting generation from the file "gen0" ... # Default, if no other file specified when invoking script. #if [ -n "$1" ]   # Specify another "generation 0" file.then startfile="$1" fi  #############################################  Abort script if "startfile" not specified#+ and#+ default file "gen0" not present.E_NOSTARTFILE=86if [ ! -e "$startfile" ]then  echo "Startfile ""$startfile"" missing!"   exit $E_NOSTARTFILEfi############################################ALIVE1=.DEAD1=_ # Represent living and dead cells in the start-up file.#  -----------------------------------------------------##  This script uses a 10 x 10 grid (may be increased,#+ but a large grid will slow down execution).ROWS=10COLS=10#  Change above two variables to match desired grid size.#  -----------------------------------------------------#GENERATIONS=10  #  How many generations to cycle through. #  Adjust this upwards #+ if you have time on your hands.NONE_ALIVE=85   #  Exit status on premature bailout, #+ if no cells left alive.DELAY=2 #  Pause between generations.TRUE=0FALSE=1ALIVE=0DEAD=1avar=   # Global; holds current generation.generation=0 # Initialize generation count.# =================================================================let "cells = $ROWS * $COLS"   # How many cells.# Arrays containing "cells." declare -a initialdeclare -a currentdisplay (){alive=0 # How many cells alive at any given time. # Initially zero.declare -a arrarr=( `echo "$1"` ) # Convert passed arg to array.element_count=${#arr[*]}local ilocal rowcheckfor ((i=0; i<$element_count; i++))do  # Insert newline at end of each row.  let "rowcheck = $i % COLS"   if [ "$rowcheck" -eq 0 ]  then echo # Newline. echo -n "  " # Indent.  fi cell=${arr[i]}  if [ "$cell" = . ]  then let "alive += 1"   fi echo -n "$cell" | sed -e 's/_/ /g'  # Print out array, changing underscores to spaces.done  return}IsValid () # Test if cell coordinate valid.{  if [ -z "$1"  -o -z "$2" ]  # Mandatory arguments missing?  then return $FALSE  filocal rowlocal lower_limit=0   # Disallow negative coordinate.local upper_limitlocal leftlocal rightlet "upper_limit = $ROWS * $COLS - 1" # Total number of cells.if [ "$1" -lt "$lower_limit" -o "$1" -gt "$upper_limit" ]then  return $FALSE   # Out of array bounds.fi  row=$2let "left = $row * $COLS" # Left limit.let "right = $left + $COLS - 1"   # Right limit.if [ "$1" -lt "$left" -o "$1" -gt "$right" ]then  return $FALSE   # Beyond row boundary.fi  return $TRUE  # Valid coordinate.}  IsAlive ()  #  Test whether cell is alive. #  Takes array, cell number, and{   #+ state of cell as arguments.  GetCount "$1" $2  #  Get alive cell count in neighborhood.  local nhbd=$?  if [ "$nhbd" -eq "$BIRTH" ]  # Alive in any case.  then return $ALIVE  fi  if [ "$3" = "." -a "$nhbd" -eq "$SURVIVE" ]  then  # Alive only if previously alive. return $ALIVE  fi return $DEAD  # Defaults to dead.}  GetCount () # Count live cells in passed cell's neighborhood. # Two arguments needed:# $1) variable holding array# $2) cell number{  local cell_number=$2  local array  local top  local center  local bottom  local r  local row  local i  local t_top  local t_cen  local t_bot  local count=0  local ROW_NHBD=3  array=( `echo "$1"` )  let "top = $cell_number - $COLS - 1" # Set up cell neighborhood.  let "center = $cell_number - 1"   let "bottom = $cell_number + $COLS - 1"   let "r = $cell_number / $COLS"   for ((i=0; i<$ROW_NHBD; i++))   # Traverse from left to right.   do let "t_top = $top + $i" let "t_cen = $center + $i" let "t_bot = $bottom + $i" let "row = $r" # Count center row. IsValid $t_cen $row   # Valid cell position? if [ $? -eq "$TRUE" ] then  if [ ${array[$t_cen]} = "$ALIVE1" ] # Is it alive?  then # If yes, then ... let "count += 1"  # Increment count.  fi fi  let "row = $r - 1" # Count top row.  IsValid $t_top $row if [ $? -eq "$TRUE" ] then  if [ ${array[$t_top]} = "$ALIVE1" ] # Redundancy here.  then # Can it be optimized? let "count += 1"   fi fi  let "row = $r + 1" # Count bottom row. IsValid $t_bot $row if [ $? -eq "$TRUE" ] then  if [ ${array[$t_bot]} = "$ALIVE1" ]   then let "count += 1"   fi fi done if [ ${array[$cell_number]} = "$ALIVE1" ]  then let "count -= 1" #  Make sure value of tested cell itself  fi #+ is not counted.  return $count  }next_gen ()   # Update generation array.{local arraylocal i=0array=( `echo "$1"` ) # Convert passed arg to array.while [ "$i" -lt "$cells" ]do  IsAlive "$1" $i ${array[$i]}   # Is the cell alive?  if [ $? -eq "$ALIVE" ]  then   #  If alive, then array[$i]=.  #+ represent the cell as a period.  else  array[$i]="_" #  Otherwise underscore   fi #+ (will later be converted to space).  let "i += 1" done   # let "generation += 1"   # Increment generation count.###  Why was the above line commented out?# Set variable to pass as parameter to "display" function.avar=`echo ${array[@]}`   # Convert array back to string variable.display "$avar"   # Display it.echo; echoecho "Generation $generation  -  $alive alive" if [ "$alive" -eq 0 ]then  echo  echo "Premature exit: no more cells alive!"   exit $NONE_ALIVE #  No point in continuingfi #+ if no live cells.}# =========================================================# main ()# {# Load initial array with contents of startup file.initial=( `cat "$startfile" | sed -e '/#/d' | tr -d '' |# Delete lines containing '#' comment character.   sed -e 's/./. /g' -e 's/_/_ /g'` )# Remove linefeeds and insert space between elements.clear  # Clear screen.echo # Titlesetterm -reverse onecho "=======================" setterm -reverse offecho " $GENERATIONS generations" echo "   of" echo ""Life in the Slow Lane"" setterm -reverse onecho "=======================" setterm -reverse offsleep $DELAY   # Display "splash screen" for 2 seconds.# -------- Display first generation. --------Gen0=`echo ${initial[@]}`display "$Gen0"   # Display only.echo; echoecho "Generation $generation  -  $alive alive" sleep $DELAY# -------------------------------------------let "generation += 1" # Bump generation count.echo# ------- Display second generation. -------Cur=`echo ${initial[@]}`next_gen "$Cur"  # Update & display.sleep $DELAY# ------------------------------------------let "generation += 1" # Increment generation count.# ------ Main loop for displaying subsequent generations ------while [ "$generation" -le "$GENERATIONS" ]do  Cur="$avar"   next_gen "$Cur"   let "generation += 1"   sleep $DELAYdone# ==============================================================echo# }exit 0   # CEOF:EOF# The grid in this script has a "boundary problem." # The the top, bottom, and sides border on a void of dead cells.# Exercise: Change the script to have the grid wrap around,# + so that the left and right sides will "touch,"  # + as will the top and bottom.## Exercise: Create a new "gen0" file to seed this script.#   Use a 12 x 16 grid, instead of the original 10 x 10 one.#   Make the necessary changes to the script,#+  so it will run with the altered file.## Exercise: Modify this script so that it can determine the grid size#+  from the "gen0" file, and set any variables necessary#+  for the script to run.#   This would make unnecessary any changes to variables#+  in the script for an altered grid size.## Exercise: Optimize this script.#   It has redundant code.

# gen0## This is an example "generation 0" start-up file for "life.sh".# --------------------------------------------------------------#  The "gen0" file is a 10 x 10 grid using a period (.) for live cells,#+ and an underscore (_) for dead ones. We cannot simply use spaces#+ for dead cells in this file because of a peculiarity in Bash arrays.#  [Exercise for the reader: explain this.]## Lines beginning with a '#' are comments, and the script ignores them.__.__.._____.._.________.___.._._______.____._____..__..._______.________...______.._..____..___..__

#! /bin/sh#  Strips off the header from a mail/News message i.e. till the first#+ empty line.#  Author: Mark Moraes, University of Toronto# ==> These comments added by author of this document.if [ $# -eq 0 ]; then# ==> If no command-line args present, then works on file redirected to stdin.sed -e '1,/^$/d' -e '/^[ ]*$/d'# --> Delete empty lines and all lines until # --> first one beginning with white space.else# ==> If command-line args present, then work on files named.for i dosed -e '1,/^$/d' -e '/^[ ]*$/d' $i# --> Ditto, as above.donefiexit# ==> Exercise: Add error checking and other options.# ==># ==> Note that the small sed script repeats, except for the arg passed.# ==> Does it make sense to embed it in a function? Why or why not?/* * Copyright University of Toronto 1988, 1989. * Written by Mark Moraes * * Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose on * any computer system, and to alter it and redistribute it freely, subject * to the following restrictions: * * 1. The author and the University of Toronto are not responsible  * for the consequences of use of this software, no matter how awful,  * even if they arise from flaws in it. * * 2. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented, either by * explicit claim or by omission.  Since few users ever read sources, * credits must appear in the documentation. * * 3. Altered versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be * misrepresented as being the original software.  Since few users * ever read sources, credits must appear in the documentation. * * 4. This notice may not be removed or altered. */

#!/bin/bash###  Random password generator for Bash 2.x +#+ by Antek Sawicki <[email protected]>,#+ who generously gave usage permission to the ABS Guide author.## ==> Comments added by document author ==>MATRIX="0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz" # ==> Password will consist of alphanumeric characters.LENGTH="8" # ==> May change 'LENGTH' for longer password.while [ "${n:=1}" -le "$LENGTH" ]# ==> Recall that := is "default substitution" operator.# ==> So, if 'n' has not been initialized, set it to 1.doPASS="$PASS${MATRIX:$(($RANDOM%${#MATRIX})):1}" # ==> Very clever, but tricky.# ==> Starting from the innermost nesting...# ==> ${#MATRIX} returns length of array MATRIX.# ==> $RANDOM%${#MATRIX} returns random number between 1# ==> and [length of MATRIX] - 1.# ==> ${MATRIX:$(($RANDOM%${#MATRIX})):1}# ==> returns expansion of MATRIX at random position, by length 1. # ==> See {var:pos:len} parameter substitution in Chapter 9.# ==> and the associated examples.# ==> PASS=... simply pastes this result onto previous PASS (concatenation).# ==> To visualize this more clearly, uncomment the following line# echo "$PASS" # ==> to see PASS being built up,# ==> one character at a time, each iteration of the loop.let n+=1# ==> Increment 'n' for next pass.doneecho "$PASS"  # ==> Or, redirect to a file, as desired.exit 0

#!/bin/bash# ==> Script by James R. Van Zandt, and used here with his permission.# ==> Comments added by author of this document. HERE=`uname -n` # ==> hostname  THERE=bilbo  echo "starting remote backup to $THERE at `date +%r`"   # ==> `date +%r` returns time in 12-hour format, i.e. "08:08:34 PM". # make sure /pipe really is a pipe and not a plain file  rm -rf /pipe  mkfifo /pipe   # ==> Create a "named pipe", named "/pipe" ... # ==> 'su xyz' runs commands as user "xyz".  # ==> 'ssh' invokes secure shell (remote login client).  su xyz -c "ssh $THERE "cat > /home/xyz/backup/${HERE}-daily.tar.gz" < /pipe"&  cd /  tar -czf - bin boot dev etc home info lib man root sbin share usr var > /pipe  # ==> Uses named pipe, /pipe, to communicate between processes:  # ==> 'tar/gzip' writes to /pipe and 'ssh' reads from /pipe.  # ==> The end result is this backs up the main directories, from / on down.  # ==>  What are the advantages of a "named pipe" in this situation,  # ==>+ as opposed to an "anonymous pipe", with |?  # ==>  Will an anonymous pipe even work here?  # ==>  Is it necessary to delete the pipe before exiting the script?  # ==>  How could that be done?  exit 0

#!/bin/bash# primes.sh: Generate prime numbers, without using arrays.# Script contributed by Stephane Chazelas.#  This does *not* use the classic "Sieve of Eratosthenes" algorithm,#+ but instead the more intuitive method of testing each candidate number#+ for factors (divisors), using the "%" modulo operator.LIMIT=1000 # Primes, 2 ... 1000.Primes(){ (( n = $1 + 1 )) # Bump to next integer. shift # Next parameter in list.#  echo "_n=$n i=$i_"   if (( n == LIMIT )) then echo $* return fi for i; do # "i" set to "@", previous values of $n.#   echo "-n=$n i=$i-" (( i * i > n )) && break   # Optimization.   (( n % i )) && continue # Sift out non-primes using modulo operator.   Primes $n $@   # Recursion inside loop.   return   done   Primes $n $@ $n #  Recursion outside loop.  #  Successively accumulate  #+ positional parameters.  #  "$@" is the accumulating list of primes.}Primes 1exit $?# Pipe output of the script to 'fmt' for prettier printing.#  Uncomment lines 16 and 24 to help figure out what is going on.#  Compare the speed of this algorithm for generating primes#+ with the Sieve of Eratosthenes (ex68.sh).#  Exercise: Rewrite this script without recursion.

#!/bin/bash# tree.sh#  Written by Rick Boivie.#  Used with permission.#  This is a revised and simplified version of a script#+ by Jordi Sanfeliu (the original author), and patched by Ian Kjos.#  This script replaces the earlier version used in#+ previous releases of the Advanced Bash Scripting Guide.#  Copyright (c) 2002, by Jordi Sanfeliu, Rick Boivie, and Ian Kjos.# ==> Comments added by the author of this document.search () {for dir in `echo *`#  ==> `echo *` lists all the files in current working directory,#+ ==> without line breaks.#  ==> Similar effect to for dir in *#  ==> but "dir in `echo *`" will not handle filenames with blanks.do  if [ -d "$dir" ] ; then # ==> If it is a directory (-d)...  zz=0 # ==> Temp variable, keeping track of  # directory level.  while [ $zz != $1 ] # Keep track of inner nested loop. do  echo -n "| " # ==> Display vertical connector symbol,  # ==> with 2 spaces & no line feed  # in order to indent.  zz=`expr $zz + 1`   # ==> Increment zz. done if [ -L "$dir" ] ; then # ==> If directory is a symbolic link...  echo "+---$dir" `ls -l $dir | sed 's/^.*'$dir' //'`  # ==> Display horiz. connector and list directory name, but...  # ==> delete date/time part of long listing. else  echo "+---$dir"   # ==> Display horizontal connector symbol...  # ==> and print directory name.  numdirs=`expr $numdirs + 1` # ==> Increment directory count.  if cd "$dir" ; then # ==> If can move to subdirectory... search `expr $1 + 1`  # with recursion ;-) # ==> Function calls itself. cd ..  fi fi  fidone}if [ $# != 0 ] ; then  cd $1   # Move to indicated directory.  #else   # stay in current directoryfiecho "Initial directory = `pwd`" numdirs=0search 0echo "Total directories = $numdirs" exit 0

#!/bin/bash# tree2.sh# Lightly modified/reformatted by ABS Guide author.# Included in ABS Guide with permission of script author (thanks!).## Recursive file/dirsize checking script, by Patsie#### This script builds a list of files/directories and their size (du -akx)## and processes this list to a human readable tree shape## The 'du -akx' is only as good as the permissions the owner has.## So preferably run as root* to get the best results, or use only on## directories for which you have read permissions. Anything you can't## read is not in the list.#* ABS Guide author advises caution when running scripts as root!##########  THIS IS CONFIGURABLE  ##########TOP=5   # Top 5 biggest (sub)directories.MAXRECURS=5 # Max 5 subdirectories/recursions deep.E_BL=80 # Blank line already returned.E_DIR=81 # Directory not specified.##########  DON'T CHANGE ANYTHING BELOW THIS LINE  ##########PID=$$ # Our own process ID.SELF=`basename $0` # Our own program name.TMP="/tmp/${SELF}.${PID}.tmp" # Temporary 'du' result.# Convert number to dotted thousand.function dot { echo " $*" |   sed -e :a -e 's/(.*[0-9])([0-9]{3})/1,2/;ta' |   tail -c 12; }# Usage: tree <recursion> <indent prefix> <min size> <directory>function tree {  recurs="$1"   # How deep nested are we?  prefix="$2"   # What do we display before file/dirname?  minsize="$3"  # What is the minumum file/dirsize?  dirname="$4"  # Which directory are we checking?# Get ($TOP) biggest subdirs/subfiles from TMP file.  LIST=`egrep "[[:space:]]${dirname}/[^/]*$" "$TMP" | awk '{if($1>'$minsize') print;}' | sort -nr | head -$TOP`  [ -z "$LIST" ] && return # Empty list, then go back.  cnt=0  num=`echo "$LIST" | wc -l`  # How many entries in the list.  ## Main loop  echo "$LIST" | while read size name; do ((cnt+=1))  # Count entry number. bname=`basename "$name"`  # We only need a basename of the entry. [ -d "$name" ] && bname="$bname/"   # If it's a directory, append a slash. echo "`dot $size`$prefix +-$bname"   # Display the result. #  Call ourself recursively if it's a directory #+ and we're not nested too deep ($MAXRECURS). #  The recursion goes up: $((recurs+1)) #  The prefix gets a space if it's the last entry, #+ or a pipe if there are more entries. #  The minimum file/dirsize becomes #+ a tenth of his parent: $((size/10)). # Last argument is the full directory name to check. if [ -d "$name" -a $recurs -lt $MAXRECURS ]; then  [ $cnt -lt $num ] || (tree $((recurs+1)) "$prefix  " $((size/10)) "$name") && (tree $((recurs+1)) "$prefix |" $((size/10)) "$name") fi  done  [ $? -eq 0 ] && echo "   $prefix"   # Every time we jump back add a 'blank' line.  return $E_BL  # We return 80 to tell we added a blank line already.}### ######  main program  ###### ###rootdir="$@" [ -d "$rootdir" ] ||  { echo "$SELF: Usage: $SELF <directory>" >&2; exit $E_DIR; }  # We should be called with a directory name.echo "Building inventory list, please wait ..."  # Show "please wait" message.du -akx "$rootdir" 1>"$TMP" 2>/dev/null # Build a temporary list of all files/dirs and their size.size=`tail -1 "$TMP" | awk '{print $1}'` # What is our rootdirectory's size?echo "`dot $size` $rootdir"  # Display rootdirectory's entry.tree 0 "" 0 "$rootdir"  # Display the tree below our rootdirectory.rm "$TMP" 2>/dev/null # Clean up TMP file.exit $?

#!/bin/bash# string.bash --- bash emulation of string(3) library routines# Author: Noah Friedman <[email protected]># ==> Used with his kind permission in this document.# Created: 1992-07-01# Last modified: 1993-09-29# Public domain# Conversion to bash v2 syntax done by Chet Ramey# Commentary:# Code:#:docstring strcat:# Usage: strcat s1 s2## Strcat appends the value of variable s2 to variable s1. ## Example:# a="foo" # b="bar" # strcat a b# echo $a# => foobar##:end docstring:###;autoload   ==> Autoloading of function commented out.function strcat (){ local s1_val s2_val s1_val=${!1} # indirect variable expansion s2_val=${!2} eval "$1"='"${s1_val}${s2_val}"' # ==> eval $1='${s1_val}${s2_val}' avoids problems, # ==> if one of the variables contains a single quote.}#:docstring strncat:# Usage: strncat s1 s2 $n# # Line strcat, but strncat appends a maximum of n characters from the value# of variable s2.  It copies fewer if the value of variabl s2 is shorter# than n characters.  Echoes result on stdout.## Example:# a=foo# b=barbaz# strncat a b 3# echo $a# => foobar##:end docstring:###;autoloadfunction strncat (){ local s1="$1" local s2="$2" local -i n="$3" local s1_val s2_val s1_val=${!s1}   # ==> indirect variable expansion s2_val=${!s2} if [ ${#s2_val} -gt ${n} ]; then   s2_val=${s2_val:0:$n} # ==> substring extraction fi eval "$s1"='"${s1_val}${s2_val}"' # ==> eval $1='${s1_val}${s2_val}' avoids problems, # ==> if one of the variables contains a single quote.}#:docstring strcmp:# Usage: strcmp $s1 $s2## Strcmp compares its arguments and returns an integer less than, equal to,# or greater than zero, depending on whether string s1 is lexicographically# less than, equal to, or greater than string s2.#:end docstring:###;autoloadfunction strcmp (){ [ "$1" = "$2" ] && return 0 [ "${1}" '<' "${2}" ] > /dev/null && return -1 return 1}#:docstring strncmp:# Usage: strncmp $s1 $s2 $n# # Like strcmp, but makes the comparison by examining a maximum of n# characters (n less than or equal to zero yields equality).#:end docstring:###;autoloadfunction strncmp (){ if [ -z "${3}" -o "${3}" -le "0" ]; then   return 0 fi   if [ ${3} -ge ${#1} -a ${3} -ge ${#2} ]; then   strcmp "$1" "$2" return $? else   s1=${1:0:$3}   s2=${2:0:$3}   strcmp $s1 $s2   return $? fi}#:docstring strlen:# Usage: strlen s## Strlen returns the number of characters in string literal s.#:end docstring:###;autoloadfunction strlen (){ eval echo "${#${1}}" # ==> Returns the length of the value of the variable # ==> whose name is passed as an argument.}#:docstring strspn:# Usage: strspn $s1 $s2# # Strspn returns the length of the maximum initial segment of string s1,# which consists entirely of characters from string s2.#:end docstring:###;autoloadfunction strspn (){ # Unsetting IFS allows whitespace to be handled as normal chars. local IFS= local result="${1%%[!${2}]*}"  echo ${#result}}#:docstring strcspn:# Usage: strcspn $s1 $s2## Strcspn returns the length of the maximum initial segment of string s1,# which consists entirely of characters not from string s2.#:end docstring:###;autoloadfunction strcspn (){ # Unsetting IFS allows whitspace to be handled as normal chars. local IFS= local result="${1%%[${2}]*}"  echo ${#result}}#:docstring strstr:# Usage: strstr s1 s2# # Strstr echoes a substring starting at the first occurrence of string s2 in# string s1, or nothing if s2 does not occur in the string.  If s2 points to# a string of zero length, strstr echoes s1.#:end docstring:###;autoloadfunction strstr (){ # if s2 points to a string of zero length, strstr echoes s1 [ ${#2} -eq 0 ] && { echo "$1" ; return 0; } # strstr echoes nothing if s2 does not occur in s1 case "$1" in *$2*) ; *) return 1; esac # use the pattern matching code to strip off the match and everything # following it first=${1/$2*/} # then strip off the first unmatched portion of the string echo "${1##$first}" }#:docstring strtok:# Usage: strtok s1 s2## Strtok considers the string s1 to consist of a sequence of zero or more# text tokens separated by spans of one or more characters from the# separator string s2.  The first call (with a non-empty string s1# specified) echoes a string consisting of the first token on stdout. The# function keeps track of its position in the string s1 between separate# calls, so that subsequent calls made with the first argument an empty# string will work through the string immediately following that token.  In# this way subsequent calls will work through the string s1 until no tokens# remain.  The separator string s2 may be different from call to call.# When no token remains in s1, an empty value is echoed on stdout.#:end docstring:###;autoloadfunction strtok (){ :}#:docstring strtrunc:# Usage: strtrunc $n $s1 {$s2} {$...}## Used by many functions like strncmp to truncate arguments for comparison.# Echoes the first n characters of each string s1 s2 ... on stdout. #:end docstring:###;autoloadfunction strtrunc (){ n=$1 ; shift for z; do echo "${z:0:$n}" done}# provide string# string.bash ends here# ========================================================================== ## ==> Everything below here added by the document author.# ==> Suggested use of this script is to delete everything below here,# ==> and "source" this file into your own scripts.# strcatstring0=onestring1=twoechoecho "Testing "strcat" function:" echo "Original "string0" = $string0" echo ""string1" = $string1" strcat string0 string1echo "New "string0" = $string0" echo# strlenechoecho "Testing "strlen" function:" str=123456789echo ""str" = $str" echo -n "Length of "str" = " strlen strecho# Exercise:# --------# Add code to test all the other string functions above.exit 0

#! /bin/bash# directory-info.sh# Parses and lists directory information.# NOTE: Change lines 273 and 353 per "README" file.# Michael Zick is the author of this script.# Used here with his permission.# Controls# If overridden by command arguments, they must be in the order:#   Arg1: "Descriptor Directory" #   Arg2: "Exclude Paths" #   Arg3: "Exclude Directories" ## Environment Settings override Defaults.# Command arguments override Environment Settings.# Default location for content addressed file descriptors.MD5UCFS=${1:-${MD5UCFS:-'/tmpfs/ucfs'}}# Directory paths never to list or enterdeclare -a   EXCLUDE_PATHS=${2:-${EXCLUDE_PATHS:-'(/proc /dev /devfs /tmpfs)'}}# Directories never to list or enterdeclare -a   EXCLUDE_DIRS=${3:-${EXCLUDE_DIRS:-'(ucfs lost+found tmp wtmp)'}}# Files never to list or enterdeclare -a   EXCLUDE_FILES=${3:-${EXCLUDE_FILES:-'(core "Name with Spaces")'}}# Here document used as a comment block.: <<LSfieldsDoc# # # # # List Filesystem Directory Information # # # # ###ListDirectory "FileGlob" "Field-Array-Name" # or#ListDirectory -of "FileGlob" "Field-Array-Filename" #'-of' meaning 'output to filename'# # # # #String format description based on: ls (GNU fileutils) version 4.0.36Produces a line (or more) formatted:inode permissions hard-links owner group ...32736 -rw------- 1 mszick   mszicksize day month date hh:mm:ss year path2756608 Sun Apr 20 08:53:06 2003 /home/mszick/coreUnless it is formatted:inode permissions hard-links owner group ...266705 crw-rw---- 1 root  uucpmajor minor day month date hh:mm:ss year path4,  68 Sun Apr 20 09:27:33 2003 /dev/ttyS4NOTE: that pesky comma after the major numberNOTE: the 'path' may be multiple fields:/home/mszick/core/proc/982/fd/0 -> /dev/null/proc/982/fd/1 -> /home/mszick/.xsession-errors/proc/982/fd/13 -> /tmp/tmpfZVVOCs (deleted)/proc/982/fd/7 -> /tmp/kde-mszick/ksycoca/proc/982/fd/8 -> socket:[11586]/proc/982/fd/9 -> pipe:[11588]If that isn't enough to keep your parser guessing,either or both of the path components may be relative:../Built-Shared -> Built-Static../linux-2.4.20.tar.bz2 -> ../../../SRCS/linux-2.4.20.tar.bz2The first character of the 11 (10?) character permissions field:'s' Socket'd' Directory'b' Block device'c' Character device'l' Symbolic linkNOTE: Hard links not marked - test for identical inode numberson identical filesystems.All information about hard linked files are shared, exceptfor the names and the name's location in the directory system.NOTE: A "Hard link" is known as a "File Alias" on some systems.'-' An undistingushed fileFollowed by three groups of letters for: User, Group, OthersCharacter 1: '-' Not readable; 'r' ReadableCharacter 2: '-' Not writable; 'w' WritableCharacter 3, User and Group: Combined execute and special'-' Not Executable, Not Special'x' Executable, Not Special's' Executable, Special'S' Not Executable, SpecialCharacter 3, Others: Combined execute and sticky (tacky?)'-' Not Executable, Not Tacky'x' Executable, Not Tacky't' Executable, Tacky'T' Not Executable, TackyFollowed by an access indicatorHaven't tested this one, it may be the eleventh characteror it may generate another field' ' No alternate access'+' Alternate accessLSfieldsDocListDirectory(){local -a Tlocal -i of=0# Default return in variable#OLD_IFS=$IFS# Using BASH default ' 'case "$#" in3)case "$1" in-of)of=1 ; shift ; * )return 1 ;esac ;2): ;# Poor man's "continue" *)return 1 ;esac# NOTE: the (ls) command is NOT quoted (")T=( $(ls --inode --ignore-backups --almost-all --directory --full-time --color=none --time=status --sort=none --format=long $1) )case $of in# Assign T back to the array whose name was passed as $20) eval $2=( "${T[@]}" ) ;# Write T into filename passed as $21) echo "${T[@]}" > "$2" ;esacreturn 0   }# # # # # Is that string a legal number? # # # # ###IsNumber "Var" # # # # # There has to be a better way, sigh...IsNumber(){local -i intif [ $# -eq 0 ]thenreturn 1else(let int=$1)  2>/dev/nullreturn $?# Exit status of the let threadfi}# # # # # Index Filesystem Directory Information # # # # ###IndexList "Field-Array-Name" "Index-Array-Name" # or#IndexList -if Field-Array-Filename Index-Array-Name#IndexList -of Field-Array-Name Index-Array-Filename#IndexList -if -of Field-Array-Filename Index-Array-Filename# # # # #: <<IndexListDocWalk an array of directory fields produced by ListDirectoryHaving suppressed the line breaks in an otherwise line orientedreport, build an index to the array element which starts each line.Each line gets two index entries, the first element of each line(inode) and the element that holds the pathname of the file.The first index entry pair (Line-Number==0) are informational:Index-Array-Name[0] : Number of "Lines" indexedIndex-Array-Name[1] : "Current Line" pointer into Index-Array-NameThe following index pairs (if any) hold element indexes intothe Field-Array-Name per:Index-Array-Name[Line-Number * 2] : The "inode" field element.NOTE: This distance may be either +11 or +12 elements.Index-Array-Name[(Line-Number * 2) + 1] : The "pathname" element.NOTE: This distance may be a variable number of elements.Next line index pair for Line-Number+1.IndexListDocIndexList(){local -a LIST# Local of listname passedlocal -a -i INDEX=( 0 0 )# Local of index to returnlocal -i Lidx Lcntlocal -i if=0 of=0# Default to variable namescase "$#" in# Simplistic option testing0) return 1 ;1) return 1 ;2) : ;# Poor man's continue3) case "$1" in-if) if=1 ;-of) of=1 ; * ) return 1 ;   esac ; shift ;4) if=1 ; of=1 ; shift ; shift ;*) return 1esac# Make local copy of listcase "$if" in0) eval LIST=( "${$1[@]}" ) ;1) LIST=( $(cat $1) ) ;esac# Grok (grope?) the arrayLcnt=${#LIST[@]}Lidx=0until (( Lidx >= Lcnt ))doif IsNumber ${LIST[$Lidx]}thenlocal -i inode namelocal ftinode=Lidxlocal m=${LIST[$Lidx+2]}# Hard Links fieldft=${LIST[$Lidx+1]:0:1} # Fast-Statcase $ft inb)((Lidx+=12)) ;# Block devicec)((Lidx+=12)) ;# Character device*)((Lidx+=11)) ;# Anything elseesacname=Lidxcase $ft in-)((Lidx+=1)) ;# The easy oneb)((Lidx+=1)) ;# Block devicec)((Lidx+=1)) ;# Character deviced)((Lidx+=1)) ;# The other easy onel)((Lidx+=3)) ;# At LEAST two more fields#  A little more elegance here would handle pipes,#+ sockets, deleted files - later.*)until IsNumber ${LIST[$Lidx]} || ((Lidx >= Lcnt))do((Lidx+=1))done;# Not requiredesacINDEX[${#INDEX[*]}]=$inodeINDEX[${#INDEX[*]}]=$nameINDEX[0]=${INDEX[0]}+1# One more "line" found# echo "Line: ${INDEX[0]} Type: $ft Links: $m Inode: # ${LIST[$inode]} Name: ${LIST[$name]}" else((Lidx+=1))fidonecase "$of" in0) eval $2=( "${INDEX[@]}" ) ;1) echo "${INDEX[@]}" > "$2" ;esacreturn 0# What could go wrong?}# # # # # Content Identify File # # # # ###DigestFile Input-Array-Name Digest-Array-Name# or#DigestFile -if Input-FileName Digest-Array-Name# # # # ## Here document used as a comment block.: <<DigestFilesDocThe key (no pun intended) to a Unified Content File System (UCFS)is to distinguish the files in the system based on their content.Distinguishing files by their name is just so 20th Century.The content is distinguished by computing a checksum of that content.This version uses the md5sum program to generate a 128 bit checksumrepresentative of the file's contents.There is a chance that two files having different content mightgenerate the same checksum using md5sum (or any checksum).  Shouldthat become a problem, then the use of md5sum can be replace by acyrptographic signature.  But until then...The md5sum program is documented as outputting three fields (and itdoes), but when read it appears as two fields (array elements).  Thisis caused by the lack of whitespace between the second and third field.So this function gropes the md5sum output and returns:[0]32 character checksum in hexidecimal (UCFS filename)[1]Single character: ' ' text file, '*' binary file[2]Filesystem (20th Century Style) nameNote: That name may be the character '-' indicating STDIN read.DigestFilesDocDigestFile(){local if=0# Default, variable namelocal -a T1 T2case "$#" in3)case "$1" in-if)if=1 ; shift ; * )return 1 ;esac ;2): ;# Poor man's "continue" *)return 1 ;esaccase $if in0) eval T1=( "${$1[@]}" )   T2=( $(echo ${T1[@]} | md5sum -) )   ;1) T2=( $(md5sum $1) )   ;esaccase ${#T2[@]} in0) return 1 ;1) return 1 ;2) case ${T2[1]:0:1} in# SanScrit-2.0.5   *) T2[${#T2[@]}]=${T2[1]:1}   T2[1]=*   ; *) T2[${#T2[@]}]=${T2[1]}   T2[1]=" " ;   esac   ;3) : ; # Assume it worked*) return 1 ;esaclocal -i len=${#T2[0]}if [ $len -ne 32 ] ; then return 1 ; fieval $2=( "${T2[@]}" )}# # # # # Locate File # # # # ###LocateFile [-l] FileName Location-Array-Name# or#LocateFile [-l] -of FileName Location-Array-FileName# # # # ## A file location is Filesystem-id and inode-number# Here document used as a comment block.: <<StatFieldsDocBased on stat, version 2.2stat -t and stat -lt fields[0]name[1]Total sizeFile - number of bytesSymbolic link - string length of pathname[2]Number of (512 byte) blocks allocated[3]File type and Access rights (hex)[4]User ID of owner[5]Group ID of owner[6]Device number[7]Inode number[8]Number of hard links[9]Device type (if inode device) Major[10]Device type (if inode device) Minor[11]Time of last accessMay be disabled in 'mount' with noatimeatime of files changed by exec, read, pipe, utime, mknod (mmap?)atime of directories changed by addition/deletion of files[12]Time of last modificationmtime of files changed by write, truncate, utime, mknodmtime of directories changed by addtition/deletion of files[13]Time of last changectime reflects time of changed inode information (owner, grouppermissions, link count-*-*- Per:Return code: 0Size of array: 14Contents of arrayElement 0: /home/mszickElement 1: 4096Element 2: 8Element 3: 41e8Element 4: 500Element 5: 500Element 6: 303Element 7: 32385Element 8: 22Element 9: 0Element 10: 0Element 11: 1051221030Element 12: 1051214068Element 13: 1051214068For a link in the form of linkname -> realnamestat -t  linkname returns the linkname (link) informationstat -lt linkname returns the realname informationstat -tf and stat -ltf fields[0]name[1]ID-0?# Maybe someday, but Linux stat structure[2]ID-0?# does not have either LABEL nor UUID# fields, currently information must come# from file-system specific utilitiesThese will be munged into:[1]UUID if possible[2]Volume Label if possibleNote: 'mount -l' does return the label and could return the UUID[3]Maximum length of filenames[4]Filesystem type[5]Total blocks in the filesystem[6]Free blocks[7]Free blocks for non-root user(s)[8]Block size of the filesystem[9]Total inodes[10]Free inodes-*-*- Per:Return code: 0Size of array: 11Contents of arrayElement 0: /home/mszickElement 1: 0Element 2: 0Element 3: 255Element 4: ef53Element 5: 2581445Element 6: 2277180Element 7: 2146050Element 8: 4096Element 9: 1311552Element 10: 1276425StatFieldsDoc#LocateFile [-l] FileName Location-Array-Name#LocateFile [-l] -of FileName Location-Array-FileNameLocateFile(){local -a LOC LOC1 LOC2local lk="" of=0case "$#" in0) return 1 ;1) return 1 ;2) : ;*) while (( "$#" > 2 ))   do  case "$1" in   -l) lk=-1 ;  -of) of=1 ; *) return 1 ;  esac   shift   done ;esac# More Sanscrit-2.0.5  # LOC1=( $(stat -t $lk $1) )  # LOC2=( $(stat -tf $lk $1) )  # Uncomment above two lines if system has "stat" command installed.LOC=( ${LOC1[@]:0:1} ${LOC1[@]:3:11}  ${LOC2[@]:1:2} ${LOC2[@]:4:1} )case "$of" in0) eval $2=( "${LOC[@]}" ) ;1) echo "${LOC[@]}" > "$2" ;esacreturn 0# Which yields (if you are lucky, and have "stat" installed)# -*-*- Location Discriptor -*-*-#Return code: 0#Size of array: 15#Contents of array#Element 0: /home/mszick20th Century name#Element 1: 41e8Type and Permissions#Element 2: 500User#Element 3: 500Group#Element 4: 303Device#Element 5: 32385inode#Element 6: 22Link count#Element 7: 0Device Major#Element 8: 0Device Minor#Element 9: 1051224608Last Access#Element 10: 1051214068Last Modify#Element 11: 1051214068Last Status#Element 12: 0UUID (to be)#Element 13: 0Volume Label (to be)#Element 14: ef53Filesystem type}# And then there was some test codeListArray() # ListArray Name{local -a Taeval Ta=( "${$1[@]}" )echoecho "-*-*- List of Array -*-*-" echo "Size of array $1: ${#Ta[*]}" echo "Contents of array $1:" for (( i=0 ; i<${#Ta[*]} ; i++ ))do echo -e "Element $i: ${Ta[$i]}" donereturn 0}declare -a CUR_DIR# For small arraysListDirectory "${PWD}" CUR_DIRListArray CUR_DIRdeclare -a DIR_DIGDigestFile CUR_DIR DIR_DIGecho "The new "name" (checksum) for ${CUR_DIR[9]} is ${DIR_DIG[0]}" declare -a DIR_ENT# BIG_DIR # For really big arrays - use a temporary file in ramdisk# BIG-DIR # ListDirectory -of "${CUR_DIR[11]}/*" "/tmpfs/junk2" ListDirectory "${CUR_DIR[11]}/*" DIR_ENTdeclare -a DIR_IDX# BIG-DIR # IndexList -if "/tmpfs/junk2" DIR_IDXIndexList DIR_ENT DIR_IDXdeclare -a IDX_DIG# BIG-DIR # DIR_ENT=( $(cat /tmpfs/junk2) )# BIG-DIR # DigestFile -if /tmpfs/junk2 IDX_DIGDigestFile DIR_ENT IDX_DIG# Small (should) be able to parallize IndexList & DigestFile# Large (should) be able to parallize IndexList & DigestFile & the assignmentecho "The "name" (checksum) for the contents of ${PWD} is ${IDX_DIG[0]}" declare -a FILE_LOCLocateFile ${PWD} FILE_LOCListArray FILE_LOCexit 0

# Hash:# Hash function library# Author: Mariusz Gniazdowski <mariusz.gn-at-gmail.com># Date: 2005-04-07# Functions making emulating hashes in Bash a little less painful.# Limitations:#  * Only global variables are supported.#  * Each hash instance generates one global variable per value.#  * Variable names collisions are possible#+   if you define variable like __hash__hashname_key#  * Keys must use chars that can be part of a Bash variable name#+   (no dashes, periods, etc.).#  * The hash is created as a variable:# ... hashname_keyname# So if somone will create hashes like:#  myhash_ + mykey = myhash__mykey#  myhash + _mykey = myhash__mykey# Then there will be a collision.# (This should not pose a major problem.)Hash_config_varname_prefix=__hash__# Emulates:  hash[key]=value## Params:# 1 - hash# 2 - key# 3 - valuefunction hash_set {eval "${Hash_config_varname_prefix}${1}_${2}="${3}"" }# Emulates:  value=hash[key]## Params:# 1 - hash# 2 - key# 3 - value (name of global variable to set)function hash_get_into {eval "$3="$${Hash_config_varname_prefix}${1}_${2}"" }# Emulates:  echo hash[key]## Params:# 1 - hash# 2 - key# 3 - echo params (like -n, for example)function hash_echo {eval "echo $3 "$${Hash_config_varname_prefix}${1}_${2}"" }# Emulates:  hash1[key1]=hash2[key2]## Params:# 1 - hash1# 2 - key1# 3 - hash2# 4 - key2function hash_copy {eval "${Hash_config_varname_prefix}${1}_${2}="$${Hash_config_varname_prefix}${3}_${4}"" }# Emulates:  hash[keyN-1]=hash[key2]=...hash[key1]## Copies first key to rest of keys.## Params:# 1 - hash1# 2 - key1# 3 - key2# . . .# N - keyNfunction hash_dup {  local hashName="$1" keyName="$2"   shift 2  until [ ${#} -le 0 ]; do eval "${Hash_config_varname_prefix}${hashName}_${1}="$${Hash_config_varname_prefix}${hashName}_${keyName}""   shift;  done;}# Emulates:  unset hash[key]## Params:# 1 - hash# 2 - keyfunction hash_unset {eval "unset ${Hash_config_varname_prefix}${1}_${2}" }# Emulates something similar to:  ref=&hash[key]## The reference is name of the variable in which value is held.## Params:# 1 - hash# 2 - key# 3 - ref - Name of global variable to set.function hash_get_ref_into {eval "$3="${Hash_config_varname_prefix}${1}_${2}"" }# Emulates something similar to:  echo &hash[key]## That reference is name of variable in which value is held.## Params:# 1 - hash# 2 - key# 3 - echo params (like -n for example)function hash_echo_ref {eval "echo $3 "${Hash_config_varname_prefix}${1}_${2}"" }# Emulates something similar to:  $$hash[key](param1, param2, ...)## Params:# 1 - hash# 2 - key# 3,4, ... - Function parametersfunction hash_call {  local hash key  hash=$1  key=$2  shift 2  eval "eval "$${Hash_config_varname_prefix}${hash}_${key} "$@""" }# Emulates something similar to:  isset(hash[key]) or hash[key]==NULL## Params:# 1 - hash# 2 - key# Returns:# 0 - there is such key# 1 - there is no such keyfunction hash_is_set {  eval "if [[ "${${Hash_config_varname_prefix}${1}_${2}-a}" = "a" &&   "${${Hash_config_varname_prefix}${1}_${2}-b}" = "b" ]] then return 1; else return 0; fi" }# Emulates something similar to:#   foreach($hash as $key => $value) { fun($key,$value); }## It is possible to write different variations of this function.# Here we use a function call to make it as "generic" as possible.## Params:# 1 - hash# 2 - function namefunction hash_foreach {  local keyname oldIFS="$IFS"   IFS=' '  for i in $(eval "echo ${!${Hash_config_varname_prefix}${1}_*}"); do keyname=$(eval "echo ${i##${Hash_config_varname_prefix}${1}_}") eval "$2 $keyname "$$i""   doneIFS="$oldIFS" }#  NOTE: In lines 103 and 116, ampersand changed.#  But, it doesn't matter, because these are comment lines anyhow.

#!/bin/bash# hash-example.sh: Colorizing text.# Author: Mariusz Gniazdowski <mariusz.gn-at-gmail.com>. Hash.lib  # Load the library of functions.hash_set colors red  "33[0;31m" hash_set colors blue "33[0;34m" hash_set colors light_blue   "33[1;34m" hash_set colors light_red "33[1;31m" hash_set colors cyan "33[0;36m" hash_set colors light_green  "33[1;32m" hash_set colors light_gray   "33[0;37m" hash_set colors green "33[0;32m" hash_set colors yellow   "33[1;33m" hash_set colors light_purple "33[1;35m" hash_set colors purple   "33[0;35m" hash_set colors reset_color  "33[0;00m" # $1 - keyname# $2 - valuetry_colors() {echo -en "$2" echo "This line is $1." }hash_foreach colors try_colorshash_echo colors reset_color -enecho -e 'Let us overwrite some colors with yellow.'# It's hard to read yellow text on some terminals.hash_dup colors yellow   red light_green blue green light_gray cyanhash_foreach colors try_colorshash_echo colors reset_color -enecho -e 'Let us delete them and try colors once more . . .'for i in red light_green blue green light_gray cyan; dohash_unset colors $idonehash_foreach colors try_colorshash_echo colors reset_color -enhash_set other txt "Other examples . . ." hash_echo other txthash_get_into other txt textecho $texthash_set other my_fun try_colorshash_call other my_fun   purple "`hash_echo colors purple`" hash_echo colors reset_color -enecho; echo "Back to normal?"; echoexit $?#  On some terminals, the "light" colors print in bold,#  and end up looking darker than the normal ones.#  Why is this?

#!/bin/bash# $Id: ha.sh,v 1.2 2005/04/21 23:24:26 oliver Exp $# Copyright 2005 Oliver Beckstein# Released under the GNU Public License# Author of script granted permission for inclusion in ABS Guide.# (Thank you!)#----------------------------------------------------------------# pseudo hash based on indirect parameter expansion# API: access through functions:# # create the hash:#  #  newhash Lovers## add entries (note single quotes for spaces)# #  addhash Lovers Tristan Isolde#  addhash Lovers 'Romeo Montague' 'Juliet Capulet'## access value by key##  gethash Lovers Tristan   ---->  Isolde## show all keys##  keyshash Lovers ----> 'Tristan'  'Romeo Montague'### Convention: instead of perls' foo{bar} = boing' syntax,# use#   '_foo_bar=boing' (two underscores, no spaces)## 1) store key   in _NAME_keys[]# 2) store value in _NAME_values[] using the same integer index# The integer index for the last entry is _NAME_ptr## NOTE: No error or sanity checks, just bare bones.function _inihash () { # private function # call at the beginning of each procedure # defines: _keys _values _ptr # # Usage: _inihash NAME local name=$1 _keys=_${name}_keys _values=_${name}_values _ptr=_${name}_ptr}function newhash () { # Usage: newhash NAME # NAME should not contain spaces or dots. # Actually: it must be a legal name for a Bash variable. # We rely on Bash automatically recognising arrays. local name=$1 local _keys _values _ptr _inihash ${name} eval ${_ptr}=0}function addhash () { # Usage: addhash NAME KEY 'VALUE with spaces' # arguments with spaces need to be quoted with single quotes '' local name=$1 k="$2" v="$3" local _keys _values _ptr _inihash ${name} #echo "DEBUG(addhash): ${_ptr}=${!_ptr}" eval let ${_ptr}=${_ptr}+1 eval "$_keys[${!_ptr}]="${k}"" eval "$_values[${!_ptr}]="${v}"" }function gethash () { #  Usage: gethash NAME KEY # Returns boing # ERR=0 if entry found, 1 otherwise #  That's not a proper hash -- #+ we simply linearly search through the keys. local name=$1 key="$2" local _keys _values _ptr local k v i found h _inihash ${name} # _ptr holds the highest index in the hash found=0 for i in $(seq 1 ${!_ptr}); doh="${${_keys}[${i}]}"  #  Safer to do it in two steps,eval k=${h} #+ especially when quoting for spaces.if [ "${k}" = "${key}" ]; then found=1; break; fi done; [ ${found} = 0 ] && return 1; # else: i is the index that matches the key h="${${_values}[${i}]}" eval echo "${h}" return 0;}function keyshash () { # Usage: keyshash NAME # Returns list of all keys defined for hash name. local name=$1 key="$2" local _keys _values _ptr local k i h _inihash ${name} # _ptr holds the highest index in the hash for i in $(seq 1 ${!_ptr}); doh="${${_keys}[${i}]}"   #  Safer to do it in two steps,eval k=${h}  #+ especially when quoting for spaces.echo -n "'${k}' " done;}# -----------------------------------------------------------------------# Now, let's test it.# (Per comments at the beginning of the script.)newhash Loversaddhash Lovers Tristan Isoldeaddhash Lovers 'Romeo Montague' 'Juliet Capulet'# Output results.echogethash Lovers Tristan  # Isoldeechokeyshash Lovers # 'Tristan' 'Romeo Montague'echo; echoexit 0# Exercise:# --------# Add error checks to the functions.

#!/bin/bash# ==> usb.sh# ==> Script for mounting and installing pen/keychain USB storage devices.# ==> Runs as root at system startup (see below).# ==># ==> Newer Linux distros (2004 or later) autodetect# ==> and install USB pen drives, and therefore don't need this script.# ==> But, it's still instructive. #  This code is free software covered by GNU GPL license version 2 or above.#  Please refer to http://www.gnu.org/ for the full license text.##  Some code lifted from usb-mount by Michael Hamilton's usb-mount (LGPL)#+ see http://users.actrix.co.nz/michael/usbmount.html##  INSTALL#  -------#  Put this in /etc/hotplug/usb/diskonkey.#  Then look in /etc/hotplug/usb.distmap, and copy all usb-storage entries#+ into /etc/hotplug/usb.usermap, substituting "usb-storage" for "diskonkey".#  Otherwise this code is only run during the kernel module invocation/removal#+ (at least in my tests), which defeats the purpose.##  TODO#  ----#  Handle more than one diskonkey device at one time (e.g. /dev/diskonkey1#+ and /mnt/diskonkey1), etc. The biggest problem here is the handling in#+ devlabel, which I haven't yet tried.##  AUTHOR and SUPPORT#  ------------------#  Konstantin Riabitsev, <icon linux duke edu>.#  Send any problem reports to my email address at the moment.## ==> Comments added by ABS Guide author.SYMLINKDEV=/dev/diskonkeyMOUNTPOINT=/mnt/diskonkeyDEVLABEL=/sbin/devlabelDEVLABELCONFIG=/etc/sysconfig/devlabelIAM=$0### Functions lifted near-verbatim from usb-mount code.#function allAttachedScsiUsb {  find /proc/scsi/ -path '/proc/scsi/usb-storage*' -type f |  xargs grep -l 'Attached: Yes'}function scsiDevFromScsiUsb {  echo $1 | awk -F"[-/]" '{ n=$(NF-1);  print "/dev/sd" substr("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz", n+1, 1) }'}if [ "${ACTION}" = "add" ] && [ -f "${DEVICE}" ]; then ## # lifted from usbcam code. # if [ -f /var/run/console.lock ]; then CONSOLEOWNER=`cat /var/run/console.lock` elif [ -f /var/lock/console.lock ]; then CONSOLEOWNER=`cat /var/lock/console.lock` else CONSOLEOWNER= fi for procEntry in $(allAttachedScsiUsb); do scsiDev=$(scsiDevFromScsiUsb $procEntry) #  Some bug with usb-storage? #  Partitions are not in /proc/partitions until they are accessed #+ somehow. /sbin/fdisk -l $scsiDev >/dev/null ## #  Most devices have partitioning info, so the data would be on #+ /dev/sd?1. However, some stupider ones don't have any partitioning #+ and use the entire device for data storage. This tries to #+ guess semi-intelligently if we have a /dev/sd?1 and if not, then #+ it uses the entire device and hopes for the better. # if grep -q `basename $scsiDev`1 /proc/partitions; then part="$scsiDev""1" else part=$scsiDev fi ## #  Change ownership of the partition to the console user so they can #+ mount it. # if [ ! -z "$CONSOLEOWNER" ]; then chown $CONSOLEOWNER:disk $part fi ## # This checks if we already have this UUID defined with devlabel. # If not, it then adds the device to the list. # prodid=`$DEVLABEL printid -d $part` if ! grep -q $prodid $DEVLABELCONFIG; then # cross our fingers and hope it works $DEVLABEL add -d $part -s $SYMLINKDEV 2>/dev/null fi ## # Check if the mount point exists and create if it doesn't. # if [ ! -e $MOUNTPOINT ]; then mkdir -p $MOUNTPOINT fi ## # Take care of /etc/fstab so mounting is easy. # if ! grep -q "^$SYMLINKDEV" /etc/fstab; then # Add an fstab entry echo -e "$SYMLINKDEV$MOUNTPOINTautonoauto,owner,kudzu 0 0" >> /etc/fstab fi done if [ ! -z "$REMOVER" ]; then ## # Make sure this script is triggered on device removal. # mkdir -p `dirname $REMOVER` ln -s $IAM $REMOVER fielif [ "${ACTION}" = "remove" ]; then ## # If the device is mounted, unmount it cleanly. # if grep -q "$MOUNTPOINT" /etc/mtab; then # unmount cleanly umount -l $MOUNTPOINT fi ## # Remove it from /etc/fstab if it's there. # if grep -q "^$SYMLINKDEV" /etc/fstab; then grep -v "^$SYMLINKDEV" /etc/fstab > /etc/.fstab.new mv -f /etc/.fstab.new /etc/fstab fifiexit 0

#!/bin/bash# tohtml.sh [v. 0.2.01, reldate: 04/13/12, a teeny bit less buggy]# Convert a text file to HTML format.# Author: Mendel Cooper# License: GPL3# Usage: sh tohtml.sh < textfile > htmlfile# Script can easily be modified to accept source and target filenames.# Assumptions:# 1) Paragraphs in (target) text file are separated by a blank line.# 2) Jpeg images (*.jpg) are located in "images" subdirectory.# In the target file, the image names are enclosed in square brackets,# for example, [image01.jpg].# 3) Emphasized (italic) phrases begin with a space+underscore#+   or the first character on the line is an underscore,#+   and end with an underscore+space or underscore+end-of-line.# SettingsFNTSIZE=2 # Small-medium font sizeIMGDIR="images"  # Image directory# HeadersHDR01='<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">'HDR02='<!-- Converted to HTML by ***tohtml.sh*** script -->'HDR03='<!-- script author: M. Leo Cooper <[email protected]> -->'HDR10='<html>'HDR11='<head>'HDR11a='</head>'HDR12a='<title>'HDR12b='</title>'HDR121='<META name="GENERATOR" CONTENT="tohtml.sh script">'HDR13='<body bgcolor="#dddddd">'   # Change background color to suit.HDR14a='<font size='HDR14b='>'# FootersFTR10='</body>'FTR11='</html>'# TagsBOLD="<b>" CENTER="<center>" END_CENTER="</center>" LF="<br>" write_headers ()  {  echo "$HDR01"   echo  echo "$HDR02"   echo "$HDR03"   echo  echo  echo "$HDR10"   echo "$HDR11"   echo "$HDR121"   echo "$HDR11a"   echo "$HDR13"   echo  echo -n "$HDR14a"   echo -n "$FNTSIZE"   echo "$HDR14b"   echo  echo "$BOLD" # Everything in bold (more easily readable).  }process_text ()  {  while read line # Read one line at a time.  do { if [ ! "$line" ]  # Blank line? then  # Then new paragraph must follow.  echo  echo "$LF"  # Insert two <br> tags.  echo "$LF"   echo  continue # Skip the underscore test. else  # Otherwise . . .  if [[ "$line" =~ "[*jpg]" ]]  # Is a graphic?  then # Strip away brackets. temp=$( echo "$line" | sed -e 's/[//' -e 's/]//' ) line=""$CENTER" <img src=""$IMGDIR"/$temp"> "$END_CENTER" "   # Add image tag.  # And, center it.  fi fi echo "$line" | grep -q _ if [ "$?" -eq 0 ] # If line contains underscore ... then  # ===================================================  # Convert underscored phrase to italics.  temp=$( echo "$line" |  sed -e 's/ _/ <i>/' -e 's/_/</i> /' |  sed -e 's/^_/<i>/'  -e 's/_/</i>/' )  #  Process only underscores prefixed by space,  #+ or at beginning or end of line.  #  Do not convert underscores embedded within a word!  line="$temp"   # Slows script execution. Can be optimized?  # =================================================== fi   #   echo echo "$line" #   echo#   Don't want extra blank lines in generated text! } # End while  done  }   # End process_text ()write_footers ()  # Termination tags.  {  echo "$FTR10"   echo "$FTR11"   }# main () {# =========write_headersprocess_textwrite_footers# =========# }exit $?#  Exercises:#  ---------#  1) Fixup: Check for closing underscore before a comma or period.#  2) Add a test for the presence of a closing underscore#+ in phrases to be italicized.

#!/bin/bash# archiveweblogs.sh v1.0# Troy Engel <[email protected]># Slightly modified by document author.# Used with permission.##  This script will preserve the normally rotated and#+ thrown away weblogs from a default RedHat/Apache installation.#  It will save the files with a date/time stamp in the filename,#+ bzipped, to a given directory.##  Run this from crontab nightly at an off hour,#+ as bzip2 can suck up some serious CPU on huge logs:#  0 2 * * * /opt/sbin/archiveweblogs.shPROBLEM=66# Set this to your backup dir.BKP_DIR=/opt/backups/weblogs# Default Apache/RedHat stuffLOG_DAYS="4 3 2 1" LOG_DIR=/var/log/httpdLOG_FILES="access_log error_log" # Default RedHat program locationsLS=/bin/lsMV=/bin/mvID=/usr/bin/idCUT=/bin/cutCOL=/usr/bin/columnBZ2=/usr/bin/bzip2# Are we root?USER=`$ID -u`if [ "X$USER" != "X0" ]; then  echo "PANIC: Only root can run this script!"   exit $PROBLEMfi# Backup dir exists/writable?if [ ! -x $BKP_DIR ]; then  echo "PANIC: $BKP_DIR doesn't exist or isn't writable!"   exit $PROBLEMfi# Move, rename and bzip2 the logsfor logday in $LOG_DAYS; do  for logfile in $LOG_FILES; do MYFILE="$LOG_DIR/$logfile.$logday" if [ -w $MYFILE ]; then  DTS=`$LS -lgo --time-style=+%Y%m%d $MYFILE | $COL -t | $CUT -d ' ' -f7`  $MV $MYFILE $BKP_DIR/$logfile.$DTS  $BZ2 $BKP_DIR/$logfile.$DTS else  # Only spew an error if the file exits (ergo non-writable).  if [ -f $MYFILE ]; then echo "ERROR: $MYFILE not writable. Skipping."   fi fi  donedoneexit 0

#! /bin/bash# protect_literal.sh# set -vx:<<-'_Protect_Literal_String_Doc' Copyright (c) Michael S. Zick, 2003; All Rights Reserved License: Unrestricted reuse in any form, for any purpose. Warranty: None Revision: $ID$ Documentation redirected to the Bash no-operation. Bash will '/dev/null' this block when the script is first read. (Uncomment the above set command to see this action.) Remove the first (Sha-Bang) line when sourcing this as a library procedure.  Also comment out the example use code in the two places where shown. Usage: _protect_literal_str 'Whatever string meets your ${fancy}' Just echos the argument to standard out, hard quotes restored. $(_protect_literal_str 'Whatever string meets your ${fancy}') as the right-hand-side of an assignment statement. Does: As the right-hand-side of an assignment, preserves the hard quotes protecting the contents of the literal during assignment. Notes: The strange names (_*) are used to avoid trampling on the user's chosen names when this is sourced as a library._Protect_Literal_String_Doc# The 'for illustration' function form_protect_literal_str() {# Pick an un-used, non-printing character as local IFS.# Not required, but shows that we are ignoring it. local IFS=$'x1B'   # ESC character# Enclose the All-Elements-Of in hard quotes during assignment. local tmp=$'x27'$@$'x27'# local tmp=$'''$@$''' # Even uglier. local len=${#tmp}   # Info only. echo $tmp is $len long. # Output AND information.}# This is the short-named version._pls() { local IFS=$'x1B' # ESC character (not required) echo $'x27'$@$'x27'   # Hard quoted parameter glob}# :<<-'_Protect_Literal_String_Test'# # # Remove the above "# " to disable this code. # # ## See how that looks when printed.echoecho "- - Test One - -" _protect_literal_str 'Hello $user'_protect_literal_str 'Hello "${username}"'echo# Which yields:# - - Test One - -# 'Hello $user' is 13 long.# 'Hello "${username}"' is 21 long.#  Looks as expected, but why all of the trouble?#  The difference is hidden inside the Bash internal order#+ of operations.#  Which shows when you use it on the RHS of an assignment.# Declare an array for test values.declare -a arrayZ# Assign elements with various types of quotes and escapes.arrayZ=( zero "$(_pls 'Hello ${Me}')" 'Hello ${You}' "'Pass: ${pw}'" )# Now list that array and see what is there.echo "- - Test Two - -" for (( i=0 ; i<${#arrayZ[*]} ; i++ ))do echo  Element $i: ${arrayZ[$i]} is: ${#arrayZ[$i]} long.doneecho# Which yields:# - - Test Two - -# Element 0: zero is: 4 long.   # Our marker element# Element 1: 'Hello ${Me}' is: 13 long. # Our "$(_pls '...' )" # Element 2: Hello ${You} is: 12 long.  # Quotes are missing# Element 3: 'Pass: ' is: 10 long. # ${pw} expanded to nothing# Now make an assignment with that result.declare -a array2=( ${arrayZ[@]} )# And print what happened.echo "- - Test Three - -" for (( i=0 ; i<${#array2[*]} ; i++ ))do echo  Element $i: ${array2[$i]} is: ${#array2[$i]} long.doneecho# Which yields:# - - Test Three - -# Element 0: zero is: 4 long.   # Our marker element.# Element 1: Hello ${Me} is: 11 long.   # Intended result.# Element 2: Hello is: 5 long.  # ${You} expanded to nothing.# Element 3: 'Pass: is: 6 long. # Split on the whitespace.# Element 4: ' is: 1 long.  # The end quote is here now.#  Our Element 1 has had its leading and trailing hard quotes stripped.#  Although not shown, leading and trailing whitespace is also stripped.#  Now that the string contents are set, Bash will always, internally,#+ hard quote the contents as required during its operations.#  Why?#  Considering our "$(_pls 'Hello ${Me}')" construction:#  " ... " -> Expansion required, strip the quotes.#  $( ... ) -> Replace with the result of..., strip this.#  _pls ' ... ' -> called with literal arguments, strip the quotes.#  The result returned includes hard quotes; BUT the above processing#+ has already been done, so they become part of the value assigned.##  Similarly, during further usage of the string variable, the ${Me}#+ is part of the contents (result) and survives any operations#  (Until explicitly told to evaluate the string).#  Hint: See what happens when the hard quotes ($'x27') are replaced#+ with soft quotes ($'x22') in the above procedures.#  Interesting also is to remove the addition of any quoting.# _Protect_Literal_String_Test# # # Remove the above "# " to disable this code. # # #exit 0

#! /bin/bash# unprotect_literal.sh# set -vx:<<-'_UnProtect_Literal_String_Doc' Copyright (c) Michael S. Zick, 2003; All Rights Reserved License: Unrestricted reuse in any form, for any purpose. Warranty: None Revision: $ID$ Documentation redirected to the Bash no-operation. Bash will '/dev/null' this block when the script is first read. (Uncomment the above set command to see this action.) Remove the first (Sha-Bang) line when sourcing this as a library procedure.  Also comment out the example use code in the two places where shown. Usage: Complement of the "$(_pls 'Literal String')" function. (See the protect_literal.sh example.) StringVar=$(_upls ProtectedSringVariable) Does: When used on the right-hand-side of an assignment statement; makes the substitions embedded in the protected string. Notes: The strange names (_*) are used to avoid trampling on the user's chosen names when this is sourced as a library._UnProtect_Literal_String_Doc_upls() { local IFS=$'x1B' # ESC character (not required) eval echo $@ # Substitution on the glob.}# :<<-'_UnProtect_Literal_String_Test'# # # Remove the above "# " to disable this code. # # #_pls() { local IFS=$'x1B' # ESC character (not required) echo $'x27'$@$'x27'   # Hard quoted parameter glob}# Declare an array for test values.declare -a arrayZ# Assign elements with various types of quotes and escapes.arrayZ=( zero "$(_pls 'Hello ${Me}')" 'Hello ${You}' "'Pass: ${pw}'" )# Now make an assignment with that result.declare -a array2=( ${arrayZ[@]} )# Which yielded:# - - Test Three - -# Element 0: zero is: 4 long # Our marker element.# Element 1: Hello ${Me} is: 11 long # Intended result.# Element 2: Hello is: 5 long   # ${You} expanded to nothing.# Element 3: 'Pass: is: 6 long  # Split on the whitespace.# Element 4: ' is: 1 long   # The end quote is here now.# set -vx#  Initialize 'Me' to something for the embedded ${Me} substitution.#  This needs to be done ONLY just prior to evaluating the#+ protected string.#  (This is why it was protected to begin with.)Me="to the array guy." # Set a string variable destination to the result.newVar=$(_upls ${array2[1]})# Show what the contents are.echo $newVar# Do we really need a function to do this?newerVar=$(eval echo ${array2[1]})echo $newerVar#  I guess not, but the _upls function gives us a place to hang#+ the documentation on.#  This helps when we forget what a # construction like:#+ $(eval echo ... ) means.# What if Me isn't set when the protected string is evaluated?unset MenewestVar=$(_upls ${array2[1]})echo $newestVar# Just gone, no hints, no runs, no errors.#  Why in the world?#  Setting the contents of a string variable containing character#+ sequences that have a meaning in Bash is a general problem in#+ script programming.##  This problem is now solved in eight lines of code#+ (and four pages of description).#  Where is all this going?#  Dynamic content Web pages as an array of Bash strings.#  Content set per request by a Bash 'eval' command#+ on the stored page template.#  Not intended to replace PHP, just an interesting thing to do.####  Don't have a webserver application?#  No problem, check the example directory of the Bash source;#+ there is a Bash script for that also.# _UnProtect_Literal_String_Test# # # Remove the above "# " to disable this code. # # #exit 0

#!/bin/bash# $Id: is_spammer.bash,v 1.12.2.11 2004/10/01 21:42:33 mszick Exp $# Above line is RCS info.# The latest version of this script is available from http://www.morethan.org.## Spammer-identification# by Michael S. Zick# Used in the ABS Guide with permission.######################################################## Documentation# See also "Quickstart" at end of script.#######################################################:<<-'__is_spammer_Doc_' Copyright (c) Michael S. Zick, 2004 License: Unrestricted reuse in any form, for any purpose. Warranty: None -{Its a script; the user is on their own.}-Impatient? Application code: goto "# # # Hunt the Spammer' program code # # #" Example output: ":<<-'_is_spammer_outputs_'" How to use: Enter script name without arguments. Or goto "Quickstart" at end of script.Provides Given a domain name or IP(v4) address as input: Does an exhaustive set of queries to find the associated network resources (short of recursing into TLDs). Checks the IP(v4) addresses found against Blacklist nameservers. If found to be a blacklisted IP(v4) address, reports the blacklist text records. (Usually hyper-links to the specific report.)Requires A working Internet connection. (Exercise: Add check and/or abort if not on-line when running script.) Bash with arrays (2.05b+). The external program 'dig' -- a utility program provided with the 'bind' set of programs. Specifically, the version which is part of Bind series 9.x See: http://www.isc.org All usages of 'dig' are limited to wrapper functions, which may be rewritten as required. See: dig_wrappers.bash for details. ("Additional documentation" -- below)Usage Script requires a single argument, which may be: 1) A domain name; 2) An IP(v4) address; 3) A filename, with one name or address per line. Script accepts an optional second argument, which may be: 1) A Blacklist server name; 2) A filename, with one Blacklist server name per line. If the second argument is not provided, the script uses a built-in set of (free) Blacklist servers. See also, the Quickstart at the end of this script (after 'exit').Return Codes 0 - All OK 1 - Script failure 2 - Something is BlacklistedOptional environment variables SPAMMER_TRACE If set to a writable file, script will log an execution flow trace. SPAMMER_DATA If set to a writable file, script will dump its discovered data in the form of GraphViz file. See: http://www.research.att.com/sw/tools/graphviz SPAMMER_LIMIT Limits the depth of resource tracing. Default is 2 levels. A setting of 0 (zero) means 'unlimited' . . .  Caution: script might recurse the whole Internet! A limit of 1 or 2 is most useful when processing a file of domain names and addresses. A higher limit can be useful when hunting spam gangs.Additional documentation Download the archived set of scripts explaining and illustrating the function contained within this script. http://bash.deta.in/mszick_clf.tar.bz2Study notes This script uses a large number of functions. Nearly all general functions have their own example script. Each of the example scripts have tutorial level comments.Scripting project Add support for IP(v6) addresses. IP(v6) addresses are recognized but not processed.Advanced project Add the reverse lookup detail to the discovered information. Report the delegation chain and abuse contacts. Modify the GraphViz file output to include the newly discovered information.__is_spammer_Doc_########################################################### Special IFS settings used for string parsing. ##### Whitespace == :Space:Tab:Line Feed:Carriage Return:WSP_IFS=$'x20'$'x09'$'x0A'$'x0D'# No Whitespace == Line Feed:Carriage ReturnNO_WSP=$'x0A'$'x0D'# Field separator for dotted decimal IP addressesADR_IFS=${NO_WSP}'.'# Array to dotted string conversionsDOT_IFS='.'${WSP_IFS}# # # Pending operations stack machine # # ## This set of functions described in func_stack.bash.# (See "Additional documentation" above.)# # ## Global stack of pending operations.declare -f -a _pending_# Global sentinel for stack runnersdeclare -i _p_ctrl_# Global holder for currently executing functiondeclare -f _pend_current_# # # Debug version only - remove for regular use # # ### The function stored in _pend_hook_ is called# immediately before each pending function is# evaluated.  Stack clean, _pend_current_ set.## This thingy demonstrated in pend_hook.bash.declare -f _pend_hook_# # ## The do nothing functionpend_dummy() { : ; }# Clear and initialize the function stack.pend_init() { unset _pending_[@] pend_func pend_stop_mark _pend_hook_='pend_dummy'  # Debug only.}# Discard the top function on the stack.pend_pop() { if [ ${#_pending_[@]} -gt 0 ] then local -i _top_ _top_=${#_pending_[@]}-1 unset _pending_[$_top_] fi}# pend_func function_name [$(printf '%q' arguments)]pend_func() { local IFS=${NO_WSP} set -f _pending_[${#_pending_[@]}]=$@ set +f}# The function which stops the release:pend_stop_mark() { _p_ctrl_=0}pend_mark() { pend_func pend_stop_mark}# Execute functions until 'pend_stop_mark' . . .pend_release() { local -i _top_ # Declare _top_ as integer. _p_ctrl_=${#_pending_[@]} while [ ${_p_ctrl_} -gt 0 ] do   _top_=${#_pending_[@]}-1   _pend_current_=${_pending_[$_top_]}   unset _pending_[$_top_]   $_pend_hook_ # Debug only.   eval $_pend_current_ done}# Drop functions until 'pend_stop_mark' . . .pend_drop() { local -i _top_ local _pd_ctrl_=${#_pending_[@]} while [ ${_pd_ctrl_} -gt 0 ] do   _top_=$_pd_ctrl_-1   if [ "${_pending_[$_top_]}" == 'pend_stop_mark' ]   then   unset _pending_[$_top_]   break   else   unset _pending_[$_top_]   _pd_ctrl_=$_top_   fi done if [ ${#_pending_[@]} -eq 0 ] then pend_func pend_stop_mark fi}#### Array editors ##### This function described in edit_exact.bash.# (See "Additional documentation," above.)# edit_exact <excludes_array_name> <target_array_name>edit_exact() { [ $# -eq 2 ] || [ $# -eq 3 ] || return 1 local -a _ee_Excludes local -a _ee_Target local _ee_x local _ee_t local IFS=${NO_WSP} set -f eval _ee_Excludes=( ${$1[@]} ) eval _ee_Target=( ${$2[@]} ) local _ee_len=${#_ee_Target[@]} # Original length. local _ee_cnt=${#_ee_Excludes[@]}   # Exclude list length. [ ${_ee_len} -ne 0 ] || return 0 # Can't edit zero length. [ ${_ee_cnt} -ne 0 ] || return 0 # Can't edit zero length. for (( x = 0; x < ${_ee_cnt} ; x++ )) do _ee_x=${_ee_Excludes[$x]} for (( n = 0 ; n < ${_ee_len} ; n++ )) do _ee_t=${_ee_Target[$n]} if [ x"${_ee_t}" == x"${_ee_x}" ] then unset _ee_Target[$n] # Discard match. [ $# -eq 2 ] && break # If 2 arguments, then done. fi done done eval $2=( ${_ee_Target[@]} ) set +f return 0}# This function described in edit_by_glob.bash.# edit_by_glob <excludes_array_name> <target_array_name>edit_by_glob() { [ $# -eq 2 ] || [ $# -eq 3 ] || return 1 local -a _ebg_Excludes local -a _ebg_Target local _ebg_x local _ebg_t local IFS=${NO_WSP} set -f eval _ebg_Excludes=( ${$1[@]} ) eval _ebg_Target=( ${$2[@]} ) local _ebg_len=${#_ebg_Target[@]} local _ebg_cnt=${#_ebg_Excludes[@]} [ ${_ebg_len} -ne 0 ] || return 0 [ ${_ebg_cnt} -ne 0 ] || return 0 for (( x = 0; x < ${_ebg_cnt} ; x++ )) do _ebg_x=${_ebg_Excludes[$x]} for (( n = 0 ; n < ${_ebg_len} ; n++ )) do [ $# -eq 3 ] && _ebg_x=${_ebg_x}'*'  #  Do prefix edit if [ ${_ebg_Target[$n]:=} ]  #+ if defined & set. then _ebg_t=${_ebg_Target[$n]/#${_ebg_x}/} [ ${#_ebg_t} -eq 0 ] && unset _ebg_Target[$n] fi done done eval $2=( ${_ebg_Target[@]} ) set +f return 0}# This function described in unique_lines.bash.# unique_lines <in_name> <out_name>unique_lines() { [ $# -eq 2 ] || return 1 local -a _ul_in local -a _ul_out local -i _ul_cnt local -i _ul_pos local _ul_tmp local IFS=${NO_WSP} set -f eval _ul_in=( ${$1[@]} ) _ul_cnt=${#_ul_in[@]} for (( _ul_pos = 0 ; _ul_pos < ${_ul_cnt} ; _ul_pos++ )) do if [ ${_ul_in[${_ul_pos}]:=} ]  # If defined & not empty then _ul_tmp=${_ul_in[${_ul_pos}]} _ul_out[${#_ul_out[@]}]=${_ul_tmp} for (( zap = _ul_pos ; zap < ${_ul_cnt} ; zap++ )) do [ ${_ul_in[${zap}]:=} ] && [ 'x'${_ul_in[${zap}]} == 'x'${_ul_tmp} ] && unset _ul_in[${zap}] done fi done eval $2=( ${_ul_out[@]} ) set +f return 0}# This function described in char_convert.bash.# to_lower <string>to_lower() { [ $# -eq 1 ] || return 1 local _tl_out _tl_out=${1//A/a} _tl_out=${_tl_out//B/b} _tl_out=${_tl_out//C/c} _tl_out=${_tl_out//D/d} _tl_out=${_tl_out//E/e} _tl_out=${_tl_out//F/f} _tl_out=${_tl_out//G/g} _tl_out=${_tl_out//H/h} _tl_out=${_tl_out//I/i} _tl_out=${_tl_out//J/j} _tl_out=${_tl_out//K/k} _tl_out=${_tl_out//L/l} _tl_out=${_tl_out//M/m} _tl_out=${_tl_out//N/n} _tl_out=${_tl_out//O/o} _tl_out=${_tl_out//P/p} _tl_out=${_tl_out//Q/q} _tl_out=${_tl_out//R/r} _tl_out=${_tl_out//S/s} _tl_out=${_tl_out//T/t} _tl_out=${_tl_out//U/u} _tl_out=${_tl_out//V/v} _tl_out=${_tl_out//W/w} _tl_out=${_tl_out//X/x} _tl_out=${_tl_out//Y/y} _tl_out=${_tl_out//Z/z} echo ${_tl_out} return 0}#### Application helper functions ##### Not everybody uses dots as separators (APNIC, for example).# This function described in to_dot.bash# to_dot <string>to_dot() { [ $# -eq 1 ] || return 1 echo ${1//[#|@|%]/.} return 0}# This function described in is_number.bash.# is_number <input>is_number() { [ "$#" -eq 1 ] || return 1  # is blank? [ x"$1" == 'x0' ] && return 0  # is zero? local -i tst let tst=$1 2>/dev/null # else is numeric! return $?}# This function described in is_address.bash.# is_address <input>is_address() { [ $# -eq 1 ] || return 1 # Blank ==> false local -a _ia_input local IFS=${ADR_IFS} _ia_input=( $1 ) if  [ ${#_ia_input[@]} -eq 4 ]  && is_number ${_ia_input[0]}   && is_number ${_ia_input[1]}   && is_number ${_ia_input[2]}   && is_number ${_ia_input[3]}   && [ ${_ia_input[0]} -lt 256 ] && [ ${_ia_input[1]} -lt 256 ] && [ ${_ia_input[2]} -lt 256 ] && [ ${_ia_input[3]} -lt 256 ] then return 0 else return 1 fi}#  This function described in split_ip.bash.#  split_ip <IP_address>#+ <array_name_norm> [<array_name_rev>]split_ip() { [ $# -eq 3 ] ||  #  Either three [ $# -eq 2 ] || return 1 #+ or two arguments local -a _si_input local IFS=${ADR_IFS} _si_input=( $1 ) IFS=${WSP_IFS} eval $2=( ${_si_input[@]} ) if [ $# -eq 3 ] then # Build query order array. local -a _dns_ip _dns_ip[0]=${_si_input[3]} _dns_ip[1]=${_si_input[2]} _dns_ip[2]=${_si_input[1]} _dns_ip[3]=${_si_input[0]} eval $3=( ${_dns_ip[@]} ) fi return 0}# This function described in dot_array.bash.# dot_array <array_name>dot_array() { [ $# -eq 1 ] || return 1 # Single argument required. local -a _da_input eval _da_input=( ${$1[@]} ) local IFS=${DOT_IFS} local _da_output=${_da_input[@]} IFS=${WSP_IFS} echo ${_da_output} return 0}# This function described in file_to_array.bash# file_to_array <file_name> <line_array_name>file_to_array() { [ $# -eq 2 ] || return 1  # Two arguments required. local IFS=${NO_WSP} local -a _fta_tmp_ _fta_tmp_=( $(cat $1) ) eval $2=( ${_fta_tmp_[@]} ) return 0}#  Columnized print of an array of multi-field strings.#  col_print <array_name> <min_space> <#+ tab_stop [tab_stops]>col_print() { [ $# -gt 2 ] || return 0 local -a _cp_inp local -a _cp_spc local -a _cp_line local _cp_min local _cp_mcnt local _cp_pos local _cp_cnt local _cp_tab local -i _cp local -i _cpf local _cp_fld # WARNING: FOLLOWING LINE NOT BLANK -- IT IS QUOTED SPACES. local _cp_max=' ' set -f local IFS=${NO_WSP} eval _cp_inp=( ${$1[@]} ) [ ${#_cp_inp[@]} -gt 0 ] || return 0 # Empty is easy. _cp_mcnt=$2 _cp_min=${_cp_max:1:${_cp_mcnt}} shift shift _cp_cnt=$# for (( _cp = 0 ; _cp < _cp_cnt ; _cp++ )) do _cp_spc[${#_cp_spc[@]}]="${_cp_max:2:$1}" #" shift done _cp_cnt=${#_cp_inp[@]} for (( _cp = 0 ; _cp < _cp_cnt ; _cp++ )) do _cp_pos=1 IFS=${NO_WSP}$'x20' _cp_line=( ${_cp_inp[${_cp}]} ) IFS=${NO_WSP} for (( _cpf = 0 ; _cpf < ${#_cp_line[@]} ; _cpf++ )) do _cp_tab=${_cp_spc[${_cpf}]:${_cp_pos}} if [ ${#_cp_tab} -lt ${_cp_mcnt} ] then _cp_tab="${_cp_min}" fi echo -n "${_cp_tab}" (( _cp_pos = ${_cp_pos} + ${#_cp_tab} )) _cp_fld="${_cp_line[${_cpf}]}" echo -n ${_cp_fld} (( _cp_pos = ${_cp_pos} + ${#_cp_fld} )) done echo done set +f return 0}# # # # 'Hunt the Spammer' data flow # # # ## Application return codedeclare -i _hs_RC# Original input, from which IP addresses are removed# After which, domain names to checkdeclare -a uc_name# Original input IP addresses are moved here# After which, IP addresses to checkdeclare -a uc_address# Names against which address expansion run# Ready for name detail lookupdeclare -a chk_name# Addresses against which name expansion run# Ready for address detail lookupdeclare -a chk_address#  Recursion is depth-first-by-name.#  The expand_input_address maintains this list#+ to prohibit looking up addresses twice during#+ domain name recursion.declare -a been_there_addrbeen_there_addr=( '127.0.0.1' ) # Whitelist localhost# Names which we have checked (or given up on)declare -a known_name# Addresses which we have checked (or given up on)declare -a known_address#  List of zero or more Blacklist servers to check.#  Each 'known_address' will be checked against each server,#+ with negative replies and failures suppressed.declare -a list_server# Indirection limit - set to zero == no limitindirect=${SPAMMER_LIMIT:=2}# # # # 'Hunt the Spammer' information output data # # # ## Any domain name may have multiple IP addresses.# Any IP address may have multiple domain names.# Therefore, track unique address-name pairs.declare -a known_pairdeclare -a reverse_pair#  In addition to the data flow variables; known_address#+ known_name and list_server, the following are output to the#+ external graphics interface file.# Authority chain, parent -> SOA fields.declare -a auth_chain# Reference chain, parent name -> child namedeclare -a ref_chain# DNS chain - domain name -> addressdeclare -a name_address# Name and service pairs - domain name -> servicedeclare -a name_srvc# Name and resource pairs - domain name -> Resource Recorddeclare -a name_resource# Parent and Child pairs - parent name -> child name# This MAY NOT be the same as the ref_chain followed!declare -a parent_child# Address and Blacklist hit pairs - address->serverdeclare -a address_hits# Dump interface file datadeclare -f _dot_dump_dot_dump=pend_dummy   # Initially a no-op#  Data dump is enabled by setting the environment variable SPAMMER_DATA#+ to the name of a writable file.declare _dot_file# Helper function for the dump-to-dot-file function# dump_to_dot <array_name> <prefix>dump_to_dot() { local -a _dda_tmp local -i _dda_cnt local _dda_form=' '${2}'%04u %s' local IFS=${NO_WSP} eval _dda_tmp=( ${$1[@]} ) _dda_cnt=${#_dda_tmp[@]} if [ ${_dda_cnt} -gt 0 ] then for (( _dda = 0 ; _dda < _dda_cnt ; _dda++ )) do printf "${_dda_form}" "${_dda}" "${_dda_tmp[${_dda}]}" >>${_dot_file} done fi}# Which will also set _dot_dump to this function . . .dump_dot() { local -i _dd_cnt echo '# Data vintage: '$(date -R) >${_dot_file} echo '# ABS Guide: is_spammer.bash; v2, 2004-msz' >>${_dot_file} echo >>${_dot_file} echo 'digraph G {' >>${_dot_file} if [ ${#known_name[@]} -gt 0 ] then echo >>${_dot_file} echo '# Known domain name nodes' >>${_dot_file} _dd_cnt=${#known_name[@]} for (( _dd = 0 ; _dd < _dd_cnt ; _dd++ )) do printf ' N%04u [label="%s"] ;' "${_dd}" "${known_name[${_dd}]}" >>${_dot_file} done fi if [ ${#known_address[@]} -gt 0 ] then echo >>${_dot_file} echo '# Known address nodes' >>${_dot_file} _dd_cnt=${#known_address[@]} for (( _dd = 0 ; _dd < _dd_cnt ; _dd++ )) do printf ' A%04u [label="%s"] ;' "${_dd}" "${known_address[${_dd}]}" >>${_dot_file} done fi echo   >>${_dot_file} echo '/*'  >>${_dot_file} echo ' * Known relationships :: User conversion to'  >>${_dot_file} echo ' * graphic form by hand or program required.'  >>${_dot_file} echo ' *'  >>${_dot_file} if [ ${#auth_chain[@]} -gt 0 ] then  echo >>${_dot_file}  echo '# Authority ref. edges followed & field source.' >>${_dot_file} dump_to_dot auth_chain AC fi if [ ${#ref_chain[@]} -gt 0 ] then echo >>${_dot_file} echo '# Name ref. edges followed and field source.' >>${_dot_file} dump_to_dot ref_chain RC fi if [ ${#name_address[@]} -gt 0 ] then echo >>${_dot_file} echo '# Known name->address edges' >>${_dot_file} dump_to_dot name_address NA fi if [ ${#name_srvc[@]} -gt 0 ] then echo >>${_dot_file} echo '# Known name->service edges' >>${_dot_file} dump_to_dot name_srvc NS fi if [ ${#name_resource[@]} -gt 0 ] then echo >>${_dot_file} echo '# Known name->resource edges' >>${_dot_file} dump_to_dot name_resource NR fi if [ ${#parent_child[@]} -gt 0 ] then echo >>${_dot_file} echo '# Known parent->child edges' >>${_dot_file} dump_to_dot parent_child PC fi if [ ${#list_server[@]} -gt 0 ] then echo >>${_dot_file} echo '# Known Blacklist nodes' >>${_dot_file} _dd_cnt=${#list_server[@]} for (( _dd = 0 ; _dd < _dd_cnt ; _dd++ )) do printf ' LS%04u [label="%s"] ;' "${_dd}" "${list_server[${_dd}]}" >>${_dot_file} done fi unique_lines address_hits address_hits if [ ${#address_hits[@]} -gt 0 ] then  echo >>${_dot_file}  echo '# Known address->Blacklist_hit edges' >>${_dot_file}  echo '# CAUTION: dig warnings can trigger false hits.' >>${_dot_file}   dump_to_dot address_hits AH fi echo  >>${_dot_file} echo ' *' >>${_dot_file} echo ' * That is a lot of relationships. Happy graphing.' >>${_dot_file} echo ' */' >>${_dot_file} echo '}'  >>${_dot_file} return 0}# # # # 'Hunt the Spammer' execution flow # # # ##  Execution trace is enabled by setting the#+ environment variable SPAMMER_TRACE to the name of a writable file.declare -a _trace_logdeclare _log_file# Function to fill the trace logtrace_logger() { _trace_log[${#_trace_log[@]}]=${_pend_current_}}# Dump trace log to file function variable.declare -f _log_dump_log_dump=pend_dummy   # Initially a no-op.# Dump the trace log to a file.dump_log() { local -i _dl_cnt _dl_cnt=${#_trace_log[@]} for (( _dl = 0 ; _dl < _dl_cnt ; _dl++ )) do echo ${_trace_log[${_dl}]} >> ${_log_file} done _dl_cnt=${#_pending_[@]} if [ ${_dl_cnt} -gt 0 ] then _dl_cnt=${_dl_cnt}-1 echo '# # # Operations stack not empty # # #' >> ${_log_file} for (( _dl = ${_dl_cnt} ; _dl >= 0 ; _dl-- )) do echo ${_pending_[${_dl}]} >> ${_log_file} done fi}# # # Utility program 'dig' wrappers # # ###  These wrappers are derived from the#+ examples shown in dig_wrappers.bash.##  The major difference is these return#+ their results as a list in an array.##  See dig_wrappers.bash for details and#+ use that script to develop any changes.## # ## Short form answer: 'dig' parses answer.# Forward lookup :: Name -> Address# short_fwd <domain_name> <array_name>short_fwd() { local -a _sf_reply local -i _sf_rc local -i _sf_cnt IFS=${NO_WSP}echo -n '.'# echo 'sfwd: '${1}  _sf_reply=( $(dig +short ${1} -c in -t a 2>/dev/null) )  _sf_rc=$?  if [ ${_sf_rc} -ne 0 ]  then _trace_log[${#_trace_log[@]}]='## Lookup error '${_sf_rc}' on '${1}' ##'# [ ${_sf_rc} -ne 9 ] && pend_drop return ${_sf_rc} else # Some versions of 'dig' return warnings on stdout. _sf_cnt=${#_sf_reply[@]} for (( _sf = 0 ; _sf < ${_sf_cnt} ; _sf++ )) do [ 'x'${_sf_reply[${_sf}]:0:2} == 'x;' ] && unset _sf_reply[${_sf}] done eval $2=( ${_sf_reply[@]} ) fi return 0}# Reverse lookup :: Address -> Name# short_rev <ip_address> <array_name>short_rev() { local -a _sr_reply local -i _sr_rc local -i _sr_cnt IFS=${NO_WSP}echo -n '.'# echo 'srev: '${1}  _sr_reply=( $(dig +short -x ${1} 2>/dev/null) )  _sr_rc=$?  if [ ${_sr_rc} -ne 0 ]  then _trace_log[${#_trace_log[@]}]='## Lookup error '${_sr_rc}' on '${1}' ##'# [ ${_sr_rc} -ne 9 ] && pend_drop return ${_sr_rc} else # Some versions of 'dig' return warnings on stdout. _sr_cnt=${#_sr_reply[@]} for (( _sr = 0 ; _sr < ${_sr_cnt} ; _sr++ )) do [ 'x'${_sr_reply[${_sr}]:0:2} == 'x;' ] && unset _sr_reply[${_sr}] done eval $2=( ${_sr_reply[@]} ) fi return 0}# Special format lookup used to query blacklist servers.# short_text <ip_address> <array_name>short_text() { local -a _st_reply local -i _st_rc local -i _st_cnt IFS=${NO_WSP}# echo 'stxt: '${1}  _st_reply=( $(dig +short ${1} -c in -t txt 2>/dev/null) )  _st_rc=$?  if [ ${_st_rc} -ne 0 ]  then _trace_log[${#_trace_log[@]}]='##Text lookup error '${_st_rc}' on '${1}'##'# [ ${_st_rc} -ne 9 ] && pend_drop return ${_st_rc} else # Some versions of 'dig' return warnings on stdout. _st_cnt=${#_st_reply[@]} for (( _st = 0 ; _st < ${#_st_cnt} ; _st++ )) do [ 'x'${_st_reply[${_st}]:0:2} == 'x;' ] && unset _st_reply[${_st}] done eval $2=( ${_st_reply[@]} ) fi return 0}# The long forms, a.k.a., the parse it yourself versions# RFC 2782   Service lookups# dig +noall +nofail +answer _ldap._tcp.openldap.org -t srv# _<service>._<protocol>.<domain_name># _ldap._tcp.openldap.org. 3600   IN SRV 0 0 389 ldap.openldap.org.# domain TTL Class SRV Priority Weight Port Target# Forward lookup :: Name -> poor man's zone transfer# long_fwd <domain_name> <array_name>long_fwd() { local -a _lf_reply local -i _lf_rc local -i _lf_cnt IFS=${NO_WSP}echo -n ':'# echo 'lfwd: '${1}  _lf_reply=( $( dig +noall +nofail +answer +authority +additional  ${1} -t soa ${1} -t mx ${1} -t any 2>/dev/null) )  _lf_rc=$?  if [ ${_lf_rc} -ne 0 ]  then _trace_log[${#_trace_log[@]}]='# Zone lookup err '${_lf_rc}' on '${1}' #'# [ ${_lf_rc} -ne 9 ] && pend_drop return ${_lf_rc} else # Some versions of 'dig' return warnings on stdout. _lf_cnt=${#_lf_reply[@]} for (( _lf = 0 ; _lf < ${_lf_cnt} ; _lf++ )) do [ 'x'${_lf_reply[${_lf}]:0:2} == 'x;' ] && unset _lf_reply[${_lf}] done eval $2=( ${_lf_reply[@]} ) fi return 0}#  The reverse lookup domain name corresponding to the IPv6 address:#  4321:0:1:2:3:4:567:89ab#  would be (nibble, I.E: Hexdigit) reversed:#  b.a.9.8.7.6.5.0.4.0.0.0.3.0.0.0.2.0.0.0.1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.1.2.3.4.IP6.ARPA.# Reverse lookup :: Address -> poor man's delegation chain# long_rev <rev_ip_address> <array_name>long_rev() { local -a _lr_reply local -i _lr_rc local -i _lr_cnt local _lr_dns _lr_dns=${1}'.in-addr.arpa.' IFS=${NO_WSP}echo -n ':'# echo 'lrev: '${1}  _lr_reply=( $(   dig +noall +nofail +answer +authority +additional ${_lr_dns} -t soa ${_lr_dns} -t any 2>/dev/null) )  _lr_rc=$?  if [ ${_lr_rc} -ne 0 ]  then _trace_log[${#_trace_log[@]}]='# Deleg lkp error '${_lr_rc}' on '${1}' #'# [ ${_lr_rc} -ne 9 ] && pend_drop return ${_lr_rc} else # Some versions of 'dig' return warnings on stdout. _lr_cnt=${#_lr_reply[@]} for (( _lr = 0 ; _lr < ${_lr_cnt} ; _lr++ )) do [ 'x'${_lr_reply[${_lr}]:0:2} == 'x;' ] && unset _lr_reply[${_lr}] done eval $2=( ${_lr_reply[@]} ) fi return 0}# # # Application specific functions # # ## Mung a possible name; suppresses root and TLDs.# name_fixup <string>name_fixup(){ local -a _nf_tmp local -i _nf_end local _nf_str local IFS _nf_str=$(to_lower ${1}) _nf_str=$(to_dot ${_nf_str}) _nf_end=${#_nf_str}-1 [ ${_nf_str:${_nf_end}} != '.' ] && _nf_str=${_nf_str}'.' IFS=${ADR_IFS} _nf_tmp=( ${_nf_str} ) IFS=${WSP_IFS} _nf_end=${#_nf_tmp[@]} case ${_nf_end} in 0) # No dots, only dots. echo return 1 ; 1) # Only a TLD. echo return 1 ; 2) # Maybe okay.   echo ${_nf_str}   return 0   # Needs a lookup table?   if [ ${#_nf_tmp[1]} -eq 2 ]   then # Country coded TLD.   echo   return 1   else   echo ${_nf_str}   return 0   fi ; esac echo ${_nf_str} return 0}# Grope and mung original input(s).split_input() { [ ${#uc_name[@]} -gt 0 ] || return 0 local -i _si_cnt local -i _si_len local _si_str unique_lines uc_name uc_name _si_cnt=${#uc_name[@]} for (( _si = 0 ; _si < _si_cnt ; _si++ )) do _si_str=${uc_name[$_si]} if is_address ${_si_str} then uc_address[${#uc_address[@]}]=${_si_str} unset uc_name[$_si] else if ! uc_name[$_si]=$(name_fixup ${_si_str}) then unset ucname[$_si] fi fi done  uc_name=( ${uc_name[@]} )  _si_cnt=${#uc_name[@]}  _trace_log[${#_trace_log[@]}]='#Input '${_si_cnt}' unchkd name input(s).#'  _si_cnt=${#uc_address[@]}  _trace_log[${#_trace_log[@]}]='#Input '${_si_cnt}' unchkd addr input(s).#' return 0}# # # Discovery functions -- recursively interlocked by external data # # ## # # The leading 'if list is empty; return 0' in each is required. # # ## Recursion limiter# limit_chk() <next_level>limit_chk() { local -i _lc_lmt # Check indirection limit. if [ ${indirect} -eq 0 ] || [ $# -eq 0 ] then # The 'do-forever' choice echo 1 # Any value will do. return 0   # OK to continue. else # Limiting is in effect. if [ ${indirect} -lt ${1} ] then echo ${1}  # Whatever. return 1   # Stop here. else _lc_lmt=${1}+1 # Bump the given limit. echo ${_lc_lmt} # Echo it. return 0   # OK to continue. fi fi}# For each name in uc_name:# Move name to chk_name.# Add addresses to uc_address.# Pend expand_input_address.# Repeat until nothing new found.# expand_input_name <indirection_limit>expand_input_name() { [ ${#uc_name[@]} -gt 0 ] || return 0 local -a _ein_addr local -a _ein_new local -i _ucn_cnt local -i _ein_cnt local _ein_tst _ucn_cnt=${#uc_name[@]} if  ! _ein_cnt=$(limit_chk ${1}) then return 0 fi for (( _ein = 0 ; _ein < _ucn_cnt ; _ein++ )) do if short_fwd ${uc_name[${_ein}]} _ein_new then  for (( _ein_cnt = 0 ; _ein_cnt < ${#_ein_new[@]}; _ein_cnt++ ))  do  _ein_tst=${_ein_new[${_ein_cnt}]}  if is_address ${_ein_tst}  then  _ein_addr[${#_ein_addr[@]}]=${_ein_tst}  fi done fi done unique_lines _ein_addr _ein_addr # Scrub duplicates. edit_exact chk_address _ein_addr # Scrub pending detail. edit_exact known_address _ein_addr   # Scrub already detailed. if [ ${#_ein_addr[@]} -gt 0 ] # Anything new? then   uc_address=( ${uc_address[@]} ${_ein_addr[@]} )   pend_func expand_input_address ${1}   _trace_log[${#_trace_log[@]}]='#Add '${#_ein_addr[@]}' unchkd addr inp.#' fi edit_exact chk_name uc_name  # Scrub pending detail. edit_exact known_name uc_name # Scrub already detailed. if [ ${#uc_name[@]} -gt 0 ] then chk_name=( ${chk_name[@]} ${uc_name[@]}  ) pend_func detail_each_name ${1} fi unset uc_name[@] return 0}# For each address in uc_address:# Move address to chk_address.# Add names to uc_name.# Pend expand_input_name.# Repeat until nothing new found.# expand_input_address <indirection_limit>expand_input_address() { [ ${#uc_address[@]} -gt 0 ] || return 0 local -a _eia_addr local -a _eia_name local -a _eia_new local -i _uca_cnt local -i _eia_cnt local _eia_tst unique_lines uc_address _eia_addr unset uc_address[@] edit_exact been_there_addr _eia_addr _uca_cnt=${#_eia_addr[@]} [ ${_uca_cnt} -gt 0 ] && been_there_addr=( ${been_there_addr[@]} ${_eia_addr[@]} ) for (( _eia = 0 ; _eia < _uca_cnt ; _eia++ )) do   if short_rev ${_eia_addr[${_eia}]} _eia_new   then for (( _eia_cnt = 0 ; _eia_cnt < ${#_eia_new[@]} ; _eia_cnt++ )) do   _eia_tst=${_eia_new[${_eia_cnt}]}   if _eia_tst=$(name_fixup ${_eia_tst})   then _eia_name[${#_eia_name[@]}]=${_eia_tst}   fi done   fi done unique_lines _eia_name _eia_name # Scrub duplicates. edit_exact chk_name _eia_name # Scrub pending detail. edit_exact known_name _eia_name  # Scrub already detailed. if [ ${#_eia_name[@]} -gt 0 ] # Anything new? then   uc_name=( ${uc_name[@]} ${_eia_name[@]} )   pend_func expand_input_name ${1}   _trace_log[${#_trace_log[@]}]='#Add '${#_eia_name[@]}' unchkd name inp.#' fi edit_exact chk_address _eia_addr # Scrub pending detail. edit_exact known_address _eia_addr   # Scrub already detailed. if [ ${#_eia_addr[@]} -gt 0 ] # Anything new? then chk_address=( ${chk_address[@]} ${_eia_addr[@]} ) pend_func detail_each_address ${1} fi return 0}# The parse-it-yourself zone reply.# The input is the chk_name list.# detail_each_name <indirection_limit>detail_each_name() { [ ${#chk_name[@]} -gt 0 ] || return 0 local -a _den_chk   # Names to check local -a _den_name  # Names found here local -a _den_address   # Addresses found here local -a _den_pair  # Pairs found here local -a _den_rev   # Reverse pairs found here local -a _den_tmp   # Line being parsed local -a _den_auth  # SOA contact being parsed local -a _den_new   # The zone reply local -a _den_pc # Parent-Child gets big fast local -a _den_ref   # So does reference chain local -a _den_nr # Name-Resource can be big local -a _den_na # Name-Address local -a _den_ns # Name-Service local -a _den_achn  # Chain of Authority local -i _den_cnt   # Count of names to detail local -i _den_lmt   # Indirection limit local _den_who  # Named being processed local _den_rec  # Record type being processed local _den_cont # Contact domain local _den_str  # Fixed up name string local _den_str2 # Fixed up reverse local IFS=${WSP_IFS} # Local, unique copy of names to check unique_lines chk_name _den_chk unset chk_name[@]   # Done with globals. # Less any names already known edit_exact known_name _den_chk _den_cnt=${#_den_chk[@]} # If anything left, add to known_name. [ ${_den_cnt} -gt 0 ] && known_name=( ${known_name[@]} ${_den_chk[@]} ) # for the list of (previously) unknown names . . . for (( _den = 0 ; _den < _den_cnt ; _den++ )) do _den_who=${_den_chk[${_den}]} if long_fwd ${_den_who} _den_new then unique_lines _den_new _den_new if [ ${#_den_new[@]} -eq 0 ] then _den_pair[${#_den_pair[@]}]='0.0.0.0 '${_den_who} fi # Parse each line in the reply. for (( _line = 0 ; _line < ${#_den_new[@]} ; _line++ )) do IFS=${NO_WSP}$'x09'$'x20' _den_tmp=( ${_den_new[${_line}]} ) IFS=${WSP_IFS}  # If usable record and not a warning message . . .  if [ ${#_den_tmp[@]} -gt 4 ] && [ 'x'${_den_tmp[0]} != 'x;' ]  then _den_rec=${_den_tmp[3]} _den_nr[${#_den_nr[@]}]=${_den_who}' '${_den_rec} # Begin at RFC1033 (+++) case ${_den_rec} in#<name> [<ttl>]  [<class>] SOA <origin> <person> SOA) # Start Of Authority if _den_str=$(name_fixup ${_den_tmp[0]}) then  _den_name[${#_den_name[@]}]=${_den_str}  _den_achn[${#_den_achn[@]}]=${_den_who}' '${_den_str}' SOA'  # SOA origin -- domain name of master zone record  if _den_str2=$(name_fixup ${_den_tmp[4]})  then _den_name[${#_den_name[@]}]=${_den_str2} _den_achn[${#_den_achn[@]}]=${_den_who}' '${_den_str2}' SOA.O'  fi  # Responsible party e-mail address (possibly bogus).  # Possibility of [email protected] ignored.  set -f  if _den_str2=$(name_fixup ${_den_tmp[5]})  then IFS=${ADR_IFS} _den_auth=( ${_den_str2} ) IFS=${WSP_IFS} if [ ${#_den_auth[@]} -gt 2 ] then  _den_cont=${_den_auth[1]}  for (( _auth = 2 ; _auth < ${#_den_auth[@]} ; _auth++ ))  do _den_cont=${_den_cont}'.'${_den_auth[${_auth}]}  done  _den_name[${#_den_name[@]}]=${_den_cont}'.'  _den_achn[${#_den_achn[@]}]=${_den_who}' '${_den_cont}'. SOA.C' fi fi set +f fi ;  A) # IP(v4) Address Record  if _den_str=$(name_fixup ${_den_tmp[0]})  then _den_name[${#_den_name[@]}]=${_den_str} _den_pair[${#_den_pair[@]}]=${_den_tmp[4]}' '${_den_str} _den_na[${#_den_na[@]}]=${_den_str}' '${_den_tmp[4]} _den_ref[${#_den_ref[@]}]=${_den_who}' '${_den_str}' A'  else _den_pair[${#_den_pair[@]}]=${_den_tmp[4]}' unknown.domain' _den_na[${#_den_na[@]}]='unknown.domain '${_den_tmp[4]} _den_ref[${#_den_ref[@]}]=${_den_who}' unknown.domain A'  fi  _den_address[${#_den_address[@]}]=${_den_tmp[4]}  _den_pc[${#_den_pc[@]}]=${_den_who}' '${_den_tmp[4]} ; NS) # Name Server Record # Domain name being serviced (may be other than current)   if _den_str=$(name_fixup ${_den_tmp[0]}) then   _den_name[${#_den_name[@]}]=${_den_str}   _den_ref[${#_den_ref[@]}]=${_den_who}' '${_den_str}' NS' # Domain name of service provider if _den_str2=$(name_fixup ${_den_tmp[4]}) then   _den_name[${#_den_name[@]}]=${_den_str2}   _den_ref[${#_den_ref[@]}]=${_den_who}' '${_den_str2}' NSH'   _den_ns[${#_den_ns[@]}]=${_den_str2}' NS'   _den_pc[${#_den_pc[@]}]=${_den_str}' '${_den_str2}  fi   fi ; MX) # Mail Server Record # Domain name being serviced (wildcards not handled here) if _den_str=$(name_fixup ${_den_tmp[0]}) then   _den_name[${#_den_name[@]}]=${_den_str}   _den_ref[${#_den_ref[@]}]=${_den_who}' '${_den_str}' MX' fi # Domain name of service provider if _den_str=$(name_fixup ${_den_tmp[5]}) then   _den_name[${#_den_name[@]}]=${_den_str}   _den_ref[${#_den_ref[@]}]=${_den_who}' '${_den_str}' MXH'   _den_ns[${#_den_ns[@]}]=${_den_str}' MX'   _den_pc[${#_den_pc[@]}]=${_den_who}' '${_den_str} fi ; PTR) # Reverse address record  # Special name if _den_str=$(name_fixup ${_den_tmp[0]}) then   _den_ref[${#_den_ref[@]}]=${_den_who}' '${_den_str}' PTR'   # Host name (not a CNAME)   if _den_str2=$(name_fixup ${_den_tmp[4]})   then _den_rev[${#_den_rev[@]}]=${_den_str}' '${_den_str2} _den_ref[${#_den_ref[@]}]=${_den_who}' '${_den_str2}' PTRH' _den_pc[${#_den_pc[@]}]=${_den_who}' '${_den_str}   fi fi ; AAAA) # IP(v6) Address Record if _den_str=$(name_fixup ${_den_tmp[0]}) then   _den_name[${#_den_name[@]}]=${_den_str}   _den_pair[${#_den_pair[@]}]=${_den_tmp[4]}' '${_den_str}   _den_na[${#_den_na[@]}]=${_den_str}' '${_den_tmp[4]}   _den_ref[${#_den_ref[@]}]=${_den_who}' '${_den_str}' AAAA'   else _den_pair[${#_den_pair[@]}]=${_den_tmp[4]}' unknown.domain' _den_na[${#_den_na[@]}]='unknown.domain '${_den_tmp[4]} _den_ref[${#_den_ref[@]}]=${_den_who}' unknown.domain'   fi   # No processing for IPv6 addresses   _den_pc[${#_den_pc[@]}]=${_den_who}' '${_den_tmp[4]} ; CNAME) # Alias name record # Nickname if _den_str=$(name_fixup ${_den_tmp[0]}) then   _den_name[${#_den_name[@]}]=${_den_str}   _den_ref[${#_den_ref[@]}]=${_den_who}' '${_den_str}' CNAME'   _den_pc[${#_den_pc[@]}]=${_den_who}' '${_den_str} fi # Hostname if _den_str=$(name_fixup ${_den_tmp[4]}) then   _den_name[${#_den_name[@]}]=${_den_str}   _den_ref[${#_den_ref[@]}]=${_den_who}' '${_den_str}' CHOST'   _den_pc[${#_den_pc[@]}]=${_den_who}' '${_den_str} fi ;# TXT)# ; esac fi done else # Lookup error == 'A' record 'unknown address' _den_pair[${#_den_pair[@]}]='0.0.0.0 '${_den_who} fi done # Control dot array growth. unique_lines _den_achn _den_achn  # Works best, all the same. edit_exact auth_chain _den_achn   # Works best, unique items. if [ ${#_den_achn[@]} -gt 0 ] then IFS=${NO_WSP} auth_chain=( ${auth_chain[@]} ${_den_achn[@]} ) IFS=${WSP_IFS} fi unique_lines _den_ref _den_ref  # Works best, all the same. edit_exact ref_chain _den_ref   # Works best, unique items. if [ ${#_den_ref[@]} -gt 0 ] then IFS=${NO_WSP} ref_chain=( ${ref_chain[@]} ${_den_ref[@]} ) IFS=${WSP_IFS} fi unique_lines _den_na _den_na edit_exact name_address _den_na if [ ${#_den_na[@]} -gt 0 ] then IFS=${NO_WSP} name_address=( ${name_address[@]} ${_den_na[@]} ) IFS=${WSP_IFS} fi unique_lines _den_ns _den_ns edit_exact name_srvc _den_ns if [ ${#_den_ns[@]} -gt 0 ] then IFS=${NO_WSP} name_srvc=( ${name_srvc[@]} ${_den_ns[@]} ) IFS=${WSP_IFS} fi unique_lines _den_nr _den_nr edit_exact name_resource _den_nr if [ ${#_den_nr[@]} -gt 0 ] then IFS=${NO_WSP} name_resource=( ${name_resource[@]} ${_den_nr[@]} ) IFS=${WSP_IFS} fi unique_lines _den_pc _den_pc edit_exact parent_child _den_pc if [ ${#_den_pc[@]} -gt 0 ] then IFS=${NO_WSP} parent_child=( ${parent_child[@]} ${_den_pc[@]} ) IFS=${WSP_IFS} fi # Update list known_pair (Address and Name). unique_lines _den_pair _den_pair edit_exact known_pair _den_pair if [ ${#_den_pair[@]} -gt 0 ]  # Anything new? then IFS=${NO_WSP} known_pair=( ${known_pair[@]} ${_den_pair[@]} ) IFS=${WSP_IFS} fi # Update list of reverse pairs. unique_lines _den_rev _den_rev edit_exact reverse_pair _den_rev if [ ${#_den_rev[@]} -gt 0 ]   # Anything new? then IFS=${NO_WSP} reverse_pair=( ${reverse_pair[@]} ${_den_rev[@]} ) IFS=${WSP_IFS} fi # Check indirection limit -- give up if reached. if ! _den_lmt=$(limit_chk ${1}) then return 0 fi# Execution engine is LIFO. Order of pend operations is important.# Did we define any new addresses?unique_lines _den_address _den_address # Scrub duplicates.edit_exact known_address _den_address # Scrub already processed.edit_exact un_address _den_address # Scrub already waiting.if [ ${#_den_address[@]} -gt 0 ]  # Anything new?then  uc_address=( ${uc_address[@]} ${_den_address[@]} )  pend_func expand_input_address ${_den_lmt}  _trace_log[${#_trace_log[@]}]='# Add '${#_den_address[@]}' unchkd addr. #' fi# Did we find any new names?unique_lines _den_name _den_name  # Scrub duplicates.edit_exact known_name _den_name   # Scrub already processed.edit_exact uc_name _den_name  # Scrub already waiting.if [ ${#_den_name[@]} -gt 0 ] # Anything new?then  uc_name=( ${uc_name[@]} ${_den_name[@]} )  pend_func expand_input_name ${_den_lmt}  _trace_log[${#_trace_log[@]}]='#Added '${#_den_name[@]}' unchkd name#' fi return 0}# The parse-it-yourself delegation reply# Input is the chk_address list.# detail_each_address <indirection_limit>detail_each_address() { [ ${#chk_address[@]} -gt 0 ] || return 0 unique_lines chk_address chk_address edit_exact known_address chk_address if [ ${#chk_address[@]} -gt 0 ] then known_address=( ${known_address[@]} ${chk_address[@]} ) unset chk_address[@] fi return 0}# # # Application specific output functions # # ## Pretty print the known pairs.report_pairs() { echo echo 'Known network pairs.' col_print known_pair 2 5 30 if [ ${#auth_chain[@]} -gt 0 ] then echo echo 'Known chain of authority.' col_print auth_chain 2 5 30 55 fi if [ ${#reverse_pair[@]} -gt 0 ] then echo echo 'Known reverse pairs.' col_print reverse_pair 2 5 55 fi return 0}# Check an address against the list of blacklist servers.# A good place to capture for GraphViz: address->status(server(reports))# check_lists <ip_address>check_lists() { [ $# -eq 1 ] || return 1 local -a _cl_fwd_addr local -a _cl_rev_addr local -a _cl_reply local -i _cl_rc local -i _ls_cnt local _cl_dns_addr local _cl_lkup split_ip ${1} _cl_fwd_addr _cl_rev_addr _cl_dns_addr=$(dot_array _cl_rev_addr)'.' _ls_cnt=${#list_server[@]} echo ' Checking address '${1} for (( _cl = 0 ; _cl < _ls_cnt ; _cl++ )) do  _cl_lkup=${_cl_dns_addr}${list_server[${_cl}]}  if short_text ${_cl_lkup} _cl_reply  then if [ ${#_cl_reply[@]} -gt 0 ] then  echo ' Records from '${list_server[${_cl}]}  address_hits[${#address_hits[@]}]=${1}' '${list_server[${_cl}]}  _hs_RC=2  for (( _clr = 0 ; _clr < ${#_cl_reply[@]} ; _clr++ ))  do echo ' '${_cl_reply[${_clr}]}  done fi  fi done return 0}# # # The usual application glue # # ## Who did it?credits() {   echo   echo 'Advanced Bash Scripting Guide: is_spammer.bash, v2, 2004-msz'}# How to use it?# (See also, "Quickstart" at end of script.)usage() { cat <<-'_usage_statement_' The script is_spammer.bash requires either one or two arguments. arg 1) May be one of: a) A domain name b) An IPv4 address c) The name of a file with any mix of names   and addresses, one per line. arg 2) May be one of: a) A Blacklist server domain name b) The name of a file with Blacklist server   domain names, one per line. c) If not present, a default list of (free)   Blacklist servers is used. d) If a filename of an empty, readable, file   is given,   Blacklist server lookup is disabled. All script output is written to stdout. Return codes: 0 -> All OK, 1 -> Script failure,  2 -> Something is Blacklisted. Requires the external program 'dig' from the 'bind-9' set of DNS programs.  See: http://www.isc.org The domain name lookup depth limit defaults to 2 levels. Set the environment variable SPAMMER_LIMIT to change. SPAMMER_LIMIT=0 means 'unlimited' Limit may also be set on the command-line. If arg#1 is an integer, the limit is set to that value and then the above argument rules are applied. Setting the environment variable 'SPAMMER_DATA' to a filename will cause the script to write a GraphViz graphic file. For the development version; Setting the environment variable 'SPAMMER_TRACE' to a filename will cause the execution engine to log a function call trace._usage_statement_}# The default list of Blacklist servers:# Many choices, see: http://www.spews.org/lists.htmldeclare -a default_servers# See: http://www.spamhaus.org (Conservative, well maintained)default_servers[0]='sbl-xbl.spamhaus.org'# See: http://ordb.org (Open mail relays)default_servers[1]='relays.ordb.org'# See: http://www.spamcop.net/ (You can report spammers here)default_servers[2]='bl.spamcop.net'# See: http://www.spews.org (An 'early detect' system)default_servers[3]='l2.spews.dnsbl.sorbs.net'# See: http://www.dnsbl.us.sorbs.net/using.shtmldefault_servers[4]='dnsbl.sorbs.net'# See: http://dsbl.org/usage (Various mail relay lists)default_servers[5]='list.dsbl.org'default_servers[6]='multihop.dsbl.org'default_servers[7]='unconfirmed.dsbl.org'# User input argument #1setup_input() { if [ -e ${1} ] && [ -r ${1} ]  # Name of readable file then file_to_array ${1} uc_name echo 'Using filename >'${1}'< as input.' else if is_address ${1}  # IP address? then uc_address=( ${1} ) echo 'Starting with address >'${1}'<' else   # Must be a name. uc_name=( ${1} ) echo 'Starting with domain name >'${1}'<' fi fi return 0}# User input argument #2setup_servers() { if [ -e ${1} ] && [ -r ${1} ]  # Name of a readable file then file_to_array ${1} list_server echo 'Using filename >'${1}'< as blacklist server list.' else list_server=( ${1} ) echo 'Using blacklist server >'${1}'<' fi return 0}# User environment variable SPAMMER_TRACElive_log_die() { if [ ${SPAMMER_TRACE:=} ] # Wants trace log? then if [ ! -e ${SPAMMER_TRACE} ] then if ! touch ${SPAMMER_TRACE} 2>/dev/null then pend_func echo $(printf '%q' 'Unable to create log file >'${SPAMMER_TRACE}'<') pend_release exit 1 fi _log_file=${SPAMMER_TRACE} _pend_hook_=trace_logger _log_dump=dump_log else if [ ! -w ${SPAMMER_TRACE} ] then pend_func echo $(printf '%q' 'Unable to write log file >'${SPAMMER_TRACE}'<') pend_release exit 1 fi _log_file=${SPAMMER_TRACE} echo '' > ${_log_file} _pend_hook_=trace_logger _log_dump=dump_log fi fi return 0}# User environment variable SPAMMER_DATAdata_capture() { if [ ${SPAMMER_DATA:=} ] # Wants a data dump? then if [ ! -e ${SPAMMER_DATA} ] then if ! touch ${SPAMMER_DATA} 2>/dev/null then pend_func echo $(printf '%q]n' 'Unable to create data output file >'${SPAMMER_DATA}'<') pend_release exit 1 fi _dot_file=${SPAMMER_DATA} _dot_dump=dump_dot else if [ ! -w ${SPAMMER_DATA} ] then pend_func echo $(printf '%q' 'Unable to write data output file >'${SPAMMER_DATA}'<') pend_release exit 1 fi _dot_file=${SPAMMER_DATA} _dot_dump=dump_dot fi fi return 0}# Grope user specified arguments.do_user_args() { if [ $# -gt 0 ] && is_number $1 then indirect=$1 shift fi case $# in # Did user treat us well? 1) if ! setup_input $1 # Needs error checking. then pend_release $_log_dump exit 1 fi list_server=( ${default_servers[@]} ) _list_cnt=${#list_server[@]} echo 'Using default blacklist server list.' echo 'Search depth limit: '${indirect} ; 2) if ! setup_input $1 # Needs error checking. then pend_release $_log_dump exit 1 fi if ! setup_servers $2  # Needs error checking. then pend_release $_log_dump exit 1 fi echo 'Search depth limit: '${indirect} ; *) pend_func usage pend_release $_log_dump exit 1 ; esac return 0}# A general purpose debug tool.# list_array <array_name>list_array() { [ $# -eq 1 ] || return 1  # One argument required. local -a _la_lines set -f local IFS=${NO_WSP} eval _la_lines=( ${$1[@]} ) echo echo "Element count "${#_la_lines[@]}" array "${1} local _ln_cnt=${#_la_lines[@]} for (( _i = 0; _i < ${_ln_cnt}; _i++ )) do echo 'Element '$_i' >'${_la_lines[$_i]}'<' done set +f return 0}# # # 'Hunt the Spammer' program code # # #pend_init   # Ready stack engine.pend_func credits   # Last thing to print.# # # Deal with user # # #live_log_die # Setup debug trace log.data_capture # Setup data capture file.echodo_user_args $@# # # Haven't exited yet - There is some hope # # ## Discovery group - Execution engine is LIFO - pend# in reverse order of execution._hs_RC=0 # Hunt the Spammer return codepend_mark pend_func report_pairs  # Report name-address pairs. # The two detail_* are mutually recursive functions. # They also pend expand_* functions as required. # These two (the last of ???) exit the recursion. pend_func detail_each_address   # Get all resources of addresses. pend_func detail_each_name  # Get all resources of names. #  The two expand_* are mutually recursive functions, #+ which pend additional detail_* functions as required. pend_func expand_input_address 1 # Expand input names by address. pend_func expand_input_name 1   # #xpand input addresses by name. # Start with a unique set of names and addresses. pend_func unique_lines uc_address uc_address pend_func unique_lines uc_name uc_name # Separate mixed input of names and addresses. pend_func split_inputpend_release# # # Pairs reported -- Unique list of IP addresses foundecho_ip_cnt=${#known_address[@]}if [ ${#list_server[@]} -eq 0 ]then echo 'Blacklist server list empty, none checked.'else if [ ${_ip_cnt} -eq 0 ] then echo 'Known address list empty, none checked.' else _ip_cnt=${_ip_cnt}-1   # Start at top. echo 'Checking Blacklist servers.' for (( _ip = _ip_cnt ; _ip >= 0 ; _ip-- )) do  pend_func check_lists $( printf '%q' ${known_address[$_ip]} ) done fifipend_release$_dot_dump   # Graphics file dump$_log_dump   # Execution traceecho############################### Example output from script ###############################:<<-'_is_spammer_outputs_'./is_spammer.bash 0 web4.alojamentos7.comStarting with domain name >web4.alojamentos7.com<Using default blacklist server list.Search depth limit: 0.:....::::...:::...:::.......::..::...:::.......::Known network pairs. 66.98.208.97 web4.alojamentos7.com. 66.98.208.97 ns1.alojamentos7.com. 69.56.202.147 ns2.alojamentos.ws. 66.98.208.97 alojamentos7.com. 66.98.208.97 web.alojamentos7.com. 69.56.202.146 ns1.alojamentos.ws. 69.56.202.146 alojamentos.ws. 66.235.180.113   ns1.alojamentos.org. 66.235.181.192   ns2.alojamentos.org. 66.235.180.113   alojamentos.org. 66.235.180.113   web6.alojamentos.org. 216.234.234.30   ns1.theplanet.com. 12.96.160.115 ns2.theplanet.com. 216.185.111.52   mail1.theplanet.com. 69.56.141.4  spooling.theplanet.com. 216.185.111.40   theplanet.com. 216.185.111.40   www.theplanet.com. 216.185.111.52   mail.theplanet.com.Checking Blacklist servers.  Checking address 66.98.208.97  Records from dnsbl.sorbs.net  "Spam Received See: http://www.dnsbl.sorbs.net/lookup.shtml?66.98.208.97" Checking address 69.56.202.147 Checking address 69.56.202.146 Checking address 66.235.180.113 Checking address 66.235.181.192 Checking address 216.185.111.40 Checking address 216.234.234.30 Checking address 12.96.160.115 Checking address 216.185.111.52 Checking address 69.56.141.4Advanced Bash Scripting Guide: is_spammer.bash, v2, 2004-msz_is_spammer_outputs_exit ${_hs_RC}#####################################################  The script ignores everything from here on down ##+ because of the 'exit' command, just above.  #####################################################Quickstart========== Prerequisites  Bash version 2.05b or 3.00 (bash --version)  A version of Bash which supports arrays. Array   support is included by default Bash configurations.  'dig,' version 9.x.x (dig $HOSTNAME, see first line of output)  A version of dig which supports the +short options.   See: dig_wrappers.bash for details. Optional Prerequisites  'named,' a local DNS caching program. Any flavor will do.  Do twice: dig $HOSTNAME   Check near bottom of output for: SERVER: 127.0.0.1#53  That means you have one running. Optional Graphics Support  'date,' a standard *nix thing. (date -R)  dot Program to convert graphic description file to a   diagram. (dot -V)  A part of the Graph-Viz set of programs.  See: [http://www.research.att.com/sw/tools/graphviz||GraphViz]  'dotty,' a visual editor for graphic description files.  Also a part of the Graph-Viz set of programs. Quick StartIn the same directory as the is_spammer.bash script; Do: ./is_spammer.bash Usage Details1. Blacklist server choices.  (a) To use default, built-in list: Do nothing.  (b) To use your own list: i. Create a file with a single Blacklist server domain name per line. ii. Provide that filename as the last argument to the script.  (c) To use a single Blacklist server: Last argument   to the script.  (d) To disable Blacklist lookups: i. Create an empty file (touch spammer.nul)   Your choice of filename. ii. Provide the filename of that empty file as the last argument to the script.2. Search depth limit.  (a) To use the default value of 2: Do nothing.  (b) To set a different limit:   A limit of 0 means: no limit. i. export SPAMMER_LIMIT=1   or whatever limit you want. ii. OR provide the desired limit as the first argument to the script.3. Optional execution trace log.  (a) To use the default setting of no log output: Do nothing.  (b) To write an execution trace log:  export SPAMMER_TRACE=spammer.log  or whatever filename you want.4. Optional graphic description file.  (a) To use the default setting of no graphic file: Do nothing.  (b) To write a Graph-Viz graphic description file:  export SPAMMER_DATA=spammer.dot  or whatever filename you want.5. Where to start the search.  (a) Starting with a single domain name: i. Without a command-line search limit: First argument to script. ii. With a command-line search limit: Second argument to script.  (b) Starting with a single IP address: i. Without a command-line search limit: First argument to script. ii. With a command-line search limit: Second argument to script.  (c) Starting with (mixed) multiple name(s) and/or address(es):  Create a file with one name or address per line.  Your choice of filename. i. Without a command-line search limit: Filename as first argument to script. ii. With a command-line search limit: Filename as second argument to script.6. What to do with the display output.  (a) To view display output on screen: Do nothing.  (b) To save display output to a file: Redirect stdout to a filename.  (c) To discard display output: Redirect stdout to /dev/null.7. Temporary end of decision making. press RETURN wait (optionally, watch the dots and colons).8. Optionally check the return code.  (a) Return code 0: All OK  (b) Return code 1: Script setup failure  (c) Return code 2: Something was blacklisted.9. Where is my graph (diagram)?The script does not directly produce a graph (diagram). It only produces a graphic description file. You can process the graphic descriptor file that was output with the 'dot' program.Until you edit that descriptor file, to describe the relationships you want shown, all that you will get is a bunch of labeled name and address nodes.All of the script's discovered relationships are within a comment block in the graphic descriptor file, each with a descriptive heading.The editing required to draw a line between a pair of nodes from the information in the descriptor file may be done with a text editor. Given these lines somewhere in the descriptor file:# Known domain name nodesN0000 [label="guardproof.info."] ;N0002 [label="third.guardproof.info."] ;# Known address nodesA0000 [label="61.141.32.197"] ;/*# Known name->address edgesNA0000 third.guardproof.info. 61.141.32.197# Known parent->child edgesPC0000 guardproof.info. third.guardproof.info. */Turn that into the following lines by substituting node identifiers into the relationships:# Known domain name nodesN0000 [label="guardproof.info."] ;N0002 [label="third.guardproof.info."] ;# Known address nodesA0000 [label="61.141.32.197"] ;# PC0000 guardproof.info. third.guardproof.info.N0000->N0002 ;# NA0000 third.guardproof.info. 61.141.32.197N0002->A0000 ;/*# Known name->address edgesNA0000 third.guardproof.info. 61.141.32.197# Known parent->child edgesPC0000 guardproof.info. third.guardproof.info. */Process that with the 'dot' program, and you have your first network diagram.In addition to the conventional graphic edges, the descriptor file includes similar format pair-data that describes services, zone records (sub-graphs?), blacklisted addresses, and other things which might be interesting to include in your graph. This additional information could be displayed as different node shapes, colors, line sizes, etc.The descriptor file can also be read and edited by a Bash script (of course). You should be able to find most of the functions required within the "is_spammer.bash" script.# End Quickstart.Additional Note========== ====Michael Zick points out that there is a "makeviz.bash" interactiveWeb site at rediris.es. Can't give the full URL, since this is nota publically accessible site.

#!/bin/bash# whx.sh: "whois" spammer lookup# Author: Walter Dnes# Slight revisions (first section) by ABS Guide author.# Used in ABS Guide with permission.# Needs version 3.x or greater of Bash to run (because of =~ operator).# Commented by script author and ABS Guide author.E_BADARGS=85 # Missing command-line arg.E_NOHOST=86 # Host not found.E_TIMEOUT=87 # Host lookup timed out.E_UNDEF=88  # Some other (undefined) error.HOSTWAIT=10 # Specify up to 10 seconds for host query reply. # The actual wait may be a bit longer.OUTFILE=whois.txt   # Output file.PORT=4321if [ -z "$1" ]  # Check for (required) command-line arg.then  echo "Usage: $0 domain name or IP address"   exit $E_BADARGSfiif [[ "$1" =~ "[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z]$" ]]  #  Ends in two alpha chars?then  #  It's a domain name &&  #+ must do host lookup.  IPADDR=$(host -W $HOSTWAIT $1 | awk '{print $4}')  #  Doing host lookup  #+ to get IP address.  #  Extract final field.else  IPADDR="$1" #  Command-line arg was IP address.fiecho; echo "IP Address is: "$IPADDR""; echoif [ -e "$OUTFILE" ]then  rm -f "$OUTFILE"   echo "Stale output file "$OUTFILE" removed."; echofi#  Sanity checks.#  (This section needs more work.)#  ===============================if [ -z "$IPADDR" ]# No response.then  echo "Host not found!"   exit $E_NOHOST # Bail out.fiif [[ "$IPADDR" =~ "^[;]" ]]#  ; Connection timed out; no servers could be reached.then  echo "Host lookup timed out!"   exit $E_TIMEOUT   # Bail out.fiif [[ "$IPADDR" =~ "[(NXDOMAIN)]$" ]]#  Host xxxxxxxxx.xxx not found: 3(NXDOMAIN)then  echo "Host not found!"   exit $E_NOHOST # Bail out.fiif [[ "$IPADDR" =~ "[(SERVFAIL)]$" ]]#  Host xxxxxxxxx.xxx not found: 2(SERVFAIL)then  echo "Host not found!"   exit $E_NOHOST # Bail out.fi# ======================== Main body of script ========================AFRINICquery() {#  Define the function that queries AFRINIC. Echo a notification to the#+ screen, and then run the actual query, redirecting output to $OUTFILE.  echo "Searching for $IPADDR in whois.afrinic.net"   whois -h whois.afrinic.net "$IPADDR" > $OUTFILE#  Check for presence of reference to an rwhois.#  Warn about non-functional rwhois.infosat.net server#+ and attempt rwhois query.  if grep -e "^remarks: .*rwhois.[^ ]+" "$OUTFILE"   then echo " " >> $OUTFILE echo "***" >> $OUTFILE echo "***" >> $OUTFILE echo "Warning: rwhois.infosat.net was not working   as of 2005/02/02" >> $OUTFILE echo " when this script was written." >> $OUTFILE echo "***" >> $OUTFILE echo "***" >> $OUTFILE echo " " >> $OUTFILE RWHOIS=`grep "^remarks: .*rwhois.[^ ]+" "$OUTFILE" | tail -n 1 | sed "s/(^.*)(rwhois..*)(:4.*)/2/"` whois -h ${RWHOIS}:${PORT} "$IPADDR" >> $OUTFILE  fi}APNICquery() {  echo "Searching for $IPADDR in whois.apnic.net"   whois -h whois.apnic.net "$IPADDR" > $OUTFILE#  Just  about  every  country has its own internet registrar.#  I don't normally bother consulting them, because the regional registry#+ usually supplies sufficient information.#  There are a few exceptions, where the regional registry simply#+ refers to the national registry for direct data.#  These are Japan and South Korea in APNIC, and Brasil in LACNIC.#  The following if statement checks $OUTFILE (whois.txt) for the presence#+ of "KR" (South Korea) or "JP" (Japan) in the country field.#  If either is found, the query is re-run against the appropriate#+ national registry.  if grep -E "^country:[ ]+KR$" "$OUTFILE"   then echo "Searching for $IPADDR in whois.krnic.net" whois -h whois.krnic.net "$IPADDR" >> $OUTFILE  elif grep -E "^country:[ ]+JP$" "$OUTFILE"   then echo "Searching for $IPADDR in whois.nic.ad.jp" whois -h whois.nic.ad.jp "$IPADDR"/e >> $OUTFILE  fi}ARINquery() {  echo "Searching for $IPADDR in whois.arin.net"   whois -h whois.arin.net "$IPADDR" > $OUTFILE#  Several large internet providers listed by ARIN have their own#+ internal whois service, referred to as "rwhois".#  A large block of IP addresses is listed with the provider#+ under the ARIN registry.#  To get the IP addresses of 2nd-level ISPs or other large customers,#+ one has to refer to the rwhois server on port 4321.#  I originally started with a bunch of "if" statements checking for#+ the larger providers.#  This approach is unwieldy, and there's always another rwhois server#+ that I didn't know about.#  A more elegant approach is to check $OUTFILE for a reference#+ to a whois server, parse that server name out of the comment section,#+ and re-run the query against the appropriate rwhois server.#  The parsing looks a bit ugly, with a long continued line inside#+ backticks.#  But it only has to be done once, and will work as new servers are added.#@   ABS Guide author comment: it isn't all that ugly, and is, in fact,#@+  an instructive use of Regular Expressions.  if grep -E "^Comment: .*rwhois.[^ ]+" "$OUTFILE"   then RWHOIS=`grep -e "^Comment:.*rwhois.[^ ]+" "$OUTFILE" | tail -n 1 | sed "s/^(.*)(rwhois.[^ ]+)(.*$)/2/"` echo "Searching for $IPADDR in ${RWHOIS}" whois -h ${RWHOIS}:${PORT} "$IPADDR" >> $OUTFILE  fi}LACNICquery() {  echo "Searching for $IPADDR in whois.lacnic.net"   whois -h whois.lacnic.net "$IPADDR" > $OUTFILE#  The  following if statement checks $OUTFILE (whois.txt) for#+ the presence of "BR" (Brasil) in the country field.#  If it is found, the query is re-run against whois.registro.br.  if grep -E "^country:[ ]+BR$" "$OUTFILE"   then echo "Searching for $IPADDR in whois.registro.br" whois -h whois.registro.br "$IPADDR" >> $OUTFILE  fi}RIPEquery() {  echo "Searching for $IPADDR in whois.ripe.net"   whois -h whois.ripe.net "$IPADDR" > $OUTFILE}#  Initialize a few variables.#  * slash8 is the most significant octet#  * slash16 consists of the two most significant octets#  * octet2 is the second most significant octetslash8=`echo $IPADDR | cut -d. -f 1`  if [ -z "$slash8" ]  # Yet another sanity check.  then echo "Undefined error!" exit $E_UNDEF  fislash16=`echo $IPADDR | cut -d. -f 1-2`# ^ Period specified as 'cut" delimiter.  if [ -z "$slash16" ]  then echo "Undefined error!" exit $E_UNDEF  fioctet2=`echo $slash16 | cut -d. -f 2`  if [ -z "$octet2" ]  then echo "Undefined error!" exit $E_UNDEF  fi#  Check for various odds and ends of reserved space.#  There is no point in querying for those addresses.if [ $slash8 == 0 ]; then  echo $IPADDR is '"This Network"' space; Not queryingelif [ $slash8 == 10 ]; then  echo $IPADDR is RFC1918 space; Not queryingelif [ $slash8 == 14 ]; then  echo $IPADDR is '"Public Data Network"' space; Not queryingelif [ $slash8 == 127 ]; then  echo $IPADDR is loopback space; Not queryingelif [ $slash16 == 169.254 ]; then  echo $IPADDR is link-local space; Not queryingelif [ $slash8 == 172 ] && [ $octet2 -ge 16 ] && [ $octet2 -le 31 ];then  echo $IPADDR is RFC1918 space; Not queryingelif [ $slash16 == 192.168 ]; then  echo $IPADDR is RFC1918 space; Not queryingelif [ $slash8 -ge 224 ]; then  echo $IPADDR is either Multicast or reserved space; Not queryingelif [ $slash8 -ge 200 ] && [ $slash8 -le 201 ]; then LACNICquery "$IPADDR" elif [ $slash8 -ge 202 ] && [ $slash8 -le 203 ]; then APNICquery "$IPADDR" elif [ $slash8 -ge 210 ] && [ $slash8 -le 211 ]; then APNICquery "$IPADDR" elif [ $slash8 -ge 218 ] && [ $slash8 -le 223 ]; then APNICquery "$IPADDR" #  If we got this far without making a decision, query ARIN.#  If a reference is found in $OUTFILE to APNIC, AFRINIC, LACNIC, or RIPE,#+ query the appropriate whois server.else  ARINquery "$IPADDR"   if grep "whois.afrinic.net" "$OUTFILE"; then AFRINICquery "$IPADDR"   elif grep -E "^OrgID:[ ]+RIPE$" "$OUTFILE"; then RIPEquery "$IPADDR"   elif grep -E "^OrgID:[ ]+APNIC$" "$OUTFILE"; then APNICquery "$IPADDR"   elif grep -E "^OrgID:[ ]+LACNIC$" "$OUTFILE"; then LACNICquery "$IPADDR"   fifi#@  ---------------------------------------------------------------#   Try also:#   wget http://logi.cc/nw/whois.php3?ACTION=doQuery&DOMAIN=$IPADDR#@  ---------------------------------------------------------------#  We've  now  finished  the querying.#  Echo a copy of the final result to the screen.cat $OUTFILE# Or "less $OUTFILE" . . .exit 0#@  ABS Guide author comments:#@  Nothing fancy here, but still a very useful tool for hunting spammers.#@  Sure, the script can be cleaned up some, and it's still a bit buggy,#@+ (exercise for reader), but all the same, it's a nice piece of coding#@+ by Walter Dnes.#@  Thank you!

#!/bin/bash# wgetter2.bash# Author: Little Monster [[email protected]]# ==> Used in ABS Guide with permission of script author.# ==> This script still needs debugging and fixups (exercise for reader).# ==> It could also use some additional editing in the comments.#  This is wgetter2 --#+ a Bash script to make wget a bit more friendly, and save typing.#  Carefully crafted by Little Monster.#  More or less complete on 02/02/2005.#  If you think this script can be improved,#+ email me at: [email protected]# ==> and cc: to the author of the ABS Guide, please.#  This script is licenced under the GPL.#  You are free to copy, alter and re-use it,#+ but please don't try to claim you wrote it.#  Log your changes here instead.# =======================================================================# changelog:# 07/02/2005.  Fixups by Little Monster.# 02/02/2005.  Minor additions by Little Monster.#  (See after # +++++++++++ )# 29/01/2005.  Minor stylistic edits and cleanups by author of ABS Guide.#  Added exit error codes.# 22/11/2004.  Finished initial version of second version of wgetter:#  wgetter2 is born.# 01/12/2004.  Changed 'runn' function so it can be run 2 ways --#  either ask for a file name or have one input on the CL.# 01/12/2004.  Made sensible handling of no URL's given.# 01/12/2004.  Made loop of main options, so you don't#  have to keep calling wgetter 2 all the time.#  Runs as a session instead.# 01/12/2004.  Added looping to 'runn' function.#  Simplified and improved.# 01/12/2004.  Added state to recursion setting.#  Enables re-use of previous value.# 05/12/2004.  Modified the file detection routine in the 'runn' function#  so it's not fooled by empty values, and is cleaner.# 01/02/2004.  Added cookie finding routine from later version (which #  isn't ready yet), so as not to have hard-coded paths.# =======================================================================# Error codes for abnormal exit.E_USAGE=67 # Usage message, then quit.E_NO_OPTS=68  # No command-line args entered.E_NO_URLS=69  # No URLs passed to script.E_NO_SAVEFILE=70  # No save filename passed to script.E_USER_EXIT=71 # User decides to quit.#  Basic default wget command we want to use.#  This is the place to change it, if required.#  NB: if using a proxy, set http_proxy = yourproxy in .wgetrc.#  Otherwise delete --proxy=on, below.# ====================================================================CommandA="wget -nc -c -t 5 --progress=bar --random-wait --proxy=on -r" # ====================================================================# --------------------------------------------------------------------# Set some other variables and explain them.pattern=" -A .jpg,.JPG,.jpeg,.JPEG,.gif,.GIF,.htm,.html,.shtml,.php" # wget's option to only get certain types of file. # comment out if not usingtoday=`date +%F` # Used for a filename.home=$HOME  # Set HOME to an internal variable. # In case some other path is used, change it here.depthDefault=3  # Set a sensible default recursion.Depth=$depthDefault # Otherwise user feedback doesn't tie in properly.RefA="" # Set blank referring page.Flag="" #  Default to not saving anything, #+ or whatever else might be wanted in future.lister=""   # Used for passing a list of urls directly to wget.Woptions="" # Used for passing wget some options for itself.inFile=""   # Used for the run function.newFile=""  # Used for the run function.savePath="$home/w-save" Config="$home/.wgetter2rc" #  This is where some variables can be stored, #+ if permanently changed from within the script.Cookie_List="$home/.cookielist" # So we know where the cookies are kept . . .cFlag="" # Part of the cookie file selection routine.# Define the options available. Easy to change letters here if needed.# These are the optional options; you don't just wait to be asked.save=s   # Save command instead of executing it.cook=c   # Change cookie file for this session.help=h   # Usage guide.list=l   # Pass wget the -i option and URL list.runn=r   # Run saved commands as an argument to the option.inpu=i   # Run saved commands interactively.wopt=w   # Allow to enter options to pass directly to wget.# --------------------------------------------------------------------if [ -z "$1" ]; then   # Make sure we get something for wget to eat.   echo "You must at least enter a URL or option!" echo "-$help for usage." exit $E_NO_OPTSfi# +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++# added added added added added added added added added added added addedif [ ! -e "$Config" ]; then   # See if configuration file exists.   echo "Creating configuration file, $Config" echo "# This is the configuration file for wgetter2" > "$Config" echo "# Your customised settings will be saved in this file" >> "$Config" else   source $Config # Import variables we set outside the script.fiif [ ! -e "$Cookie_List" ]; then   # Set up a list of cookie files, if there isn't one.   echo "Hunting for cookies . . ." find -name cookies.txt >> $Cookie_List # Create the list of cookie files.fi #  Isolate this in its own 'if' statement,   #+ in case we got interrupted while searching.if [ -z "$cFlag" ]; then # If we haven't already done this . . .   echo  # Make a nice space after the command prompt.   echo "Looks like you haven't set up your source of cookies yet." n=0   #  Make sure the counter #+ doesn't contain random values.   while read; do  Cookies[$n]=$REPLY # Put the cookie files we found into an array.  echo "$n) ${Cookies[$n]}"  # Create a menu.  n=$(( n + 1 )) # Increment the counter.   done < $Cookie_List   # Feed the read statement.   echo "Enter the number of the cookie file you want to use." echo "If you won't be using cookies, just press RETURN." echo   echo "I won't be asking this again. Edit $Config" echo "If you decide to change at a later date" echo "or use the -${cook} option for per session changes." read   if [ ! -z $REPLY ]; then   # User didn't just press return.  Cookie=" --load-cookies ${Cookies[$REPLY]}"   # Set the variable here as well as in the config file.  echo "Cookie=" --load-cookies ${Cookies[$REPLY]}"" >> $Config   fi   echo "cFlag=1" >> $Config  # So we know not to ask again.fi# end added section end added section end added section end added section# +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++# Another variable.# This one may or may not be subject to variation.# A bit like the small print.CookiesON=$Cookie# echo "cookie file is $CookiesON" # For debugging.# echo "home is ${home}"   # For debugging.   # Got caught with this one!wopts(){echo "Enter options to pass to wget." echo "It is assumed you know what you're doing." echoecho "You can pass their arguments here too." # That is to say, everything passed here is passed to wget.read Wopts# Read in the options to be passed to wget.Woptions=" $Wopts" # ^  Why the leading space?# Assign to another variable.# Just for fun, or something . . .echo "passing options ${Wopts} to wget" # Mainly for debugging.# Is cute.return}save_func(){echo "Settings will be saved." if [ ! -d $savePath ]; then  #  See if directory exists.   mkdir $savePath   #  Create the directory to save things in #+ if it isn't already there.fiFlag=S# Tell the final bit of code what to do.# Set a flag since stuff is done in main.return}usage() # Tell them how it works.{ echo "Welcome to wgetter.  This is a front end to wget." echo "It will always run wget with these options:" echo "$CommandA" echo "and the pattern to match: $pattern (which you can change at the top of this script)." echo "It will also ask you for recursion depth, and if you want to use a referring page." echo "Wgetter accepts the following options:" echo "" echo "-$help : Display this help." echo "-$save : Save the command to a file $savePath/wget-($today) instead of running it." echo "-$runn : Run saved wget commands instead of starting a new one -" echo "Enter filename as argument to this option." echo "-$inpu : Run saved wget commands interactively --" echo "The script will ask you for the filename." echo "-$cook : Change the cookies file for this session." echo "-$list : Tell wget to use URL's from a list instead of from the command-line." echo "-$wopt : Pass any other options direct to wget." echo "" echo "See the wget man page for additional options you can pass to wget." echo "" exit $E_USAGE  # End here. Don't process anything else.}list_func() #  Gives the user the option to use the -i option to wget, #+ and a list of URLs.{while [ 1 ]; do   echo "Enter the name of the file containing URL's (press q to changeyour mind)." read urlfile   if [ ! -e "$urlfile" ] && [ "$urlfile" != q ]; then   # Look for a file, or the quit option.   echo "That file does not exist!" elif [ "$urlfile" = q ]; then # Check quit option.   echo "Not using a url list." return   else  echo "using $urlfile."   echo "If you gave url's on the command-line, I'll use those first." # Report wget standard behaviour to the user.  lister=" -i $urlfile" # This is what we want to pass to wget.  return   fidone}cookie_func() # Give the user the option to use a different cookie file.{while [ 1 ]; do   echo "Change the cookies file. Press return if you don't want to change it." read Cookies   # NB: this is not the same as Cookie, earlier.   # There is an 's' on the end.   # Bit like chocolate chips.   if [ -z "$Cookies" ]; then # Escape clause for wusses.  return   elif [ ! -e "$Cookies" ]; then  echo "File does not exist.  Try again." # Keep em going . . .   else   CookiesON=" --load-cookies $Cookies"   # File is good -- use it!   return   fidone}run_func(){if [ -z "$OPTARG" ]; then# Test to see if we used the in-line option or the query one.   if [ ! -d "$savePath" ]; then  # If directory doesn't exist . . .  echo "$savePath does not appear to exist."   echo "Please supply path and filename of saved wget commands:"   read newFile until [ -f "$newFile" ]; do  # Keep going till we get something. echo "Sorry, that file does not exist.  Please try again." # Try really hard to get something. read newFile done# -----------------------------------------------------------------------#   if [ -z ( grep wget ${newfile} ) ]; then # Assume they haven't got the right file and bail out.#   echo "Sorry, that file does not contain wget commands.  Aborting." #   exit#   fi## This is bogus code.# It doesn't actually work.# If anyone wants to fix it, feel free!# -----------------------------------------------------------------------  filePath="${newFile}" else   echo "Save path is $savePath"  echo "Please enter name of the file which you want to use."  echo "You have a choice of:"  ls $savePath # Give them a choice. read inFile   until [ -f "$savePath/$inFile" ]; do #  Keep going till #+ we get something.  if [ ! -f "${savePath}/${inFile}" ]; then # If file doesn't exist. echo "Sorry, that file does not exist.  Please choose from:"  ls $savePath   # If a mistake is made. read inFile  fi done  filePath="${savePath}/${inFile}"  # Make one variable . . .   fielse filePath="${savePath}/${OPTARG}"   # Which can be many things . . .fiif [ ! -f "$filePath" ]; then   # If a bogus file got through.   echo "You did not specify a suitable file." echo "Run this script with the -${save} option first." echo "Aborting." exit $E_NO_SAVEFILEfiecho "Using: $filePath" while read; do eval $REPLY echo "Completed: $REPLY" done < $filePath  # Feed the actual file we are using into a 'while' loop.exit}# Fish out any options we are using for the script.# This is based on the demo in "Learning The Bash Shell" (O'Reilly).while getopts ":$save$cook$help$list$runn:$inpu$wopt" optdo  case $opt in $save) save_func;   #  Save some wgetter sessions for later. $cook) cookie_func; #  Change cookie file. $help) usage;   #  Get help. $list) list_func;   #  Allow wget to use a list of URLs. $runn) run_func; #  Useful if you are calling wgetter from,  #+ for example, a cron script. $inpu) run_func; #  When you don't know what your files are named. $wopt) wopts;   #  Pass options directly to wget. ?) echo "Not a valid option." echo "Use -${wopt} to pass options directly to wget," echo "or -${help} for help";  # Catch anything else.  esacdoneshift $((OPTIND - 1)) # Do funky magic stuff with $#.if [ -z "$1" ] && [ -z "$lister" ]; then  #  We should be left with at least one URL  #+ on the command-line, unless a list is   #+ being used -- catch empty CL's.   echo "No URL's given! You must enter them on the same line as wgetter2." echo "E.g.,  wgetter2 http://somesite http://anothersite." echo "Use $help option for more information." exit $E_NO_URLS # Bail out, with appropriate error code.fiURLS=" $@" # Use this so that URL list can be changed if we stay in the option loop.while [ 1 ]; do   # This is where we ask for the most used options.   # (Mostly unchanged from version 1 of wgetter)   if [ -z $curDepth ]; then  Current="" else Current=" Current value is $curDepth" fi   echo "How deep should I go? (integer: Default is $depthDefault.$Current)" read Depth   # Recursion -- how far should we go?   inputB="" # Reset this to blank on each pass of the loop.   echo "Enter the name of the referring page (default is none)." read inputB  # Need this for some sites.   echo "Do you want to have the output logged to the terminal" echo "(y/n, default is yes)?" read noHide  # Otherwise wget will just log it to a file.   case $noHide in # Now you see me, now you don't.  y|Y ) hide="";  n|N ) hide=" -b"; * ) hide="";   esac   if [ -z ${Depth} ]; then   #  User accepted either default or current depth,   #+ in which case Depth is now empty.  if [ -z ${curDepth} ]; then  #  See if a depth was set on a previous iteration. Depth="$depthDefault"  #  Set the default recursion depth if nothing #+ else to use.  else Depth="$curDepth" #  Otherwise, set the one we used before.  fi   fi   Recurse=" -l $Depth"  # Set how deep we want to go.   curDepth=$Depth   # Remember setting for next time.   if [ ! -z $inputB ]; then  RefA=" --referer=$inputB"   # Option to use referring page.   fi   WGETTER="${CommandA}${pattern}${hide}${RefA}${Recurse}${CookiesON}${lister}${Woptions}${URLS}" #  Just string the whole lot together . . .   #  NB: no embedded spaces.   #  They are in the individual elements so that if any are empty,   #+ we don't get an extra space.   if [ -z "${CookiesON}" ] && [ "$cFlag" = "1" ] ; then   echo "Warning -- can't find cookie file" #  This should be changed,   #+ in case the user has opted to not use cookies.   fi   if [ "$Flag" = "S" ]; then  echo "$WGETTER" >> $savePath/wget-${today}  #  Create a unique filename for today, or append to it if it exists.  echo "$inputB" >> $savePath/site-list-${today}  #  Make a list, so it's easy to refer back to,  #+ since the whole command is a bit confusing to look at.  echo "Command saved to the file $savePath/wget-${today}" # Tell the user.  echo "Referring page URL saved to the file$ savePath/site-list-${today}" # Tell the user.  Saver=" with save option"   # Stick this somewhere, so it appears in the loop if set.   else   echo "*****************" echo "*****Getting*****" echo "*****************" echo "" echo "$WGETTER" echo "" echo "*****************" eval "$WGETTER" fi   echo "" echo "Starting over$Saver." echo "If you want to stop, press q." echo "Otherwise, enter some URL's:" # Let them go again. Tell about save option being set.   read   case $REPLY in   # Need to change this to a 'trap' clause.  q|Q ) exit $E_USER_EXIT;  # Exercise for the reader? * ) URLS=" $REPLY";   esac   echo "" doneexit 0

#!/bin/bash#  bashpodder.sh:#  By Linc 10/1/2004#  Find the latest script at#+ http://linc.homeunix.org:8080/scripts/bashpodder#  Last revision 12/14/2004 - Many Contributors!#  If you use this and have made improvements or have comments#+ drop me an email at linc dot fessenden at gmail dot com#  I'd appreciate it!# ==>  ABS Guide extra comments.# ==>  Author of this script has kindly granted permission# ==>+ for inclusion in ABS Guide.# ==> ################################################################# # ==> What is "podcasting"?# ==> It's broadcasting "radio shows" over the Internet.# ==> These shows can be played on iPods and other music file players.# ==> This script makes it possible.# ==> See documentation at the script author's site, above.# ==> ################################################################# Make script crontab friendly:cd $(dirname $0)# ==> Change to directory where this script lives.# datadir is the directory you want podcasts saved to:datadir=$(date +%Y-%m-%d)# ==> Will create a date-labeled directory, named: YYYY-MM-DD# Check for and create datadir if necessary:if test ! -d $datadir then mkdir $datadirfi# Delete any temp file:rm -f temp.log#  Read the bp.conf file and wget any url not already#+ in the podcast.log file:while read podcast  do # ==> Main action follows.  file=$(wget -q $podcast -O - | tr '' '' | tr ' " | sed -n 's/.*url="([^"]*)".*/1/p')  for url in $file do echo $url >> temp.log if ! grep "$url" podcast.log > /dev/null then wget -q -P $datadir "$url" fi done done < bp.conf# Move dynamically created log file to permanent log file:cat podcast.log >> temp.logsort temp.log | uniq > podcast.logrm temp.log# Create an m3u playlist:ls $datadir | grep -v m3u > $datadir/podcast.m3uexit 0#################################################For a different scripting approach to Podcasting,see Phil Salkie's article, "Internet Radio to Podcast with Shell Tools" in the September, 2005 issue of LINUX JOURNAL,http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/8171#################################################

#!/bin/bash# nightly-backup.sh# http://www.richardneill.org/source.php#nightly-backup-rsync# Copyright (c) 2005 Richard Neill <[email protected]>.# This is Free Software licensed under the GNU GPL.# ==> Included in ABS Guide with script author's kind permission.# ==> (Thanks!)#  This does a backup from the host computer to a locally connected#+ firewire HDD using rsync and ssh.#  (Script should work with USB-connected device (see lines 40-43).#  It then rotates the backups.#  Run it via cron every night at 5am.#  This only backs up the home directory.#  If ownerships (other than the user's) should be preserved,#+ then run the rsync process as root (and re-instate the -o).#  We save every day for 7 days, then every week for 4 weeks,#+ then every month for 3 months.#  See: http://www.mikerubel.org/computers/rsync_snapshots/#+ for more explanation of the theory.#  Save as: $HOME/bin/nightly-backup_firewire-hdd.sh#  Known bugs:#  ----------#  i)  Ideally, we want to exclude ~/.tmp and the browser caches.#  ii) If the user is sitting at the computer at 5am,#+ and files are modified while the rsync is occurring,#+ then the BACKUP_JUSTINCASE branch gets triggered.#  To some extent, this is a #+ feature, but it also causes a "disk-space leak".##### BEGIN CONFIGURATION SECTION ############################################LOCAL_USER=rjn # User whose home directory should be backed up.MOUNT_POINT=/backup   # Mountpoint of backup drive.  # NO trailing slash!  # This must be unique (eg using a udev symlink)# MOUNT_POINT=/media/disk # For USB-connected device.SOURCE_DIR=/home/$LOCAL_USER  # NO trailing slash - it DOES matter to rsync.BACKUP_DEST_DIR=$MOUNT_POINT/backup/`hostname -s`.${LOCAL_USER}.nightly_backupDRY_RUN=false #If true, invoke rsync with -n, to do a dry run.  # Comment out or set to false for normal use.VERBOSE=false # If true, make rsync verbose.  # Comment out or set to false otherwise.COMPRESS=false # If true, compress.  # Good for internet, bad on LAN.  # Comment out or set to false otherwise.### Exit Codes ###E_VARS_NOT_SET=64E_COMMANDLINE=65E_MOUNT_FAIL=70E_NOSOURCEDIR=71E_UNMOUNTED=72E_BACKUP=73##### END CONFIGURATION SECTION ############################################### Check that all the important variables have been set:if [ -z "$LOCAL_USER" ] ||   [ -z "$SOURCE_DIR" ] ||   [ -z "$MOUNT_POINT" ]  ||   [ -z "$BACKUP_DEST_DIR" ]then   echo 'One of the variables is not set! Edit the file: $0. BACKUP FAILED.'   exit $E_VARS_NOT_SETfiif [ "$#" != 0 ]  # If command-line param(s) . . .then  # Here document(ation).  cat <<-ENDOFTEXT Automatic Nightly backup run from cron. Read the source for more details: $0 The backup directory is $BACKUP_DEST_DIR . It will be created if necessary; initialisation is no longer required. WARNING: Contents of $BACKUP_DEST_DIR are rotated. Directories named 'backup.$i' will eventually be DELETED. We keep backups from every day for 7 days (1-8), then every week for 4 weeks (9-12), then every month for 3 months (13-15). You may wish to add this to your crontab using 'crontab -e' #  Back up files: $SOURCE_DIR to $BACKUP_DEST_DIR #+ every night at 3:15 am 15 03 * * * /home/$LOCAL_USER/bin/nightly-backup_firewire-hdd.sh Don't forget to verify the backups are working, especially if you don't read cron's mail!" ENDOFTEXT   exit $E_COMMANDLINEfi# Parse the options.# ==================if [ "$DRY_RUN" == "true" ]; then  DRY_RUN="-n"   echo "WARNING:"   echo "THIS IS A 'DRY RUN'!"   echo "No data will actually be transferred!" else  DRY_RUN="" fiif [ "$VERBOSE" == "true" ]; then  VERBOSE="-v" else  VERBOSE="" fiif [ "$COMPRESS" == "true" ]; then  COMPRESS="-z" else  COMPRESS="" fi#  Every week (actually of 8 days) and every month,#+ extra backups are preserved.DAY_OF_MONTH=`date +%d` # Day of month (01..31).if [ $DAY_OF_MONTH = 01 ]; then # First of month.  MONTHSTART=trueelif [ $DAY_OF_MONTH = 08 -o $DAY_OF_MONTH = 16 -o $DAY_OF_MONTH = 24 ]; then # Day 8,16,24  (use 8, not 7 to better handle 31-day months)  WEEKSTART=truefi#  Check that the HDD is mounted.#  At least, check that *something* is mounted here!#  We can use something unique to the device, rather than just guessing#+ the scsi-id by having an appropriate udev rule in#+ /etc/udev/rules.d/10-rules.local#+ and by putting a relevant entry in /etc/fstab.#  Eg: this udev rule:# BUS="scsi", KERNEL="sd*", SYSFS{vendor}="WDC WD16",# SYSFS{model}="00JB-00GVA0 ", name="%k", SYMLINK="lacie_1394d%n" if mount | grep $MOUNT_POINT >/dev/null; then  echo "Mount point $MOUNT_POINT is indeed mounted. OK" else  echo -n "Attempting to mount $MOUNT_POINT..."   # If it isn't mounted, try to mount it.  sudo mount $MOUNT_POINT 2>/dev/null  if mount | grep $MOUNT_POINT >/dev/null; then UNMOUNT_LATER=TRUE echo "OK" #  Note: Ensure that this is also unmounted #+ if we exit prematurely with failure.  else echo "FAILED" echo -e "Nothing is mounted at $MOUNT_POINT. BACKUP FAILED!" exit $E_MOUNT_FAIL  fifi# Check that source dir exists and is readable.if [ ! -r  $SOURCE_DIR ] ; then  echo "$SOURCE_DIR does not exist, or cannot be read. BACKUP FAILED."   exit $E_NOSOURCEDIRfi# Check that the backup directory structure is as it should be.# If not, create it.# Create the subdirectories.# Note that backup.0 will be created as needed by rsync.for ((i=1;i<=15;i++)); do  if [ ! -d $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.$i ]; then if /bin/mkdir -p $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.$i ; then #  ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^  No [ ] test brackets. Why?  echo "Warning: directory $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.$i is missing,"   echo "or was not initialised. (Re-)creating it." else  echo "ERROR: directory $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.$i"   echo "is missing and could not be created." if  [ "$UNMOUNT_LATER" == "TRUE" ]; then # Before we exit, unmount the mount point if necessary. cdsudo umount $MOUNT_POINT &&echo "Unmounted $MOUNT_POINT again. Giving up." fi  exit $E_UNMOUNTED  fifidone#  Set the permission to 700 for security#+ on an otherwise permissive multi-user system.if ! /bin/chmod 700 $BACKUP_DEST_DIR ; then  echo "ERROR: Could not set permissions on $BACKUP_DEST_DIR to 700."   if  [ "$UNMOUNT_LATER" == "TRUE" ]; then  # Before we exit, unmount the mount point if necessary. cd ; sudo umount $MOUNT_POINT  && echo "Unmounted $MOUNT_POINT again. Giving up."   fi  exit $E_UNMOUNTEDfi# Create the symlink: current -> backup.1 if required.# A failure here is not critical.cd $BACKUP_DEST_DIRif [ ! -h current ] ; then  if ! /bin/ln -s backup.1 current ; then echo "WARNING: could not create symlink current -> backup.1"   fifi# Now, do the rsync.echo "Now doing backup with rsync..." echo "Source dir: $SOURCE_DIR" echo -e "Backup destination dir: $BACKUP_DEST_DIR" /usr/bin/rsync $DRY_RUN $VERBOSE -a -S --delete --modify-window=60 --link-dest=../backup.1 $SOURCE_DIR $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.0/#  Only warn, rather than exit if the rsync failed,#+ since it may only be a minor problem.#  E.g., if one file is not readable, rsync will fail.#  This shouldn't prevent the rotation.#  Not using, e.g., `date +%a`  since these directories#+ are just full of links and don't consume *that much* space.if [ $? != 0 ]; then  BACKUP_JUSTINCASE=backup.`date +%F_%T`.justincase  echo "WARNING: the rsync process did not entirely succeed."   echo "Something might be wrong."   echo "Saving an extra copy at: $BACKUP_JUSTINCASE"   echo "WARNING: if this occurs regularly, a LOT of space will be consumed,"   echo "even though these are just hard-links!" fi# Save a readme in the backup parent directory.# Save another one in the recent subdirectory.echo "Backup of $SOURCE_DIR on `hostname` was last run on `date`" > $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/README.txtecho "This backup of $SOURCE_DIR on `hostname` was created on `date`" > $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.0/README.txt# If we are not in a dry run, rotate the backups.[ -z "$DRY_RUN" ] &&  #  Check how full the backup disk is.  #  Warn if 90%. if 98% or more, we'll probably fail, so give up.  #  (Note: df can output to more than one line.)  #  We test this here, rather than before  #+ so that rsync may possibly have a chance.  DISK_FULL_PERCENT=`/bin/df $BACKUP_DEST_DIR |  tr "" ' ' | awk '{print $12}' | grep -oE [0-9]+ `  echo "Disk space check on backup partition   $MOUNT_POINT $DISK_FULL_PERCENT% full."   if [ $DISK_FULL_PERCENT -gt 90 ]; then echo "Warning: Disk is greater than 90% full."   fi  if [ $DISK_FULL_PERCENT -gt 98 ]; then echo "Error: Disk is full! Giving up."   if  [ "$UNMOUNT_LATER" == "TRUE" ]; then # Before we exit, unmount the mount point if necessary. cd; sudo umount $MOUNT_POINT && echo "Unmounted $MOUNT_POINT again. Giving up."   fi exit $E_UNMOUNTED  fi # Create an extra backup. # If this copy fails, give up. if [ -n "$BACKUP_JUSTINCASE" ]; then   if ! /bin/cp -al $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.0   $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/$BACKUP_JUSTINCASE   then echo "ERROR: Failed to create extra copy  $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/$BACKUP_JUSTINCASE"  if  [ "$UNMOUNT_LATER" == "TRUE" ]; then   # Before we exit, unmount the mount point if necessary.   cd ;sudo umount $MOUNT_POINT &&   echo "Unmounted $MOUNT_POINT again. Giving up."  fi exit $E_UNMOUNTED   fi fi # At start of month, rotate the oldest 8. if [ "$MONTHSTART" == "true" ]; then   echo -e "Start of month. Removing oldest backup: $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.15"  &&   /bin/rm -rf  $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.15  &&   echo "Rotating monthly,weekly backups: $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.[8-14] -> $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.[9-15]"  && /bin/mv $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.14 $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.15  && /bin/mv $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.13 $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.14  && /bin/mv $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.12 $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.13  && /bin/mv $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.11 $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.12  && /bin/mv $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.10 $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.11  && /bin/mv $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.9 $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.10  && /bin/mv $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.8 $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.9 # At start of week, rotate the second-oldest 4. elif [ "$WEEKSTART" == "true" ]; then   echo -e "Start of week. Removing oldest weekly backup: $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.12"  &&   /bin/rm -rf  $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.12  &&   echo "Rotating weekly backups: $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.[8-11] -> $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.[9-12]"  && /bin/mv $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.11 $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.12  && /bin/mv $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.10 $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.11  && /bin/mv $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.9 $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.10  && /bin/mv $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.8 $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.9 else   echo -e "Removing oldest daily backup: $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.8"  && /bin/rm -rf  $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.8 fi  && # Every day, rotate the newest 8. echo "Rotating daily backups:  $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.[1-7] -> $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.[2-8]"  && /bin/mv $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.7 $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.8  && /bin/mv $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.6 $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.7  && /bin/mv $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.5 $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.6  && /bin/mv $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.4 $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.5  && /bin/mv $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.3 $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.4  && /bin/mv $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.2 $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.3  && /bin/mv $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.1 $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.2  && /bin/mv $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.0 $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.1  && SUCCESS=trueif  [ "$UNMOUNT_LATER" == "TRUE" ]; then  # Unmount the mount point if it wasn't mounted to begin with.  cd ; sudo umount $MOUNT_POINT && echo "Unmounted $MOUNT_POINT again." fiif [ "$SUCCESS" == "true" ]; then  echo 'SUCCESS!'  exit 0fi# Should have already exited if backup worked.echo 'BACKUP FAILED! Is this just a dry run? Is the disk full?) 'exit $E_BACKUP

#############################################################################   cdll#   by Phil Braham##   #############################################   Latest version of this script available from#   http://freshmeat.net/projects/cd/#   ##############################################   .cd_new##   An enhancement of the Unix cd command##   There are unlimited stack entries and special entries. The stack#   entries keep the last cd_maxhistory#   directories that have been used. The special entries can be#   assigned to commonly used directories.##   The special entries may be pre-assigned by setting the environment#   variables CDSn or by using the -u or -U command.##   The following is a suggestion for the .profile file:##   . cdll  #  Set up the cd command#   alias cd='cd_new'   #  Replace the cd command#   cd -U   #  Upload pre-assigned entries for#   #+ the stack and special entries#   cd -D   #  Set non-default mode#   alias @="cd_new @"  #  Allow @ to be used to get history##   For help type:##   cd -h or#   cd -H###############################################################################   Version 1.2.1##   Written by Phil Braham - Realtime Software Pty Ltd#   ([email protected])#   Please send any suggestions or enhancements to the author (also at#   [email protected])#############################################################################cd_hm (){ ${PRINTF} "%s" "cd [dir] [0-9] [@[s|h] [-g [<dir>]] [-d] [-D] [-r<n>] [dir|0-9] [-R<n>] [<dir>|0-9]   [-s<n>] [-S<n>] [-u] [-U] [-f] [-F] [-h] [-H] [-v] <dir> Go to directory 0-n Go to previous directory (0 is previous, 1 is last but 1 etc) n is up to max history (default is 50) @   List history and special entries @h  List history entries @s  List special entries -g [<dir>]  Go to literal name (bypass special names) This is to allow access to dirs called '0','1','-h' etc -d  Change default action - verbose. (See note) -D  Change default action - silent. (See note) -s<n> Go to the special entry <n>* -S<n> Go to the special entry <n> and replace it with the current dir* -r<n> [<dir>] Go to directory <dir>  and then put it on special entry <n>* -R<n> [<dir>] Go to directory <dir>  and put current dir on special entry <n>* -a<n>   Alternative suggested directory. See note below. -f [<file>] File entries to <file>. -u [<file>] Update entries from <file>. If no filename supplied then default file (${CDPath}${2:-"$CDFile"}) is used -F and -U are silent versions -v  Print version number -h  Help -H  Detailed help *The special entries (0 - 9) are held until log off, replaced by another entry or updated with the -u command Alternative suggested directories: If a directory is not found then CD will suggest any possibilities. These are directories starting with the same letters and if any are found they are listed prefixed with -a<n> where <n> is a number. It's possible to go to the directory by entering cd -a<n> on the command line. The directory for -r<n> or -R<n> may be a number. For example: $ cd -r3 4  Go to history entry 4 and put it on special entry 3 $ cd -R3 4  Put current dir on the special entry 3 and go to history entry 4 $ cd -s3 Go to special entry 3 Note that commands R,r,S and s may be used without a number and refer to 0: $ cd -s Go to special entry 0 $ cd -S Go to special entry 0 and make special entry 0 current dir $ cd -r 1   Go to history entry 1 and put it on special entry 0 $ cd -r Go to history entry 0 and put it on special entry 0 " if ${TEST} "$CD_MODE" = "PREV" then ${PRINTF} "$cd_mnset" else ${PRINTF} "$cd_mset" fi}cd_Hm (){ cd_hm ${PRINTF} "%s" " The previous directories (0-$cd_maxhistory) are stored in the environment variables CD[0] - CD[$cd_maxhistory] Similarly the special directories S0 - $cd_maxspecial are in the environment variable CDS[0] - CDS[$cd_maxspecial] and may be accessed from the command line The default pathname for the -f and -u commands is $CDPath The default filename for the -f and -u commands is $CDFile Set the following environment variables: CDL_PROMPTLEN  - Set to the length of prompt you require. Prompt string is set to the right characters of the current directory. If not set then prompt is left unchanged CDL_PROMPT_PRE - Set to the string to prefix the prompt. Default is: non-root:  "[e[01;34m]"  (sets colour to blue). root:  "[e[01;31m]"  (sets colour to red). CDL_PROMPT_POST - Set to the string to suffix the prompt. Default is: non-root:  "[e[00m]$" (resets colour and displays $). root:  "[e[00m]#" (resets colour and displays #). CDPath - Set the default path for the -f & -u options. Default is home directory CDFile - Set the default filename for the -f & -u options. Default is cdfile " cd_version}cd_version (){ printf "Version: ${VERSION_MAJOR}.${VERSION_MINOR} Date: ${VERSION_DATE}" }## Truncate right.## params:#   p1 - string#   p2 - length to truncate to## returns string in tcd#cd_right_trunc (){ local tlen=${2} local plen=${#1} local str="${1}" local diff local filler="<--" if ${TEST} ${plen} -le ${tlen} then tcd="${str}" else let diff=${plen}-${tlen} elen=3 if ${TEST} ${diff} -le 2 then let elen=${diff} fi tlen=-${tlen} let tlen=${tlen}+${elen} tcd=${filler:0:elen}${str:tlen} fi}## Three versions of do history:# cd_dohistory  - packs history and specials side by side# cd_dohistoryH - Shows only hstory# cd_dohistoryS - Shows only specials#cd_dohistory (){ cd_getrc ${PRINTF} "History:" local -i count=${cd_histcount} while ${TEST} ${count} -ge 0 do cd_right_trunc "${CD[count]}" ${cd_lchar} ${PRINTF} "%2d %-${cd_lchar}.${cd_lchar}s " ${count} "${tcd}" cd_right_trunc "${CDS[count]}" ${cd_rchar} ${PRINTF} "S%d %-${cd_rchar}.${cd_rchar}s" ${count} "${tcd}" count=${count}-1 done}cd_dohistoryH (){ cd_getrc ${PRINTF} "History:" local -i count=${cd_maxhistory} while ${TEST} ${count} -ge 0 do  ${PRINTF} "${count} %-${cd_flchar}.${cd_flchar}s" ${CD[$count]}  count=${count}-1 done}cd_dohistoryS (){ cd_getrc ${PRINTF} "Specials:" local -i count=${cd_maxspecial} while ${TEST} ${count} -ge 0 do  ${PRINTF} "S${count} %-${cd_flchar}.${cd_flchar}s" ${CDS[$count]}  count=${count}-1 done}cd_getrc (){ cd_flchar=$(stty -a | awk -F ; '/rows/ { print $2 $3 }' | awk -F   '{ print $4 }') if ${TEST} ${cd_flchar} -ne 0 then cd_lchar=${cd_flchar}/2-5 cd_rchar=${cd_flchar}/2-5 cd_flchar=${cd_flchar}-5 else cd_flchar=${FLCHAR:=75} # cd_flchar is used for for the @s & @h history cd_lchar=${LCHAR:=35} cd_rchar=${RCHAR:=35} fi}cd_doselection (){ local -i nm=0 cd_doflag="TRUE" if ${TEST} "${CD_MODE}" = "PREV" then if ${TEST} -z "$cd_npwd" then cd_npwd=0 fi fi tm=$(echo "${cd_npwd}" | cut -b 1) if ${TEST} "${tm}" = "-" then pm=$(echo "${cd_npwd}" | cut -b 2) nm=$(echo "${cd_npwd}" | cut -d $pm -f2) case "${pm}" in a) cd_npwd=${cd_sugg[$nm]} ; s) cd_npwd="${CDS[$nm]}" ; S) cd_npwd="${CDS[$nm]}" ; CDS[$nm]=`pwd` ; r) cd_npwd="$2" ; cd_specDir=$nm ; cd_doselection "$1" "$2"; R) cd_npwd="$2" ; CDS[$nm]=`pwd` ; cd_doselection "$1" "$2"; esac fi if ${TEST} "${cd_npwd}" != "." -a "${cd_npwd}" != ".." -a "${cd_npwd}" -le ${cd_maxhistory} >>/dev/null 2>&1 then  cd_npwd=${CD[$cd_npwd]} else   case "$cd_npwd" in @)  cd_dohistory ; cd_doflag="FALSE" ;   @h) cd_dohistoryH ; cd_doflag="FALSE" ;   @s) cd_dohistoryS ; cd_doflag="FALSE" ;   -h) cd_hm ; cd_doflag="FALSE" ;   -H) cd_Hm ; cd_doflag="FALSE" ;   -f) cd_fsave "SHOW" $2 ; cd_doflag="FALSE" ;   -u) cd_upload "SHOW" $2 ; cd_doflag="FALSE" ;   -F) cd_fsave "NOSHOW" $2 ; cd_doflag="FALSE" ;   -U) cd_upload "NOSHOW" $2 ; cd_doflag="FALSE" ;   -g) cd_npwd="$2" ;   -d) cd_chdefm 1; cd_doflag="FALSE" ;   -D) cd_chdefm 0; cd_doflag="FALSE" ;   -r) cd_npwd="$2" ; cd_specDir=0 ; cd_doselection "$1" "$2";   -R) cd_npwd="$2" ; CDS[0]=`pwd` ; cd_doselection "$1" "$2";   -s) cd_npwd="${CDS[0]}" ;   -S) cd_npwd="${CDS[0]}"  ; CDS[0]=`pwd` ;   -v) cd_version ; cd_doflag="FALSE";   esac fi}cd_chdefm (){ if ${TEST} "${CD_MODE}" = "PREV" then CD_MODE="" if ${TEST} $1 -eq 1 then ${PRINTF} "${cd_mset}" fi else CD_MODE="PREV" if ${TEST} $1 -eq 1 then ${PRINTF} "${cd_mnset}" fi fi}cd_fsave (){ local sfile=${CDPath}${2:-"$CDFile"} if ${TEST} "$1" = "SHOW" then ${PRINTF} "Saved to %s" $sfile fi ${RM} -f ${sfile} local -i count=0 while ${TEST} ${count} -le ${cd_maxhistory} do echo "CD[$count]="${CD[$count]}"" >> ${sfile} count=${count}+1 done count=0 while ${TEST} ${count} -le ${cd_maxspecial} do echo "CDS[$count]="${CDS[$count]}"" >> ${sfile} count=${count}+1 done}cd_upload (){ local sfile=${CDPath}${2:-"$CDFile"} if ${TEST} "${1}" = "SHOW" then ${PRINTF} "Loading from %s" ${sfile} fi . ${sfile}}cd_new (){ local -i count local -i choose=0 cd_npwd="${1}" cd_specDir=-1 cd_doselection "${1}" "${2}" if ${TEST} ${cd_doflag} = "TRUE" then if ${TEST} "${CD[0]}" != "`pwd`" then count=$cd_maxhistory while ${TEST} $count -gt 0 do CD[$count]=${CD[$count-1]} count=${count}-1 done CD[0]=`pwd` fi command cd "${cd_npwd}" 2>/dev/null if ${TEST} $? -eq 1 then ${PRINTF} "Unknown dir: %s" "${cd_npwd}" local -i ftflag=0 for i in "${cd_npwd}"* do if ${TEST} -d "${i}" then if ${TEST} ${ftflag} -eq 0 then ${PRINTF} "Suggest:" ftflag=1 fi ${PRINTF} "-a${choose} %s" "$i" cd_sugg[$choose]="${i}" choose=${choose}+1 fi done fi fi if ${TEST} ${cd_specDir} -ne -1 then CDS[${cd_specDir}]=`pwd` fi if ${TEST} ! -z "${CDL_PROMPTLEN}" then cd_right_trunc "${PWD}" ${CDL_PROMPTLEN} cd_rp=${CDL_PROMPT_PRE}${tcd}${CDL_PROMPT_POST} export PS1="$(echo -ne ${cd_rp})" fi}##########################################################################   ## Initialisation here ##   ###########################################################################VERSION_MAJOR="1" VERSION_MINOR="2.1" VERSION_DATE="24-MAY-2003" #alias cd=cd_new## Set up commandsRM=/bin/rmTEST=testPRINTF=printf  # Use builtin printf##########################################################################   ## Change this to modify the default pre- and post prompt strings.   ## These only come into effect if CDL_PROMPTLEN is set.  ##   ##########################################################################if ${TEST} ${EUID} -eq 0then#   CDL_PROMPT_PRE=${CDL_PROMPT_PRE:="$HOSTNAME@"} CDL_PROMPT_PRE=${CDL_PROMPT_PRE:="[e[01;31m]"}  # Root is in red CDL_PROMPT_POST=${CDL_PROMPT_POST:="[e[00m]#"}else CDL_PROMPT_PRE=${CDL_PROMPT_PRE:="[e[01;34m]"}  # Users in blue CDL_PROMPT_POST=${CDL_PROMPT_POST:="[e[00m]$"}fi########################################################################### cd_maxhistory defines the max number of history entries allowed.typeset -i cd_maxhistory=50########################################################################### cd_maxspecial defines the number of special entries.typeset -i cd_maxspecial=9#############################################################################  cd_histcount defines the number of entries displayed in#+ the history command.typeset -i cd_histcount=9##########################################################################export CDPath=${HOME}/#  Change these to use a different  ##+ default path and filename #export CDFile=${CDFILE:=cdfile}   # for the -u and -f commands  ########################################################################### #typeset -i cd_lchar cd_rchar cd_flchar #  This is the number of chars to allow for the #cd_flchar=${FLCHAR:=75} #+ cd_flchar is used for for the @s & @h history#typeset -ax CD CDS#cd_mset="Default mode is now set - entering cd with no parameters has the default actionUse cd -d or -D for cd to go to previous directory with no parameters" cd_mnset="Non-default mode is now set - entering cd with no parameters is the same as entering cd 0Use cd -d or -D to change default cd action" # ==================================================================== #: <<DOCUMENTATIONWritten by Phil Braham. Realtime Software Pty Ltd.Released under GNU license. Free to use. Please pass any modificationsor comments to the author Phil Braham:[email protected]=======================================================================cdll is a replacement for cd and incorporates similar functionality tothe bash pushd and popd commands but is independent of them.This version of cdll has been tested on Linux using Bash. It will workon most Linux versions but will probably not work on other shells withoutmodification.Introduction============cdll allows easy moving about between directories. When changing to a newdirectory the current one is automatically put onto a stack. By default50 entries are kept, but this is configurable. Special directories can bekept for easy access - by default up to 10, but this is configurable. Themost recent stack entries and the special entries can be easily viewed.The directory stack and special entries can be saved to, and loaded from,a file. This allows them to be set up on login, saved before logging outor changed when moving project to project.In addition, cdll provides a flexible command prompt facility that allows,for example, a directory name in colour that is truncated from the leftif it gets too long.Setting up cdll===============Copy cdll to either your local home directory or a central directorysuch as /usr/bin (this will require root access).Copy the file cdfile to your home directory. It will require read andwrite access. This a default file that contains a directory stack andspecial entries.To replace the cd command you must add commands to your login script.The login script is one or more of: /etc/profile ~/.bash_profile ~/.bash_login ~/.profile ~/.bashrc /etc/bash.bashrc.local To setup your login, ~/.bashrc is recommended, for global (and root) setupadd the commands to /etc/bash.bashrc.local To set up on login, add the command: . <dir>/cdllFor example if cdll is in your local home directory: . ~/cdllIf in /usr/bin then: . /usr/bin/cdllIf you want to use this instead of the buitin cd command then add: alias cd='cd_new'We would also recommend the following commands: alias @='cd_new @' cd -U cd -DIf you want to use cdll's prompt facilty then add the following: CDL_PROMPTLEN=nnWhere nn is a number described below. Initially 99 would be suitablenumber.Thus the script looks something like this: ###################################################################### # CD Setup ###################################################################### CDL_PROMPTLEN=21 # Allow a prompt length of up to 21 characters . /usr/bin/cdll # Initialise cdll alias cd='cd_new'   # Replace the built in cd command alias @='cd_new @'  # Allow @ at the prompt to display history cd -U   # Upload directories cd -D   # Set default action to non-posix ######################################################################The full meaning of these commands will become clear later.There are a couple of caveats. If another program changes the directorywithout calling cdll, then the directory won't be put on the stack andalso if the prompt facility is used then this will not be updated. Twoprograms that can do this are pushd and popd. To update the prompt andstack simply enter: cd . Note that if the previous entry on the stack is the current directorythen the stack is not updated.Usage=====  cd [dir] [0-9] [@[s|h] [-g <dir>] [-d] [-D] [-r<n>]   [dir|0-9] [-R<n>] [<dir>|0-9] [-s<n>] [-S<n>]   [-u] [-U] [-f] [-F] [-h] [-H] [-v] <dir>   Go to directory 0-n Goto previous directory (0 is previous, 1 is last but 1, etc.) n is up to max history (default is 50) @   List history and special entries (Usually available as $ @) @h  List history entries @s  List special entries -g [<dir>]  Go to literal name (bypass special names) This is to allow access to dirs called '0','1','-h' etc -d  Change default action - verbose. (See note) -D  Change default action - silent. (See note) -s<n>   Go to the special entry <n> -S<n>   Go to the special entry <n>  and replace it with the current dir -r<n> [<dir>] Go to directory <dir>  and then put it on special entry <n> -R<n> [<dir>] Go to directory <dir>  and put current dir on special entry <n> -a<n>   Alternative suggested directory. See note below. -f [<file>] File entries to <file>. -u [<file>] Update entries from <file>. If no filename supplied then default file (~/cdfile) is used -F and -U are silent versions -v  Print version number -h  Help -H  Detailed helpExamples========These examples assume non-default mode is set (that is, cd with noparameters will go to the most recent stack directory), that aliaseshave been set up for cd and @ as described above and that cd's promptfacility is active and the prompt length is 21 characters. /home/phil$ @ # List the entries with the @ History: # Output of the @ command ..... # Skipped these entries for brevity 1 /home/phil/ummdev   S1 /home/phil/perl # Most recent two history entries 0 /home/phil/perl/eg  S0 /home/phil/umm/ummdev # and two special entries are shown /home/phil$ cd /home/phil/utils/Cdll # Now change directories /home/phil/utils/Cdll$ @ # Prompt reflects the directory. History: # New history .....   1 /home/phil/perl/eg  S1 /home/phil/perl # History entry 0 has moved to 1 0 /home/phil  S0 /home/phil/umm/ummdev # and the most recent has entered   To go to a history entry: /home/phil/utils/Cdll$ cd 1 # Go to history entry 1. /home/phil/perl/eg$ # Current directory is now what was 1 To go to a special entry: /home/phil/perl/eg$ cd -s1 # Go to special entry 1 /home/phil/umm/ummdev$ # Current directory is S1To go to a directory called, for example, 1: /home/phil$ cd -g 1 # -g ignores the special meaning of 1 /home/phil/1$ To put current directory on the special list as S1: cd -r1 . #  OR cd -R1 . #  These have the same effect if the directory is #+ . (the current directory)To go to a directory and add it as a special The directory for -r<n> or -R<n> may be a number.  For example: $ cd -r3 4  Go to history entry 4 and put it on special entry 3 $ cd -R3 4  Put current dir on the special entry 3 and go to history entry 4 $ cd -s3 Go to special entry 3 Note that commands R,r,S and s may be used without a number and refer to 0: $ cd -s Go to special entry 0 $ cd -S Go to special entry 0 and make special entry 0 current dir $ cd -r 1   Go to history entry 1 and put it on special entry 0 $ cd -r Go to history entry 0 and put it on special entry 0 Alternative suggested directories: If a directory is not found, then CD will suggest any possibilities. These are directories starting with the same letters and if any are found they are listed prefixed with -a<n> where <n> is a number. It's possible to go to the directory by entering cd -a<n> on the command line. Use cd -d or -D to change default cd action. cd -H will show current action. The history entries (0-n) are stored in the environment variables CD[0] - CD[n] Similarly the special directories S0 - 9 are in the environment variable CDS[0] - CDS[9] and may be accessed from the command line, for example: ls -l ${CDS[3]} cat ${CD[8]}/file.txt The default pathname for the -f and -u commands is ~ The default filename for the -f and -u commands is cdfileConfiguration============= The following environment variables can be set: CDL_PROMPTLEN  - Set to the length of prompt you require. Prompt string is set to the right characters of the current directory. If not set, then prompt is left unchanged. Note that this is the number of characters that the directory is shortened to, not the total characters in the prompt. CDL_PROMPT_PRE - Set to the string to prefix the prompt. Default is: non-root:  "[e[01;34m]"  (sets colour to blue). root:  "[e[01;31m]"  (sets colour to red). CDL_PROMPT_POST - Set to the string to suffix the prompt. Default is: non-root:  "[e[00m]$" (resets colour and displays $). root:  "[e[00m]#" (resets colour and displays #). Note: CDL_PROMPT_PRE & _POST only t CDPath - Set the default path for the -f & -u options. Default is home directory CDFile - Set the default filename for the -f & -u options. Default is cdfile There are three variables defined in the file cdll which control the number of entries stored or displayed. They are in the section labeled 'Initialisation here' towards the end of the file. cd_maxhistory   - The number of history entries stored.  Default is 50. cd_maxspecial   - The number of special entries allowed.  Default is 9. cd_histcount - The number of history and special entries  displayed. Default is 9. Note that cd_maxspecial should be >= cd_histcount to avoid displaying special entries that can't be set.Version: 1.2.1 Date: 24-MAY-2003DOCUMENTATION

#!/bin/bash# soundcard-on.sh#  Script author: Mkarcher#  http://www.thinkwiki.org/wiki  ...#  /Script_for_configuring_the_CS4239_sound_chip_in_PnP_mode#  ABS Guide author made minor changes and added comments.#  Couldn't contact script author to ask for permission to use, but ...#+ the script was released under the FDL,#+ so its use here should be both legal and ethical.#  Sound-via-pnp-script for Thinkpad 600E#+ and possibly other computers with onboard CS4239/CS4610#+ that do not work with the PCI driver#+ and are not recognized by the PnP code of snd-cs4236.#  Also for some 770-series Thinkpads, such as the 770x.#  Run as root user, of course.##  These are old and very obsolete laptop computers,#+ but this particular script is very instructive,#+ as it shows how to set up and hack device files.#  Search for sound card pnp device:for dev in /sys/bus/pnp/devices/*do  grep CSC0100 $dev/id > /dev/null && WSSDEV=$dev  grep CSC0110 $dev/id > /dev/null && CTLDEV=$devdone# On 770x:# WSSDEV = /sys/bus/pnp/devices/00:07# CTLDEV = /sys/bus/pnp/devices/00:06# These are symbolic links to /sys/devices/pnp0/ ...#  Activate devices:#  Thinkpad boots with devices disabled unless "fast boot" is turned off#+ (in BIOS).echo activate > $WSSDEV/resourcesecho activate > $CTLDEV/resources# Parse resource settings.{ read # Discard "state = active" (see below).  read bla port1  read bla port2  read bla port3  read bla irq  read bla dma1  read bla dma2 # The "bla's" are labels in the first field: "io," "state," etc. # These are discarded. #  Hack: with PnPBIOS: ports are: port1: WSS, port2: #+ OPL, port3: sb (unneeded) #   with ACPI-PnP:ports are: port1: OPL, port2: sb, port3: WSS #  (ACPI bios seems to be wrong here, the PnP-card-code in snd-cs4236.c #+  uses the PnPBIOS port order) #  Detect port order using the fixed OPL port as reference.  if [ ${port2%%-*} = 0x388 ] # ^^^^  Strip out everything following hyphen in port address. #  So, if port1 is 0x530-0x537 #+ we're left with 0x530 -- the start address of the port. then   # PnPBIOS: usual order   port=${port1%%-*}   oplport=${port2%%-*} else   # ACPI: mixed-up order   port=${port3%%-*}   oplport=${port1%%-*} fi } < $WSSDEV/resources# To see what's going on here:# ---------------------------#   cat /sys/devices/pnp0/00:07/resources##   state = active#   io 0x530-0x537#   io 0x388-0x38b#   io 0x220-0x233#   irq 5#   dma 1#   dma 0#   ^^^   "bla" labels in first field (discarded). { read # Discard first line, as above.  read bla port1  cport=${port1%%-*}  # ^^^^  # Just want _start_ address of port.} < $CTLDEV/resources# Load the module:modprobe --ignore-install snd-cs4236 port=$port cport=$cportfm_port=$oplport irq=$irq dma1=$dma1 dma2=$dma2 isapnp=0 index=0# See the modprobe manpage.exit $?

#!/bin/bash# find-splitpara.sh#  Finds split paragraphs in a text file,#+ and tags the line numbers.ARGCOUNT=1   # Expect one arg.E_WRONGARGS=65file="$1" # Target filename.lineno=1 # Line number. Start at 1.Flag=0   # Blank line flag.if [ $# -ne "$ARGCOUNT" ]then  echo "Usage: `basename $0` FILENAME"   exit $E_WRONGARGSfi  file_read () # Scan file for pattern, then print line.{while read linedo  if [[ "$line" =~ ^[a-z] && $Flag -eq 1 ]] then  # Line begins with lc character, following blank line. echo -n "$lineno::   "  echo "$line"   fi  if [[ "$line" =~ "^$" ]] then #  If blank line, Flag=1   #+ set flag.  else Flag=0  fi  ((lineno++))done} < $file  # Redirect file into function's stdin.file_readexit $?# ----------------------------------------------------------------This is line one of an example paragraph, bla, bla, bla.This is line two, and line three should follow on next line, butthere is a blank line separating the two parts of the paragraph.# ----------------------------------------------------------------Running this script on a file containing the above paragraphyields:4::   there is a blank line separating the two parts of the paragraph.There will be additional output for all the other split paragraphsin the target file.

#!/bin/bash# insertion-sort.bash: Insertion sort implementation in Bash#  Heavy use of Bash array features:#+ (string) slicing, merging, etc# URL: http://www.lugmen.org.ar/~jjo/jjotip/insertion-sort.bash.d#+  /insertion-sort.bash.sh## Author: JuanJo Ciarlante <[email protected]># Lightly reformatted by ABS Guide author.# License: GPLv2# Used in ABS Guide with author's permission (thanks!).## Test with:   ./insertion-sort.bash -t# Or:  bash insertion-sort.bash -t# The following *doesn't* work:#  sh insertion-sort.bash -t#  Why not? Hint: which Bash-specific features are disabled#+ when running a script by 'sh script.sh'?#: ${DEBUG:=0}  # Debug, override with:  DEBUG=1 ./scriptname . . .# Parameter substitution -- set DEBUG to 0 if not previously set.# Global array: "list" typeset -a list# Load whitespace-separated numbers from stdin.if [ "$1" = "-t" ]; thenDEBUG=1 read -a list < <( od -Ad -w24 -t u2 /dev/urandom ) # Random list.# ^ ^  process substitionelse read -a listfinumelem=${#list[*]}#  Shows the list, marking the element whose index is $1#+ by surrounding it with the two chars passed as $2.#  Whole line prefixed with $3.showlist()  {  echo "$3"${list[@]:0:$1} ${2:0:1}${list[$1]}${2:1:1} ${list[@]:$1+1};  }# Loop _pivot_ -- from second element to end of list.for(( i=1; i<numelem; i++ )) do ((DEBUG))&&showlist i "[]" " " # From current _pivot_, back to first element. for(( j=i; j; j-- )) do # Search for the 1st elem. less than current "pivot" . . . [[ "${list[j-1]}" -le "${list[i]}" ]] && break done(( i==j )) && continue ## No insertion was needed for this element.# . . . Move list[i] (pivot) to the left of list[j]: list=(${list[@]:0:j} ${list[i]} ${list[j]}# {0,j-1} {i}   {j}  ${list[@]:j+1:i-(j+1)} ${list[@]:i+1})# {j+1,i-1}  {i+1,last}((DEBUG))&&showlist j "<>" "*" doneechoecho  "------" echo $'Result:'${list[@]}exit $?

#!/bin/bash# sd.sh: Standard Deviation#  The Standard Deviation indicates how consistent a set of data is.#  It shows to what extent the individual data points deviate from the#+ arithmetic mean, i.e., how much they "bounce around" (or cluster).#  It is essentially the average deviation-distance of the#+ data points from the mean.# =========================================================== ## To calculate the Standard Deviation:## 1  Find the arithmetic mean (average) of all the data points.# 2  Subtract each data point from the arithmetic mean,# and square that difference.# 3  Add all of the individual difference-squares in # 2.# 4  Divide the sum in # 3 by the number of data points.# This is known as the "variance." # 5  The square root of # 4 gives the Standard Deviation.# =========================================================== #count=0 # Number of data points; global.SC=9 # Scale to be used by bc. Nine decimal places.E_DATAFILE=90   # Data file error.# ----------------- Set data file ---------------------if [ ! -z "$1" ]  # Specify filename as cmd-line arg?then  datafile="$1" #  ASCII text file,else #+ one (numerical) data point per line!  datafile=sample.datfi  #  See example data file, below.if [ ! -e "$datafile" ]then  echo """$datafile"" does not exist!"   exit $E_DATAFILEfi# -----------------------------------------------------arith_mean (){  local rt=0 # Running total.  local am=0 # Arithmetic mean.  local ct=0 # Number of data points.  while read value   # Read one data point at a time.  do rt=$(echo "scale=$SC; $rt + $value" | bc) (( ct++ ))  done  am=$(echo "scale=$SC; $rt / $ct" | bc)  echo $am; return $ct   # This function "returns" TWO values!  #  Caution: This little trick will not work if $ct > 255!  #  To handle a larger number of data points,  #+ simply comment out the "return $ct" above.} <"$datafile"   # Feed in data file.sd (){  mean1=$1  # Arithmetic mean (passed to function).  n=$2  # How many data points.  sum2=0 # Sum of squared differences ("variance").  avg2=0 # Average of $sum2.  sdev=0 # Standard Deviation.  while read value   # Read one line at a time.  do diff=$(echo "scale=$SC; $mean1 - $value" | bc) # Difference between arith. mean and data point. dif2=$(echo "scale=$SC; $diff * $diff" | bc) # Squared. sum2=$(echo "scale=$SC; $sum2 + $dif2" | bc) # Sum of squares.  done avg2=$(echo "scale=$SC; $sum2 / $n" | bc)  # Avg. of sum of squares. sdev=$(echo "scale=$SC; sqrt($avg2)" | bc) # Square root = echo $sdev # Standard Deviation.} <"$datafile"   # Rewinds data file.# ======================================================= #mean=$(arith_mean); count=$?   # Two returns from function!std_dev=$(sd $mean $count)echoecho "Number of data points in ""$datafile"" = $count" echo "Arithmetic mean (average) = $mean" echo "Standard Deviation = $std_dev" echo# ======================================================= #exit#  This script could stand some drastic streamlining,#+ but not at the cost of reduced legibility, please.# ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ## A sample data file (sample1.dat):# 18.35# 19.0# 18.88# 18.91# 18.64# $ sh sd.sh sample1.dat# Number of data points in "sample1.dat" = 5# Arithmetic mean (average) = 18.756000000# Standard Deviation = .235338054# ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ #

#!/bin/bash# pad.sh########################################################   PAD (xml) file creator#+ Written by Mendel Cooper <[email protected]>.#+ Released to the Public Domain.##  Generates a "PAD" descriptor file for shareware#+ packages, according to the specifications#+ of the ASP.#  http://www.asp-shareware.org/pad######################################################## Accepts (optional) save filename as a command-line argument.if [ -n "$1" ]then  savefile=$1else  savefile=save_file.xml   # Default save_file name.fi  # ===== PAD file headers =====HDR1="<?xml version="1.0" encoding="Windows-1252" ?>" HDR2="<XML_DIZ_INFO>" HDR3="<MASTER_PAD_VERSION_INFO>" HDR4="<MASTER_PAD_VERSION>1.15</MASTER_PAD_VERSION>" HDR5="<MASTER_PAD_INFO>Portable Application Description, or PADfor short, is a data set that is used by shareware authors todisseminate information to anyone interested in their software products.To find out more go to http://www.asp-shareware.org/pad</MASTER_PAD_INFO>" HDR6="</MASTER_PAD_VERSION_INFO>" # ============================fill_in (){  if [ -z "$2" ]  then echo -n "$1? " # Get user input.  else echo -n "$1 $2? "  # Additional query?  fi read var # May paste to fill in field.   # This shows how flexible "read" can be.  if [ -z "$var" ]  then echo -e "<$1 />" >>$savefile # Indent with 2 tabs. return  else echo -e "<$1>$var</$1>" >>$savefile return ${#var} # Return length of input string.  fi} check_field_length ()  # Check length of program description fields.{  # $1 = maximum field length  # $2 = actual field length  if [ "$2" -gt "$1" ]  then echo "Warning: Maximum field length of $1 characters exceeded!"   fi}  clear  # Clear screen.echo "PAD File Creator" echo "--- ---- -------" echo# Write File Headers to file.echo $HDR1 >$savefileecho $HDR2 >>$savefileecho $HDR3 >>$savefileecho -e $HDR4 >>$savefileecho -e $HDR5 >>$savefileecho $HDR6 >>$savefile# Company_Infoecho "COMPANY INFO" CO_HDR="Company_Info" echo "<$CO_HDR>" >>$savefilefill_in Company_Namefill_in Address_1fill_in Address_2fill_in City_Town fill_in State_Provincefill_in Zip_Postal_Codefill_in Country# If applicable:# fill_in ASP_Member "[Y/N]" # fill_in ASP_Member_Number# fill_in ESC_Member "[Y/N]" fill_in Company_WebSite_URLclear   # Clear screen between sections.   # Contact_Infoecho "CONTACT INFO" CONTACT_HDR="Contact_Info" echo "<$CONTACT_HDR>" >>$savefilefill_in Author_First_Namefill_in Author_Last_Namefill_in Author_Emailfill_in Contact_First_Namefill_in Contact_Last_Namefill_in Contact_Emailecho -e "</$CONTACT_HDR>" >>$savefile   # END Contact_Infoclear   # Support_Infoecho "SUPPORT INFO" SUPPORT_HDR="Support_Info" echo "<$SUPPORT_HDR>" >>$savefilefill_in Sales_Emailfill_in Support_Emailfill_in General_Emailfill_in Sales_Phonefill_in Support_Phonefill_in General_Phonefill_in Fax_Phoneecho -e "</$SUPPORT_HDR>" >>$savefile   # END Support_Infoecho "</$CO_HDR>" >>$savefile# END Company_Infoclear# Program_Info echo "PROGRAM INFO" PROGRAM_HDR="Program_Info" echo "<$PROGRAM_HDR>" >>$savefilefill_in Program_Namefill_in Program_Versionfill_in Program_Release_Monthfill_in Program_Release_Dayfill_in Program_Release_Yearfill_in Program_Cost_Dollarsfill_in Program_Cost_Otherfill_in Program_Type "[Shareware/Freeware/GPL]" fill_in Program_Release_Status "[Beta, Major Upgrade, etc.]" fill_in Program_Install_Supportfill_in Program_OS_Support "[Win9x/Win2k/Linux/etc.]" fill_in Program_Language "[English/Spanish/etc.]" echo; echo  # File_Info echo "FILE INFO" FILEINFO_HDR="File_Info" echo "<$FILEINFO_HDR>" >>$savefilefill_in Filename_Versionedfill_in Filename_Previousfill_in Filename_Genericfill_in Filename_Longfill_in File_Size_Bytesfill_in File_Size_Kfill_in File_Size_MBecho -e "</$FILEINFO_HDR>" >>$savefile  # END File_Info clear  # Expire_Info echo "EXPIRE INFO" EXPIRE_HDR="Expire_Info" echo "<$EXPIRE_HDR>" >>$savefilefill_in Has_Expire_Info "Y/N" fill_in Expire_Countfill_in Expire_Based_Onfill_in Expire_Other_Infofill_in Expire_Monthfill_in Expire_Dayfill_in Expire_Yearecho -e "</$EXPIRE_HDR>" >>$savefile  # END Expire_Info clear  # More Program_Infoecho "ADDITIONAL PROGRAM INFO" fill_in Program_Change_Infofill_in Program_Specific_Categoryfill_in Program_Categoriesfill_in Includes_JAVA_VM "[Y/N]" fill_in Includes_VB_Runtime "[Y/N]" fill_in Includes_DirectX "[Y/N]"   # END More Program_Infoecho "</$PROGRAM_HDR>" >>$savefile# END Program_Info clear# Program Descriptionecho "PROGRAM DESCRIPTIONS" PROGDESC_HDR="Program_Descriptions" echo "<$PROGDESC_HDR>" >>$savefileLANG="English" echo "<$LANG>" >>$savefilefill_in Keywords "[comma + space separated]" echoecho "45, 80, 250, 450, 2000 word program descriptions" echo "(may cut and paste into field)" #  It would be highly appropriate to compose the following#+ "Char_Desc" fields with a text editor,#+ then cut-and-paste the text into the answer fields.echoecho "  |---------------45 characters---------------|" fill_in Char_Desc_45check_field_length 45 "$?" echofill_in Char_Desc_80check_field_length 80 "$?" fill_in Char_Desc_250check_field_length 250 "$?" fill_in Char_Desc_450fill_in Char_Desc_2000echo "</$LANG>" >>$savefileecho "</$PROGDESC_HDR>" >>$savefile# END Program Descriptionclearecho "Done."; echo; echoecho "Save file is:  ""$savefile""" exit 0

#!/bin/bash# maned.sh# A rudimentary man page editor# Version: 0.1 (Alpha, probably buggy)# Author: Mendel Cooper <[email protected]># Reldate: 16 June 2008# License: GPL3savefile=  # Global, used in multiple functions.E_NOINPUT=90   # User input missing (error). May or may not be critical.# =========== Markup Tags ============ #TopHeader=".TH" NameHeader=".SH NAME" SyntaxHeader=".SH SYNTAX" SynopsisHeader=".SH SYNOPSIS" InstallationHeader=".SH INSTALLATION" DescHeader=".SH DESCRIPTION" OptHeader=".SH OPTIONS" FilesHeader=".SH FILES" EnvHeader=".SH ENVIRONMENT" AuthHeader=".SH AUTHOR" BugsHeader=".SH BUGS" SeeAlsoHeader=".SH SEE ALSO" BOLD=".B" # Add more tags, as needed.# See groff docs for markup meanings.# ==================================== #start (){clear  # Clear screen.echo "ManEd" echo "-----" echoecho "Simple man page creator" echo "Author: Mendel Cooper" echo "License: GPL3" echo; echo; echo}progname (){  echo -n "Program name? "   read name  echo -n "Manpage section? [Hit RETURN for default ("1") ]  "   read section  if [ -z "$section" ]  then section=1   # Most man pages are in section 1.  fi  if [ -n "$name" ]  then savefile=""$name"."$section""   #  Filename suffix = section. echo -n "$1 " >>$savefile name1=$(echo "$name" | tr a-z A-Z)  #  Change to uppercase, #+ per man page convention. echo -n "$name1" >>$savefile  else echo "Error! No input." # Mandatory input. exit $E_NOINPUT # Critical! #  Exercise: The script-abort if no filename input is a bit clumsy. # Rewrite this section so a default filename is used #+   if no input.  fi  echo -n "  "$section"">>$savefile   # Append, always append.  echo -n "Version? "   read ver  echo -n " "Version $ver "">>$savefile  echo >>$savefile  echo -n "Short description [0 - 5 words]? "   read sdesc  echo "$NameHeader">>$savefile  echo ""$BOLD" "$name"">>$savefile  echo "- "$sdesc"">>$savefile}fill_in (){ # This function more or less copied from "pad.sh" script.  echo -n "$2? "   # Get user input.  read var # May paste (a single line only!) to fill in field.  if [ -n "$var" ]  then echo "$1 " >>$savefile echo -n "$var" >>$savefile  else # Don't append empty field to file. return $E_NOINPUT  # Not critical here.  fi  echo >>$savefile} end (){clearecho -n "Would you like to view the saved man page (y/n)? " read ansif [ "$ans" = "n" -o "$ans" = "N" ]; then exit; fiexec less "$savefile"  #  Exit script and hand off control to "less" ...   #+ ... which formats for viewing man page source.}# ---------------------------------------- #startprogname "$TopHeader" fill_in "$SynopsisHeader" "Synopsis" fill_in "$DescHeader" "Long description" # May paste in *single line* of text.fill_in "$OptHeader" "Options" fill_in "$FilesHeader" "Files" fill_in "$AuthHeader" "Author" fill_in "$BugsHeader" "Bugs" fill_in "$SeeAlsoHeader" "See also" # fill_in "$OtherHeader" ... as necessary.end # ... exit not needed.# ---------------------------------------- ##  Note that the generated man page will usually#+ require manual fine-tuning with a text editor.#  However, it's a distinct improvement upon#+ writing man source from scratch#+ or even editing a blank man page template.#  The main deficiency of the script is that it permits#+ pasting only a single text line into the input fields.#  This may be a long, cobbled-together line, which groff#  will automatically wrap and hyphenate.#  However, if you want multiple (newline-separated) paragraphs,#+ these must be inserted by manual text editing on the#+ script-generated man page.#  Exercise (difficult): Fix this!#  This script is not nearly as elaborate as the#+ full-featured "manedit" package#+ http://freshmeat.net/projects/manedit/#+ but it's much easier to use.

#!/bin/bash -i# petals.sh########################################################################## Petals Around the Rose ##   ## Version 0.1 Created by Serghey Rodin  ## Version 0.2 Modded by ABS Guide Author ##   ## License: GPL3 ## Used in ABS Guide with permission. ## ##################################################################### #hits=0  # Correct guesses.WIN=6   # Mastered the game.ALMOST=5 # One short of mastery.EXIT=exit   # Give up early?RANDOM=$$   # Seeds the random number generator from PID of script.# Bones (ASCII graphics for dice)bone1[1]="| |" bone1[2]="|   o |" bone1[3]="|   o |" bone1[4]="| o o |" bone1[5]="| o o |" bone1[6]="| o o |" bone2[1]="| o |" bone2[2]="| |" bone2[3]="| o |" bone2[4]="| |" bone2[5]="| o |" bone2[6]="| o o |" bone3[1]="| |" bone3[2]="| o   |" bone3[3]="| o   |" bone3[4]="| o o |" bone3[5]="| o o |" bone3[6]="| o o |" bone="+---------+" # Functionsinstructions () {  clear  echo -n "Do you need instructions? (y/n) "; read ans  if [ "$ans" = "y" -o "$ans" = "Y" ]; then clear echo -e 'E[34;47m'  # Blue type.#  "cat document" cat <<INSTRUCTIONSZZZThe name of the game is Petals Around the Rose,and that name is significant.Five dice will roll and you must guess the "answer" for each roll.It will be zero or an even number.After your guess, you will be told the answer for the roll, but . . .that's ALL the information you will get.Six consecutive correct guesses admits you to theFellowship of the Rose.INSTRUCTIONSZZZ echo -e "33[0m" # Turn off blue. else clear  fi}fortune (){  RANGE=7  FLOOR=0  number=0  while [ "$number" -le $FLOOR ]  do number=$RANDOM let "number %= $RANGE"   # 1 - 6.  done  return $number}throw () { # Calculate each individual die.  fortune; B1=$?  fortune; B2=$?  fortune; B3=$?  fortune; B4=$?  fortune; B5=$?  calc () { # Function embedded within a function! case "$1" in   3   ) rose=2;   5   ) rose=4;   *   ) rose=0; esac # Simplified algorithm. # Doesn't really get to the heart of the matter. return $rose  }  answer=0  calc "$B1"; answer=$(expr $answer + $(echo $?))  calc "$B2"; answer=$(expr $answer + $(echo $?))  calc "$B3"; answer=$(expr $answer + $(echo $?))  calc "$B4"; answer=$(expr $answer + $(echo $?))  calc "$B5"; answer=$(expr $answer + $(echo $?))}game (){ # Generate graphic display of dice throw.  throw echo -e "33[1m" # Bold.  echo -e ""   echo -e "$bone$bone$bone$bone$bone"   echo -e  "${bone1[$B1]}${bone1[$B2]}${bone1[$B3]}${bone1[$B4]}${bone1[$B5]}"   echo -e  "${bone2[$B1]}${bone2[$B2]}${bone2[$B3]}${bone2[$B4]}${bone2[$B5]}"   echo -e  "${bone3[$B1]}${bone3[$B2]}${bone3[$B3]}${bone3[$B4]}${bone3[$B5]}"   echo -e "$bone$bone$bone$bone$bone"   echo -e "" echo -e "33[0m" # Turn off bold.  echo -n "There are how many petals around the rose? " }# ============================================================== #instructionswhile [ "$petal" != "$EXIT" ] # Main loop.do  game  read petal  echo "$petal" | grep [0-9] >/dev/null  # Filter response for digit. # Otherwise just roll dice again.  if [ "$?" -eq 0 ]   # If-loop #1.  then if [ "$petal" == "$answer" ]; then # If-loop #2. echo -e "Correct. There are $petal petals around the rose." (( hits++ )) if [ "$hits" -eq "$WIN" ]; then   # If-loop #3.  echo -e 'E[31;47m'  # Red type.  echo -e "33[1m" # Bold.  echo "You have unraveled the mystery of the Rose Petals!"   echo "Welcome to the Fellowship of the Rose!!!"   echo "(You are herewith sworn to secrecy.)"; echo  echo -e "33[0m" # Turn off red & bold.  break # Exit! else echo "You have $hits correct so far."; echo if [ "$hits" -eq "$ALMOST" ]; then  echo "Just one more gets you to the heart of the mystery!"; echo fi  fi  # Close if-loop #3. else  echo -e "Wrong. There are $answer petals around the rose."   hits=0   # Reset number of correct guesses. fi # Close if-loop #2. echo -n "Hit ENTER for the next roll, or type "exit" to end. " read if [ "$REPLY" = "$EXIT" ]; then exit fi  fi  # Close if-loop #1.  cleardone  # End of main (while) loop.###exit $?# Resources:# ---------# 1) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petals_Around_the_Rose# (Wikipedia entry.)# 2) http://www.borrett.id.au/computing/petals-bg.htm# (How Bill Gates coped with the Petals Around the Rose challenge.)

#!/bin/bash# qky.sh############################################################### QUACKEY: a somewhat simplified version of Perquackey [TM]. ## ## Author: Mendel Cooper  <[email protected]>  ## version 0.1.02  03 May, 2008   ## License: GPL3  ###############################################################WLIST=/usr/share/dict/word.lst# ^^^^^^^^  Word list file found here.#  ASCII word list, one word per line, UNIX format.#  A suggested list is the script author's "yawl" word list package.#  http://bash.deta.in/yawl-0.3.2.tar.gz# or#  http://ibiblio.org/pub/Linux/libs/yawl-0.3.2.tar.gzNONCONS=0 # Word not constructable from letter set.CONS=1 # Constructable.SUCCESS=0NG=1FAILURE=''NULL=0 # Zero out value of letter (if found).MINWLEN=3 # Minimum word length.MAXCAT=5  # Maximum number of words in a given category.PENALTY=200   # General-purpose penalty for unacceptable words.total=E_DUP=70  # Duplicate word error.TIMEOUT=10 # Time for word input.NVLET=10  # 10 letters for non-vulnerable.VULET=13  # 13 letters for vulnerable (not yet implemented!).declare -a Wordsdeclare -a Statusdeclare -a Score=( 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 )letters=( a n s r t m l k p r b c i d s i d z e w u e t fe y e r e f e g t g h h i t r s c i t i d i j a t a o l am n a n o v n w o s e l n o s p a q e e r a b r s a o d st g t i t l u e u v n e o x y m r k )#  Letter distribution table shamelessly borrowed from "Wordy" game,#+ ca. 1992, written by a certain fine fellow named Mendel Cooper.declare -a LSnumelements=${#letters[@]}randseed="$1" instructions (){  clear  echo "Welcome to QUACKEY, the anagramming word construction game."; echo  echo -n "Do you need instructions? (y/n) "; read ans   if [ "$ans" = "y" -o "$ans" = "Y" ]; then clear echo -e 'E[31;47m'  # Red foreground. 'E[34;47m' for blue. cat <<INSTRUCTION1QUACKEY is a variant of Perquackey [TM].The rules are the same, but the scoring is simplifiedand plurals of previously played words are allowed."Vulnerable" play is not yet implemented,but it is otherwise feature-complete.As the game begins, the player gets 10 letters.The object is to construct valid dictionary wordsof at least 3-letter length from the letterset.Each word-length category-- 3-letter, 4-letter, 5-letter, ... --fills up with the fifth word entered,and no further words in that category are accepted.The penalty for too-short (two-letter), duplicate, unconstructable,and invalid (not in dictionary) words is -200. The same penalty appliesto attempts to enter a word in a filled-up category.INSTRUCTION1  echo -n "Hit ENTER for next page of instructions. "; read az1 cat <<INSTRUCTION2The scoring mostly corresponds to classic Perquackey:The first 3-letter word scores 60, plus   10 for each additional one.The first 4-letter word scores   120, plus   20 for each additional one.The first 5-letter word scores   200, plus   50 for each additional one.The first 6-letter word scores   300, plus  100 for each additional one.The first 7-letter word scores   500, plus  150 for each additional one.The first 8-letter word scores   750, plus  250 for each additional one.The first 9-letter word scores  1000, plus  500 for each additional one.The first 10-letter word scores 2000, plus 2000 for each additional one.Category completion bonuses are:3-letter words   1004-letter words   2005-letter words   4006-letter words   8007-letter words  20008-letter words 10000This is a simplification of the absurdly baroque Perquackey bonusscoring system.INSTRUCTION2  echo -n "Hit ENTER for final page of instructions. "; read az1 cat <<INSTRUCTION3Hitting just ENTER for a word entry ends the game.Individual word entry is timed to a maximum of 10 seconds.*** Timing out on an entry ends the game. ***Aside from that, the game is untimed.--------------------------------------------------Game statistics are automatically saved to a file.--------------------------------------------------For competitive ("duplicate") play, a previous lettersetmay be duplicated by repeating the script's random seed,command-line parameter $1.For example, "qky 7633" specifies the letterset c a d i f r h u s k ...INSTRUCTION3  echo; echo -n "Hit ENTER to begin game. "; read az1   echo -e "33[0m" # Turn off red. else clear  fi  clear}seed_random (){ #  Seed random number generator.  if [ -n "$randseed" ]   #  Can specify random seed.  then #+ for play in competitive mode.#   RANDOM="$randseed" echo "RANDOM seed set to "$randseed""   else randseed="$$" # Or get random seed from process ID. echo "RANDOM seed not specified, set to Process ID of script ($$)."   fi  RANDOM="$randseed"   echo}get_letset (){  element=0  echo -n "Letterset:"   for lset in $(seq $NVLET)  do  # Pick random letters to fill out letterset. LS[element]="${letters[$((RANDOM%numelements))]}" ((element++))  done  echo  echo "${LS[@]}" }add_word (){  wrd="$1"   local idx=0  Status[0]=""   Status[3]=""   Status[4]=""   while [ "${Words[idx]}" != '' ]  do if [ "${Words[idx]}" = "$wrd" ] then  Status[3]="Duplicate-word-PENALTY"   let "Score[0]= 0 - $PENALTY"   let "Score[1]-=$PENALTY"   return $E_DUP fi ((idx++))  done  Words[idx]="$wrd"   get_score}get_score(){  local wlen=0  local score=0  local bonus=0  local first_word=0  local add_word=0  local numwords=0  wlen=${#wrd}  numwords=${Score[wlen]}  Score[2]=0  Status[4]=""   # Initialize "bonus" to 0.  case "$wlen" in 3) first_word=60   add_word=10; 4) first_word=120   add_word=20; 5) first_word=200   add_word=50; 6) first_word=300   add_word=100; 7) first_word=500   add_word=150; 8) first_word=750   add_word=250; 9) first_word=1000   add_word=500;   10) first_word=2000   add_word=2000;   # This category modified from original rules!  esac  ((Score[wlen]++))  if [ ${Score[wlen]} -eq $MAXCAT ]  then   # Category completion bonus scoring simplified! case $wlen in  3 ) bonus=100;  4 ) bonus=200;  5 ) bonus=400;  6 ) bonus=800;  7 ) bonus=2000;  8 ) bonus=10000; esac  # Needn't worry about 9's and 10's. Status[4]="Category-$wlen-completion***BONUS***" Score[2]=$bonus  else Status[4]=""   # Erase it.  fi let "score =  $first_word +   $add_word * $numwords" if [ "$numwords" -eq 0 ] then  Score[0]=$score else  Score[0]=$add_word fi   #  All this to distinguish last-word score #+ from total running score.  let "Score[1] += ${Score[0]}"   let "Score[1] += ${Score[2]}" }get_word (){  local wrd=''  read -t $TIMEOUT wrd   # Timed read.  echo $wrd}is_constructable (){ # This is the most complex and difficult-to-write function.  local -a local_LS=( "${LS[@]}" )  # Local copy of letter set.  local is_found=0  local idx=0  local pos  local strlen  local local_word=( "$1" )  strlen=${#local_word}  while [ "$idx" -lt "$strlen" ]  do is_found=$(expr index "${local_LS[*]}" "${local_word:idx:1}") if [ "$is_found" -eq "$NONCONS" ] # Not constructable! then  echo "$FAILURE"; return else  ((pos = ($is_found - 1) / 2))   # Compensate for spaces betw. letters!  local_LS[pos]=$NULL # Zero out used letters.  ((idx++))   # Bump index. fi  done  echo "$SUCCESS"   return}is_valid (){ # Surprisingly easy to check if word in dictionary ...  fgrep -qw "$1" "$WLIST"   # ... courtesy of 'grep' ...  echo $?}check_word (){  if [ -z "$1" ]  then return  fi  Status[1]=""   Status[2]=""   Status[3]=""   Status[4]=""   iscons=$(is_constructable "$1")  if [ "$iscons" ]  then Status[1]="constructable" v=$(is_valid "$1") if [ "$v" -eq "$SUCCESS" ] then  Status[2]="valid"   strlen=${#1}  if [ ${Score[strlen]} -eq "$MAXCAT" ]   # Category full!  then Status[3]="Category-$strlen-overflow-PENALTY" return $NG  fi  case "$strlen" in 1 | 2 ) Status[3]="Two-letter-word-PENALTY" return $NG; * ) Status[3]="" return $SUCCESS;  esac else  Status[3]="Not-valid-PENALTY"   return $NG fi  else Status[3]="Not-constructable-PENALTY"   return $NG  fi  ### FIXME: Streamline the above code block.}display_words (){  local idx=0  local wlen0  clear  echo "Letterset:   ${LS[@]}"   echo "Threes: Fours: Fives: Sixes: Sevens: Eights:"   echo "------------------------------------------------------------"  while [ "${Words[idx]}" != '' ]  do   wlen0=${#Words[idx]}   case "$wlen0" in 3) ; 4) echo -n "   " ; 5) echo -n " " ; 6) echo -n " " ; 7) echo -n "  " ; 8) echo -n " " ;   esac   echo "${Words[idx]}" ((idx++))  done  ### FIXME: The word display is pretty crude.}play (){  word="Start game"   # Dummy word, to start ...  while [ "$word" ]   #  If player just hits return (null word),  do  #+ then game ends. echo "$word: "${Status[@]}"" echo -n "Last score: [${Score[0]}]   TOTAL score: [${Score[1]}]: Next word: " total=${Score[1]} word=$(get_word) check_word "$word" if [ "$?" -eq "$SUCCESS" ] then  add_word "$word" else  let "Score[0]= 0 - $PENALTY"   let "Score[1]-=$PENALTY" fi  display_words  done   # Exit game.  ### FIXME: The play () function calls too many other functions.  ### This verges on "spaghetti code" !!!}end_of_game (){ # Save and display stats.  #######################Autosave##########################  savefile=qky.save.$$  # ^^ PID of script  echo `date` >> $savefile  echo "Letterset # $randseed  (random seed) ">> $savefile  echo -n "Letterset: " >> $savefile  echo "${LS[@]}" >> $savefile  echo "---------" >> $savefile  echo "Words constructed:" >> $savefile  echo "${Words[@]}" >> $savefile  echo >> $savefile  echo "Score: $total" >> $savefile  echo "Statistics for this round saved in ""$savefile"""   #########################################################  echo "Score for this round: $total"   echo "Words:  ${Words[@]}" }# ---------#instructionsseed_randomget_letsetplayend_of_game# ---------#exit $?# TODO:## 1) Clean up code!# 2) Prettify the display_words () function (maybe with widgets?).# 3) Improve the time-out ... maybe change to untimed entry,#+   but with a time limit for the overall round.   # 4) An on-screen countdown timer would be nice.# 5) Implement "vulnerable" mode of play for compatibility with classic#+   version of the game.# 6) Improve save-to-file capability (and maybe make it optional).# 7) Fix bugs!!!# For more info, reference:# http://bash.deta.in/qky.README.html

#!/bin/bash# nim.sh: Game of Nim# Author: Mendel Cooper# Reldate: 15 July 2008# License: GPL3ROWS=5 # Five rows of pegs (or matchsticks).WON=91 # Exit codes to keep track of wins/losses.LOST=92 # Possibly useful if running in batch mode.  QUIT=99peg_msg=   # Peg/Pegs?Rows=( 0 5 4 3 2 1 )   # Array holding play info.# ${Rows[0]} holds total number of pegs, updated after each turn.# Other array elements hold number of pegs in corresponding row.instructions (){  clear  tput bold  echo "Welcome to the game of Nim."; echo  echo -n "Do you need instructions? (y/n) "; read ans   if [ "$ans" = "y" -o "$ans" = "Y" ]; then clear echo -e 'E[33;41m'  # Yellow fg., over red bg.; bold. cat <<INSTRUCTIONSNim is a game with roots in the distant past.This particular variant starts with five rows of pegs.1: | | | | | 2: | | | | 3:  | | | 4:   | | 5: | The number at the left identifies the row.The human player moves first, and alternates turns with the bot.A turn consists of removing at least one peg from a single row.It is permissable to remove ALL the pegs from a row.For example, in row 2, above, the player can remove 1, 2, 3, or 4 pegs.The player who removes the last peg loses.The strategy consists of trying to be the one who removesthe next-to-last peg(s), leaving the loser with the final peg.To exit the game early, hit ENTER during your turn.INSTRUCTIONSecho; echo -n "Hit ENTER to begin game. "; read azx  echo -e "33[0m" # Restore display.  else tput sgr0; clear  ficlear}tally_up (){  let "Rows[0] = ${Rows[1]} + ${Rows[2]} + ${Rows[3]} + ${Rows[4]} +   ${Rows[5]}" # Add up how many pegs remaining.}display (){  index=1   # Start with top row.  echo  while [ "$index" -le "$ROWS" ]  do p=${Rows[index]} echo -n "$index:   "  # Show row number.  # ------------------------------------------------  # Two concurrent inner loops.  indent=$index  while [ "$indent" -gt 0 ]  do echo -n " "   # Staggered rows. ((indent--))  # Spacing between pegs.  done while [ "$p" -gt 0 ] do  echo -n "| "   ((p--)) done  # -----------------------------------------------  echo  ((index++))  done tally_up  rp=${Rows[0]}  if [ "$rp" -eq 1 ]  then peg_msg=peg final_msg="Game over."   else # Game not yet over . . . peg_msg=pegs final_msg=""   # . . . So "final message" is blank.  fi  echo "  $rp $peg_msg remaining."   echo "  "$final_msg""   echo}player_move (){  echo "Your move:"   echo -n "Which row? "   while read idx  do   # Validity check, etc. if [ -z "$idx" ]   # Hitting return quits. then echo "Premature exit."; echo tput sgr0  # Restore display. exit $QUIT fi if [ "$idx" -gt "$ROWS" -o "$idx" -lt 1 ]   # Bounds check. then  echo "Invalid row number!"   echo -n "Which row? " else  break fi # TODO: # Add check for non-numeric input. # Also, script crashes on input outside of range of long double. # Fix this.  done  echo -n "Remove how many? "   while read num  do   # Validity check.  if [ -z "$num" ]  then echo "Premature exit."; echo tput sgr0  # Restore display. exit $QUIT  fi if [ "$num" -gt ${Rows[idx]} -o "$num" -lt 1 ] then  echo "Cannot remove $num!"   echo -n "Remove how many? " else  break fi  done  # TODO:  # Add check for non-numeric input.  # Also, script crashes on input outside of range of long double.  # Fix this.  let "Rows[idx] -= $num"   display  tally_up  if [ ${Rows[0]} -eq 1 ]  then   echo "  Human wins!" echo "  Congratulations!" tput sgr0   # Restore display.   echo   exit $WON  fi  if [ ${Rows[0]} -eq 0 ]  then  # Snatching defeat from the jaws of victory . . . echo "  Fool!" echo "  You just removed the last peg!" echo "  Bot wins!" tput sgr0   # Restore display. echo exit $LOST  fi}bot_move (){  row_b=0  while [[ $row_b -eq 0 || ${Rows[row_b]} -eq 0 ]]  do row_b=$RANDOM  # Choose random row. let "row_b %= $ROWS"   done  num_b=0  r0=${Rows[row_b]}  if [ "$r0" -eq 1 ]  then num_b=1  else let "num_b = $r0 - 1"  #  Leave only a single peg in the row.  fi #  Not a very strong strategy, #+ but probably a bit better than totally random.  let "Rows[row_b] -= $num_b"   echo -n "Bot:  "   echo "Removing from row $row_b ... "   if [ "$num_b" -eq 1 ]  then peg_msg=peg  else peg_msg=pegs  fi  echo "  $num_b $peg_msg."   display  tally_up  if [ ${Rows[0]} -eq 1 ]  then   echo "  Bot wins!" tput sgr0   # Restore display.   exit $WON  fi}# ================================================== #instructions # If human player needs them . . .tput bold # Bold characters for easier viewing.display  # Show game board.while [ true ]   # Main loop.do   # Alternate human and bot turns.  player_move  bot_movedone# ================================================== ## Exercise:# --------# Improve the bot's strategy.# There is, in fact, a Nim strategy that can force a win.# See the Wikipedia article on Nim:  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nim# Recode the bot to use this strategy (rather difficult).#  Curiosities:#  -----------#  Nim played a prominent role in Alain Resnais' 1961 New Wave film,#+ Last Year at Marienbad.##  In 1978, Leo Christopherson wrote an animated version of Nim,#+ Android Nim, for the TRS-80 Model I.

#!/bin/sh# sw.sh# A command-line Stopwatch# Author: P�draig Brady# http://www.pixelbeat.org/scripts/sw# (Minor reformatting by ABS Guide author.)# Used in ABS Guide with script author's permission.# Notes:# This script starts a few processes per lap, in addition to# the shell loop processing, so the assumption is made that# this takes an insignificant amount of time compared to# the response time of humans (~.1s) (or the keyboard# interrupt rate (~.05s)).# '?' for splits must be entered twice if characters# (erroneously) entered before it (on the same line).# '?' since not generating a signal may be slightly delayed# on heavily loaded systems.# Lap timings on ubuntu may be slightly delayed due to:# https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/62511# Changes:# V1.0, 23 Aug 2005, Initial release# V1.1, 26 Jul 2007, Allow both splits and laps from single invocation.#   Only start timer after a key is pressed.#   Indicate lap number#   Cache programs at startup so there is less error#   due to startup delays.# V1.2, 01 Aug 2007, Work around `date` commands that don't have#   nanoseconds.#   Use stty to change interrupt keys to space for#   laps etc.#   Ignore other input as it causes problems.# V1.3, 01 Aug 2007, Testing release.# V1.4, 02 Aug 2007, Various tweaks to get working under ubuntu#   and Mac OS X.# V1.5, 27 Jun 2008, set LANG=C as got vague bug report about it.export LANG=Culimit -c 0   # No coredumps from SIGQUIT.trap '' TSTP  # Ignore Ctrl-Z just in case.save_tty=`stty -g` && trap "stty $save_tty" EXIT  # Restore tty on exit.stty quit ' ' # Space for laps rather than Ctrl-.stty eof  '?' # ? for splits rather than Ctrl-D.stty -echo # Don't echo input.cache_progs() { stty > /dev/null date > /dev/null grep . < /dev/null (echo "import time" | python) 2> /dev/null bc < /dev/null sed '' < /dev/null printf '1' > /dev/null /usr/bin/time false 2> /dev/null cat < /dev/null}cache_progs   # To minimise startup delay.date +%s.%N | grep -qF 'N' && use_python=1 # If `date` lacks nanoseconds.now() { if [ "$use_python" ]; then echo "import time; print time.time()" 2>/dev/null | python else printf "%.2f" `date +%s.%N` fi}fmt_seconds() { seconds=$1 mins=`echo $seconds/60 | bc` if [ "$mins" != "0" ]; then seconds=`echo "$seconds - ($mins*60)" | bc` echo "$mins:$seconds" else echo "$seconds" fi}total() { end=`now` total=`echo "$end - $start" | bc` fmt_seconds $total}stop() { [ "$lapped" ] && lap "$laptime" "display" total exit}lap() { laptime=`echo "$1" | sed -n 's/.*real[^0-9.]*(.*)/1/p'` [ ! "$laptime" -o "$laptime" = "0.00" ] && return # Signals too frequent. laptotal=`echo $laptime+0$laptotal | bc` if [ "$2" = "display" ]; then lapcount=`echo 0$lapcount+1 | bc` laptime=`fmt_seconds $laptotal` echo $laptime "($lapcount)" lapped="true" laptotal="0" fi}echo -n "Space for lap | ? for split | Ctrl-C to stop | Space to start...">&2while true; do trap true INT QUIT  # Set signal handlers. laptime=`/usr/bin/time -p 2>&1 cat >/dev/null` ret=$? trap '' INT QUIT # Ignore signals within this script. if [ $ret -eq 1 -o $ret -eq 2 -o $ret -eq 130 ]; then # SIGINT = stop [ ! "$start" ] && { echo >&2; exit; } stop elif [ $ret -eq 3 -o $ret -eq 131 ]; then # SIGQUIT = lap if [ ! "$start" ]; then start=`now` || exit 1 echo >&2 continue fi lap "$laptime" "display" else # eof = split [ ! "$start" ] && continue total lap "$laptime"  # Update laptotal. fidoneexit $?

#!/bin/bash#  homework.sh: All-purpose homework assignment solution.#  Author: M. Leo Cooper#  If you substitute your own name as author, then it is plagiarism,#+ possibly a lesser sin than cheating on your homework!#  License: Public Domain#  This script may be turned in to your instructor#+ in fulfillment of ALL shell scripting homework assignments.#  It's sparsely commented, but you, the student, can easily remedy that.#  The script author repudiates all responsibility!DLA=1P1=2P2=4P3=7PP1=0PP2=8MAXL=9E_LZY=99declare -a LL[0]="3 4 0 17 29 8 13 18 19 17 20 2 19 14 17 28" L[1]="8 29 12 14 18 19 29 4 12 15 7 0 19 8 2 0 11 11 24 29 17 4 6 17 4 19" L[2]="29 19 7 0 19 29 8 29 7 0 21 4 29 13 4 6 11 4 2 19 4 3" L[3]="19 14 29 2 14 12 15 11 4 19 4 29 19 7 8 18 29" L[4]="18 2 7 14 14 11 22 14 17 10 29 0 18 18 8 6 13 12 4 13 19 26" L[5]="15 11 4 0 18 4 29 0 2 2 4 15 19 29 12 24 29 7 20 12 1 11 4 29" L[6]="4 23 2 20 18 4 29 14 5 29 4 6 17 4 6 8 14 20 18 29" L[7]="11 0 25 8 13 4 18 18 27" L[8]="0 13 3 29 6 17 0 3 4 29 12 4 29 0 2 2 14 17 3 8 13 6 11 24 26" L[9]="19 7 0 13 10 29 24 14 20 26" declare -a alph=( A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z . , : ' ' )pt_lt (){  echo -n "${alph[$1]}"   echo -n -e "a"   sleep $DLA}b_r (){ echo -e 'E[31;48m33[1m'}cr (){ echo -e "a"  sleep $DLA}restore (){  echo -e '33[0m' # Bold off.  tput sgr0 # Normal.}p_l (){  for ltr in $1  do pt_lt "$ltr"   done}# ----------------------b_rfor i in $(seq 0 $MAXL)do  p_l "${L[i]}"   if [[ "$i" -eq "$P1" || "$i" -eq "$P2" || "$i" -eq "$P3" ]]  then cr  elif [[ "$i" -eq "$PP1" || "$i" -eq "$PP2" ]]  then cr; cr  fidonerestore# ----------------------echoexit $E_LZY#  A typical example of an obfuscated script that is difficult#+ to understand, and frustrating to maintain.#  In your career as a sysadmin, you'll run into these critters#+ all too often.

#!/bin/bash# ktour.sh# author: mendel cooper# reldate: 12 Jan 2009# license: public domain# (Not much sense GPLing something that's pretty much in the common#+ domain anyhow.)#################################################################### The Knight's Tour, a classic problem.   ## =====================================   ##  The knight must move onto every square of the chess board, ##  but cannot revisit any square he has already visited.  ## ##  And just why is Sir Knight unwelcome for a return visit?   ##  Could it be that he has a habit of partying into the wee hours ##+ of the morning? ##  Possibly he leaves pizza crusts in the bed, empty beer bottles ##+ all over the floor, and clogs the plumbing. . . .  ## ##  -------------------------------------------------------------  ## ##  Usage: ktour.sh [start-square] [stupid] ## ##  Note that start-square can be a square number  ##+ in the range 0 - 63 ... or ##  a square designator in conventional chess notation, ##  such as a1, f5, h3, etc.   ## ##  If start-square-number not supplied,   ##+ then starts on a random square somewhere on the board. ## ## "stupid" as second parameter sets the stupid strategy.  ## ##  Examples:  ##  ktour.sh 23  starts on square #23 (h3) ##  ktour.sh g6 stupid   starts on square #46, ##   using "stupid" (non-Warnsdorff) strategy. ####################################################################DEBUG=  # Set this to echo debugging info to stdout.SUCCESS=0FAIL=99BADMOVE=-999FAILURE=1LINELEN=21  # How many moves to display per line.# ---------------------------------------- ## Board array paramsROWS=8   # 8 x 8 board.COLS=8let "SQUARES = $ROWS * $COLS" let "MAX = $SQUARES - 1" MIN=0# 64 squares on board, indexed from 0 to 63.VISITED=1UNVISITED=-1UNVSYM="##" # ---------------------------------------- ## Global variables.startpos= # Starting position (square #, 0 - 63).currpos= # Current position.movenum= # Move number.CRITPOS=37   # Have to patch for f5 starting position!declare -i board# Use a one-dimensional array to simulate a two-dimensional one.# This can make life difficult and result in ugly kludges; see below.declare -i moves  # Offsets from current knight position.initialize_board (){  local idx  for idx in {0..63}  do board[$idx]=$UNVISITED  done}print_board (){  local idx  echo " _____________________________________"   for row in {7..0}   #  Reverse order of rows ...  do  #+ so it prints in chessboard order. let "rownum = $row + 1"   #  Start numbering rows at 1. echo -n "$rownum  |"  #  Mark board edge with border and for column in {0..7}  #+ "algebraic notation." do  let "idx = $ROWS*$row + $column"   if [ ${board[idx]} -eq $UNVISITED ]  then echo -n "$UNVSYM   "  ##  else # Mark square with move number. printf "%02d " "${board[idx]}"; echo -n "  "   fi done echo -e -n "|"  #  is a backspace. echo  # -e enables echoing escaped chars.  done  echo " -------------------------------------"   echo " a b c d e f g h" }failure(){ # Whine, then bail out.  echo  print_board  echo  echo "   Waah!!! Ran out of squares to move to!"   echo -n "   Knight's Tour attempt ended"   echo " on $(to_algebraic $currpos) [square #$currpos]"   echo "   after just $movenum moves!"   echo  exit $FAIL}xlat_coords ()   #  Translate x/y coordinates to board position{ #+ (board-array element #).  #  For user input of starting board position as x/y coords.  #  This function not used in initial release of ktour.sh.  #  May be used in an updated version, for compatibility with  #+ standard implementation of the Knight's Tour in C, Python, etc.  if [ -z "$1" -o -z "$2" ]  then return $FAIL  fi  local xc=$1  local yc=$2  let "board_index = $xc * $ROWS + yc"   if [ $board_index -lt $MIN -o $board_index -gt $MAX ]  then return $FAIL # Strayed off the board!  else return $board_index  fi}to_algebraic ()   #  Translate board position (board-array element #){ #+ to standard algebraic notation used by chess players.  if [ -z "$1" ]  then return $FAIL  fi  local element_no=$1   # Numerical board position.  local col_arr=( a b c d e f g h )  local row_arr=( 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 )  let "row_no = $element_no / $ROWS"   let "col_no = $element_no % $ROWS"   t1=${col_arr[col_no]}; t2=${row_arr[row_no]}  local apos=$t1$t2   # Concatenate.  echo $apos}from_algebraic ()   #  Translate standard algebraic chess notation{   #+ to numerical board position (board-array element #). #  Or recognize numerical input & return it unchanged.  if [ -z "$1" ]  then return $FAIL  fi   # If no command-line arg, then will default to random start pos.  local ix  local ix_count=0  local b_index # Board index [0-63]  local alpos="$1"   arow=${alpos:0:1} # position = 0, length = 1  acol=${alpos:1:1}  if [[ $arow =~ [[:digit:]] ]]   #  Numerical input?  then   #  POSIX char class if [[ $acol =~ [[:alpha:]] ]] # Number followed by a letter? Illegal!  then return $FAIL else if [ $alpos -gt $MAX ]   # Off board?  then return $FAIL else return $alpos #  Return digit(s) unchanged . . .  fi  #+ if within range. fi  fi  if [[ $acol -eq $MIN || $acol -gt $ROWS ]]  then # Outside of range 1 - 8? return $FAIL  fi  for ix in a b c d e f g h  do  # Convert column letter to column number.   if [ "$arow" = "$ix" ]   then break   fi  ((ix_count++)) # Find index count.  done  ((acol--)) # Decrementing converts to zero-based array.  let "b_index = $ix_count + $acol * $ROWS"   if [ $b_index -gt $MAX ]   # Off board?  then return $FAIL  fi  return $b_index}generate_moves ()   #  Calculate all valid knight moves,{   #+ relative to current position ($1), #+ and store in ${moves} array.  local kt_hop=1 #  One square  :: short leg of knight move.  local kt_skip=2   #  Two squares :: long leg  of knight move.  local valmov=0 #  Valid moves.  local row_pos; let "row_pos = $1 % $COLS"   let "move1 = -$kt_skip + $ROWS"   # 2 sideways to-the-left,  1 up if [[ `expr $row_pos - $kt_skip` -lt $MIN ]]   # An ugly, ugly kludge! then   # Can't move off board.  move1=$BADMOVE   # Not even temporarily. else  ((valmov++)) fi  let "move2 = -$kt_hop + $kt_skip * $ROWS" # 1 sideways to-the-left,  2 up if [[ `expr $row_pos - $kt_hop` -lt $MIN ]] # Kludge continued ... then  move2=$BADMOVE else  ((valmov++)) fi  let "move3 =  $kt_hop + $kt_skip * $ROWS" # 1 sideways to-the-right, 2 up if [[ `expr $row_pos + $kt_hop` -ge $COLS ]] then  move3=$BADMOVE else  ((valmov++)) fi  let "move4 =  $kt_skip + $ROWS"   # 2 sideways to-the-right, 1 up if [[ `expr $row_pos + $kt_skip` -ge $COLS ]] then  move4=$BADMOVE else  ((valmov++)) fi  let "move5 =  $kt_skip - $ROWS"   # 2 sideways to-the-right, 1 dn if [[ `expr $row_pos + $kt_skip` -ge $COLS ]] then  move5=$BADMOVE else  ((valmov++)) fi  let "move6 =  $kt_hop - $kt_skip * $ROWS" # 1 sideways to-the-right, 2 dn if [[ `expr $row_pos + $kt_hop` -ge $COLS ]] then  move6=$BADMOVE else  ((valmov++)) fi  let "move7 = -$kt_hop - $kt_skip * $ROWS" # 1 sideways to-the-left,  2 dn if [[ `expr $row_pos - $kt_hop` -lt $MIN ]] then  move7=$BADMOVE else  ((valmov++)) fi  let "move8 = -$kt_skip - $ROWS"   # 2 sideways to-the-left,  1 dn if [[ `expr $row_pos - $kt_skip` -lt $MIN ]] then  move8=$BADMOVE else  ((valmov++)) fi   # There must be a better way to do this.  local m=( $valmov $move1 $move2 $move3 $move4 $move5 $move6 $move7 $move8 )  # ${moves[0]} = number of valid moves.  # ${moves[1]} ... ${moves[8]} = possible moves.  echo "${m[*]}" # Elements of array to stdout for capture in a var.}is_on_board ()  # Is position actually on the board?{  if [[ "$1" -lt "$MIN" || "$1" -gt "$MAX" ]]  then return $FAILURE  else return $SUCCESS  fi}do_move ()  # Move the knight!{  local valid_moves=0  local aapos  currposl="$1"   lmin=$ROWS  iex=0  squarel=  mpm=  mov=  declare -a p_moves  ########################## DECIDE-MOVE #############################  if [ $startpos -ne $CRITPOS ]  then   # CRITPOS = square #37 decide_move  else # Needs a special patch for startpos=37 !!! decide_move_patched # Why this particular move and no other ???  fi  ####################################################################  (( ++movenum ))  # Increment move count.  let "square = $currposl + ${moves[iex]}"   ################## DEBUG ###############  if [ "$DEBUG" ] then debug   # Echo debugging information.  fi  ##############################################  if [[ "$square" -gt $MAX || "$square" -lt $MIN || ${board[square]} -ne $UNVISITED ]]  then (( --movenum ))  #  Decrement move count, echo "RAN OUT OF SQUARES!!!" #+ since previous one was invalid. return $FAIL  fi  board[square]=$movenum  currpos=$square   # Update current position.  ((valid_moves++)); # moves[0]=$valid_moves  aapos=$(to_algebraic $square)  echo -n "$aapos "   test $(( $Moves % $LINELEN )) -eq 0 && echo  # Print LINELEN=21 moves per line. A valid tour shows 3 complete lines.  return $valid_moves   # Found a square to move to!}do_move_stupid()   #  Dingbat algorithm,{  #+ courtesy of script author, *not* Warnsdorff.  local valid_moves=0  local movloc  local squareloc  local aapos  local cposloc="$1"   for movloc in {1..8}  do   # Move to first-found unvisited square. let "squareloc = $cposloc + ${moves[movloc]}" is_on_board $squareloc if [ $? -eq $SUCCESS ] && [ ${board[squareloc]} -eq $UNVISITED ] then   # Add conditions to above if-test to improve algorithm.  (( ++movenum ))  board[squareloc]=$movenum  currpos=$squareloc # Update current position.  ((valid_moves++)); # moves[0]=$valid_moves  aapos=$(to_algebraic $squareloc)  echo -n "$aapos "   test $(( $Moves % $LINELEN )) -eq 0 && echo   # Print 21 moves/line.  return $valid_moves # Found a square to move to! fi  done  return $FAIL  #  If no square found in all 8 loop iterations,  #+ then Knight's Tour attempt ends in failure.  #  Dingbat algorithm will typically fail after about 30 - 40 moves,  #+ but executes _much_ faster than Warnsdorff's in do_move() function.}decide_move () #  Which move will we make?{  #  But, fails on startpos=37 !!!  for mov in {1..8}  do let "squarel = $currposl + ${moves[mov]}" is_on_board $squarel if [[ $? -eq $SUCCESS && ${board[squarel]} -eq $UNVISITED ]] then   #  Find accessible square with least possible future moves.   #  This is Warnsdorff's algorithm.   #  What happens is that the knight wanders toward the outer edge   #+ of the board, then pretty much spirals inward.   #  Given two or more possible moves with same value of   #+ least-possible-future-moves, this implementation chooses   #+ the _first_ of those moves.   #  This means that there is not necessarily a unique solution   #+ for any given starting position.  possible_moves $squarel  mpm=$?  p_moves[mov]=$mpm if [ $mpm -lt $lmin ]  # If less than previous minimum ...  then # ^^ lmin=$mpm # Update minimum. iex=$mov # Save index.  fi fi  done}decide_move_patched () #  Decide which move to make,{  # ^^^^^^^ #+ but only if startpos=37 !!!  for mov in {1..8}  do let "squarel = $currposl + ${moves[mov]}" is_on_board $squarel if [[ $? -eq $SUCCESS && ${board[squarel]} -eq $UNVISITED ]] then  possible_moves $squarel  mpm=$?  p_moves[mov]=$mpm if [ $mpm -le $lmin ]  # If less-than-or equal to prev. minimum!  then # ^^ lmin=$mpm iex=$mov  fi fi  done   # There has to be a better way to do this.}possible_moves () #  Calculate number of possible moves,{ #+ given the current position.  if [ -z "$1" ]  then return $FAIL  fi  local curr_pos=$1  local valid_movl=0  local icx=0  local movl  local sq  declare -a movesloc  movesloc=( $(generate_moves $curr_pos) )  for movl in {1..8}  do let "sq = $curr_pos + ${movesloc[movl]}" is_on_board $sq if [ $? -eq $SUCCESS ] && [ ${board[sq]} -eq $UNVISITED ] then  ((valid_movl++)); fi  done  return $valid_movl # Found a square to move to!}strategy (){  echo  if [ -n "$STUPID" ]  then for Moves in {1..63} do  cposl=$1  moves=( $(generate_moves $currpos) )  do_move_stupid "$currpos"   if [ $? -eq $FAIL ]  then failure  fi  done  fi  #  Don't need an "else" clause here,  #+ because Stupid Strategy will always fail and exit!  for Moves in {1..63}  do cposl=$1 moves=( $(generate_moves $currpos) ) do_move "$currpos" if [ $? -eq $FAIL ] then  failure fi  done #  Could have condensed above two do-loops into a single one,  echo  #+ but this would have slowed execution.  print_board  echo  echo "Knight's Tour ends on $(to_algebraic $currpos) [square #$currpos]."   return $SUCCESS}debug (){   # Enable this by setting DEBUG=1 near beginning of script.  local n  echo "================================="   echo "  At move number  $movenum:"   echo " *** possible moves = $mpm ***" # echo "### square = $square ###"   echo "lmin = $lmin"   echo "${moves[@]}"   for n in {1..8}  do echo -n "($n):${p_moves[n]} "   done  echo  echo "iex = $iex :: moves[iex] = ${moves[iex]}"   echo "square = $square"   echo "================================="   echo} # Gives pretty complete status after ea. move.# =============================================================== ## int main () {from_algebraic "$1" startpos=$?if [ "$startpos" -eq "$FAIL" ]  # Okay even if no $1.then   # ^^^^^^^^^^^  Okay even if input -lt 0.  echo "No starting square specified (or illegal input)."   let "startpos = $RANDOM % $SQUARES"   # 0 - 63 permissable range.fiif [ "$2" = "stupid" ]then  STUPID=1  echo -n " ### Stupid Strategy ###" else  STUPID=''  echo -n "  *** Warnsdorff's Algorithm ***" fiinitialize_boardmovenum=0board[startpos]=$movenum   # Mark each board square with move number.currpos=$startposalgpos=$(to_algebraic $startpos)echo; echo "Starting from $algpos [square #$startpos] ..."; echoecho -n "Moves:" strategy "$currpos" echoexit 0   # return 0;# }  # End of main() pseudo-function.# =============================================================== ## Exercises:# ---------## 1) Extend this example to a 10 x 10 board or larger.# 2) Improve the "stupid strategy" by modifying the# do_move_stupid function.# Hint: Prevent straying into corner squares in early moves#  (the exact opposite of Warnsdorff's algorithm!).# 3) This script could stand considerable improvement and# streamlining, especially in the poorly-written# generate_moves() function# and in the DECIDE-MOVE patch in the do_move() function.# Must figure out why standard algorithm fails for startpos=37 ...#+   but _not_ on any other, including symmetrical startpos=26.# Possibly, when calculating possible moves, counts the move back#+   to the originating square. If so, it might be a relatively easy fix.

#!/bin/bash# msquare.sh# Magic Square generator (odd-order squares only!)# Author: mendel cooper# reldate: 19 Jan. 2009# License: Public Domain# A C-program by the very talented Kwon Young Shin inspired this script.# http://user.chollian.net/~brainstm/MagicSquare.htm# Definition: A "magic square" is a two-dimensional array# of integers in which all the rows, columns,# and *long* diagonals add up to the same number.# Being "square," the array has the same number# of rows and columns.# An example of a magic square of order 3 is:#   8  1  6   #   3  5  7   #   4  9  2   # All the rows, columns, and the two long diagonals add up to 15.# GlobalsEVEN=2MAXSIZE=31   # 31 rows x 31 cols.E_usage=90   # Invocation error.dimension=declare -i squareusage_message (){  echo "Usage: $0 square-size"   echo "   ... where "square-size" is an ODD integer"   echo "   in the range 3 - 31."   #  Actually works for squares up to order 159,  #+ but large squares will not display pretty-printed in a term window.  #  Try increasing MAXSIZE, above.  exit $E_usage}calculate ()   # Here's where the actual work gets done.{  local row col index dimadj j k cell_val=1  dimension=$1  let "dimadj = $dimension * 3"; let "dimadj /= 2"   # x 1.5, then truncate.  for ((j=0; j < dimension; j++))  do for ((k=0; k < dimension; k++)) do  # Calculate indices, then convert to 1-dim. array index. # Bash doesn't support multidimensional arrays. Pity.  let "col = $k - $j + $dimadj"; let "col %= $dimension"   let "row = $j * 2 - $k + $dimension"; let "row %= $dimension"   let "index = $row*($dimension) + $col"   square[$index]=cell_val; ((cell_val++)) done  done} # Plain math, no visualization required.print_square ()   # Output square, one row at a time.{  local row col idx d1  let "d1 = $dimension - 1"   # Adjust for zero-indexed array.   for row in $(seq 0 $d1)  do for col in $(seq 0 $d1) do  let "idx = $row * $dimension + $col"   printf "%3d " "${square[idx]}"; echo -n "  " done   # Displays up to 13-order neatly in 80-column term window. echo   # Newline after each row.  done}#################################################if [[ -z "$1" ]] || [[ "$1" -gt $MAXSIZE ]]then  usage_messagefilet "test_even = $1 % $EVEN" if [ $test_even -eq 0 ]then   # Can't handle even-order squares.  usage_messageficalculate $1print_square   # echo "${square[@]}"   # DEBUGexit $?################################################## Exercises:# ---------# 1) Add a function to calculate the sum of each row, column,# and *long* diagonal. The sums must match.# This is the "magic constant" of that particular order square.# 2) Have the print_square function auto-calculate how much space# to allot between square elements for optimized display.# This might require parameterizing the "printf" line.# 3) Add appropriate functions for generating magic squares# with an *even* number of rows/columns.# This is non-trivial(!).# See the URL for Kwon Young Shin, above, for help.

#!/bin/bash# fifteen.sh# Classic "Fifteen Puzzle" # Author: Antonio Macchi# Lightly edited and commented by ABS Guide author.# Used in ABS Guide with permission. (Thanks!)#  The invention of the Fifteen Puzzle is attributed to either#+ Sam Loyd or Noyes Palmer Chapman.#  The puzzle was wildly popular in the late 19th-century.#  Object: Rearrange the numbers so they read in order,#+ from 1 - 15:   ________________# |  1   2   3   4 |# |  5   6   7   8 |# |  9  10  11  12 |# | 13  14  15 |# ----------------######################## Constants   #  SQUARES=16  #  FAIL=70 #  E_PREMATURE_EXIT=80 ################################# Data #########Puzzle=( 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 " " )############## Functions ##############function swap{  local tmp  tmp=${Puzzle[$1]}  Puzzle[$1]=${Puzzle[$2]}  Puzzle[$2]=$tmp}function Jumble{ # Scramble the pieces at beginning of round.  local i pos1 pos2  for i in {1..100}  do pos1=$(( $RANDOM % $SQUARES)) pos2=$(( $RANDOM % $SQUARES )) swap $pos1 $pos2  done}function PrintPuzzle{  local i1 i2 puzpos  puzpos=0  clear  echo "Enter  quit  to exit."; echo   # Better that than Ctl-C.  echo ",----.----.----.----."   # Top border.  for i1 in {1..4}  do for i2 in {1..4} do  printf "| %2s " "${Puzzle[$puzpos]}"   (( puzpos++ )) done echo "|" # Right-side border. test $i1 = 4 || echo "+----+----+----+----+"   done  echo "'----'----'----'----'"   # Bottom border.}function GetNum{ # Test for valid input.  local puznum garbage  while true  do   echo "Moves: $moves" # Also counts invalid moves. read -p "Number to move: " puznum garbage  if [ "$puznum" = "quit" ]; then echo; exit $E_PREMATURE_EXIT; fi test -z "$puznum" -o -n "${puznum//[0-9]/}" && continue test $puznum -gt 0 -a $puznum -lt $SQUARES && break  done  return $puznum}function GetPosFromNum{ # $1 = puzzle-number  local puzpos  for puzpos in {0..15}  do test "${Puzzle[$puzpos]}" = "$1" && break  done  return $puzpos}function Move{ # $1=Puzzle-pos  test $1 -gt 3 && test "${Puzzle[$(( $1 - 4 ))]}" = " "   && swap $1 $(( $1 - 4 )) && return 0  test $(( $1%4 )) -ne 3 && test "${Puzzle[$(( $1 + 1 ))]}" = " "   && swap $1 $(( $1 + 1 )) && return 0  test $1 -lt 12 && test "${Puzzle[$(( $1 + 4 ))]}" = " "   && swap $1 $(( $1 + 4 )) && return 0  test $(( $1%4 )) -ne 0 && test "${Puzzle[$(( $1 - 1 ))]}" = " " &&   swap $1 $(( $1 - 1 )) && return 0  return 1}function Solved{  local pos  for pos in {0..14}  do test "${Puzzle[$pos]}" = $(( $pos + 1 )) || return $FAIL # Check whether number in each square = square number.  done  return 0   # Successful solution.}################### MAIN () #######################{moves=0Jumblewhile true   # Loop continuously until puzzle solved.do  echo; echo  PrintPuzzle  echo  while true  do GetNum puznum=$? GetPosFromNum $puznum puzpos=$? ((moves++)) Move $puzpos && break  done  Solved && breakdoneecho;echoPrintPuzzleecho; echo "BRAVO!"; echoexit 0###################################################}#  Exercise:#  --------#  Rewrite the script to display the letters A - O,#+ rather than the numbers 1 - 15.

#! /bin/bash# The Towers Of Hanoi# Original script (hanoi.bash) copyright (C) 2000 Amit Singh.# All Rights Reserved.# http://hanoi.kernelthread.com#  hanoi2.bash#  Version 2.00: modded for ASCII-graphic display.#  Version 2.01: fixed no command-line param bug.#  Uses code contributed by Antonio Macchi,#+ with heavy editing by ABS Guide author.#  This variant falls under the original copyright, see above.#  Used in ABS Guide with Amit Singh's permission (thanks!).###   Variables && sanity check   ###E_NOPARAM=86E_BADPARAM=87 # Illegal no. of disks passed to script.E_NOEXIT=88DISKS=${1:-$E_NOPARAM}   # Must specify how many disks.Moves=0MWIDTH=7MARGIN=2# Arbitrary "magic" constants; work okay for relatively small # of disks.# BASEWIDTH=51   # Original code.let "basewidth = $MWIDTH * $DISKS + $MARGIN"   # "Base" beneath rods.# Above "algorithm" could likely stand improvement.###   Display variables   ###let "disks1 = $DISKS - 1" let "spaces1 = $DISKS" let "spaces2 = 2 * $DISKS" let "lastmove_t = $DISKS - 1"  # Final move?declare -a Rod1 Rod2 Rod3###   #########################   ###function repeat  {  # $1=char $2=number of repetitions  local n   # Repeat-print a character. for (( n=0; n<$2; n++ )); do echo -n "$1"   done}function FromRod  {  local rod summit weight sequence  while true; do rod=$1 test ${rod/[^123]/} || continue sequence=$(echo $(seq 0 $disks1 | tac)) for summit in $sequence; do  eval weight=${Rod${rod}[$summit]}  test $weight -ne 0 &&   { echo "$rod $summit $weight"; return; } done  done}function ToRod  { # $1=previous (FromRod) weight  local rod firstfree weight sequence while true; do rod=$2 test ${rod/[^123]} || continue sequence=$(echo $(seq 0 $disks1 | tac)) for firstfree in $sequence; do  eval weight=${Rod${rod}[$firstfree]}  test $weight -gt 0 && { (( firstfree++ )); break; } done test $weight -gt $1 -o $firstfree = 0 && { echo "$rod $firstfree"; return; }  done}function PrintRods  {  local disk rod empty fill sp sequence  repeat " " $spaces1  echo -n "|"   repeat " " $spaces2  echo -n "|"   repeat " " $spaces2  echo "|"   sequence=$(echo $(seq 0 $disks1 | tac))  for disk in $sequence; do for rod in {1..3}; do  eval empty=$(( $DISKS - (Rod${rod}[$disk] / 2) ))  eval fill=${Rod${rod}[$disk]}  repeat " " $empty  test $fill -gt 0 && repeat "*" $fill || echo -n "|"   repeat " " $empty done echo  done  repeat "=" $basewidth   # Print "base" beneath rods.  echo}display (){  echo  PrintRods  # Get rod-number, summit and weight  first=( `FromRod $1` )  eval Rod${first[0]}[${first[1]}]=0  # Get rod-number and first-free position  second=( `ToRod ${first[2]} $2` )  eval Rod${second[0]}[${second[1]}]=${first[2]}echo; echo; echoif [ "${Rod3[lastmove_t]}" = 1 ]then   # Last move? If yes, then display final position. echo "+  Final Position: $Moves moves"; echo PrintRods  fi}# From here down, almost the same as original (hanoi.bash) script.dohanoi() {   # Recursive function. case $1 in 0) ; *) dohanoi "$(($1-1))" $2 $4 $3if [ "$Moves" -ne 0 ] then  echo "+  Position after move $Moves" fi ((Moves++)) echo -n "   Next move will be:  " echo $2 "-->" $3  display $2 $3 dohanoi "$(($1-1))" $4 $3 $2 ; esac}setup_arrays (){  local dim n elem  let "dim1 = $1 - 1"   elem=$dim1  for n in $(seq 0 $dim1)  do   let "Rod1[$elem] = 2 * $n + 1" Rod2[$n]=0   Rod3[$n]=0   ((elem--))  done}###   Main   ###setup_arrays $DISKSecho; echo "+  Start Position" case $# in 1) case $(($1>0)) in # Must have at least one disk.   1)   disks=$1   dohanoi $1 1 3 2#  Total moves = 2^n - 1, where n = number of disks.   echo   exit 0;   ;   *)   echo "$0: Illegal value for number of disks";   exit $E_BADPARAM;   ;   esac ; *)   clear   echo "usage: $0 N" echo "   Where "N" is the number of disks." exit $E_NOPARAM;   ;esacexit $E_NOEXIT   # Shouldn't exit here.# Note:# Redirect script output to a file, otherwise it scrolls off display.

#! /bin/bash# The Towers Of Hanoi# Original script (hanoi.bash) copyright (C) 2000 Amit Singh.# All Rights Reserved.# http://hanoi.kernelthread.com#  hanoi2.bash#  Version 2: modded for ASCII-graphic display.#  Uses code contributed by Antonio Macchi,#+ with heavy editing by ABS Guide author.#  This variant also falls under the original copyright, see above.#  Used in ABS Guide with Amit Singh's permission (thanks!).#   Variables   #E_NOPARAM=86E_BADPARAM=87   # Illegal no. of disks passed to script.E_NOEXIT=88DELAY=2 # Interval, in seconds, between moves. Change, if desired.DISKS=$1Moves=0MWIDTH=7MARGIN=2# Arbitrary "magic" constants, work okay for relatively small # of disks.# BASEWIDTH=51   # Original code.let "basewidth = $MWIDTH * $DISKS + $MARGIN" # "Base" beneath rods.# Above "algorithm" could likely stand improvement.# Display variables.let "disks1 = $DISKS - 1" let "spaces1 = $DISKS" let "spaces2 = 2 * $DISKS" let "lastmove_t = $DISKS - 1" # Final move?declare -a Rod1 Rod2 Rod3#################function repeat  {  # $1=char $2=number of repetitions  local n   # Repeat-print a character. for (( n=0; n<$2; n++ )); do echo -n "$1"   done}function FromRod  {  local rod summit weight sequence  while true; do rod=$1 test ${rod/[^123]/} || continue sequence=$(echo $(seq 0 $disks1 | tac)) for summit in $sequence; do  eval weight=${Rod${rod}[$summit]}  test $weight -ne 0 &&   { echo "$rod $summit $weight"; return; } done  done}function ToRod  { # $1=previous (FromRod) weight  local rod firstfree weight sequence while true; do rod=$2 test ${rod/[^123]} || continue sequence=$(echo $(seq 0 $disks1 | tac)) for firstfree in $sequence; do  eval weight=${Rod${rod}[$firstfree]}  test $weight -gt 0 && { (( firstfree++ )); break; } done test $weight -gt $1 -o $firstfree = 0 && { echo "$rod $firstfree"; return; }  done}function PrintRods  {  local disk rod empty fill sp sequence  tput cup 5 0  repeat " " $spaces1  echo -n "|"   repeat " " $spaces2  echo -n "|"   repeat " " $spaces2  echo "|"   sequence=$(echo $(seq 0 $disks1 | tac))  for disk in $sequence; do for rod in {1..3}; do  eval empty=$(( $DISKS - (Rod${rod}[$disk] / 2) ))  eval fill=${Rod${rod}[$disk]}  repeat " " $empty  test $fill -gt 0 && repeat "*" $fill || echo -n "|"   repeat " " $empty done echo  done  repeat "=" $basewidth   # Print "base" beneath rods.  echo}display (){  echo  PrintRods  # Get rod-number, summit and weight  first=( `FromRod $1` )  eval Rod${first[0]}[${first[1]}]=0  # Get rod-number and first-free position  second=( `ToRod ${first[2]} $2` )  eval Rod${second[0]}[${second[1]}]=${first[2]}  if [ "${Rod3[lastmove_t]}" = 1 ]  then   # Last move? If yes, then display final position. tput cup 0 0 echo; echo "+  Final Position: $Moves moves" PrintRods  fi  sleep $DELAY}# From here down, almost the same as original (hanoi.bash) script.dohanoi() {   # Recursive function. case $1 in 0) ; *) dohanoi "$(($1-1))" $2 $4 $3if [ "$Moves" -ne 0 ] then  tput cup 0 0  echo; echo "+  Position after move $Moves" fi ((Moves++)) echo -n "   Next move will be:  " echo $2 "-->" $3 display $2 $3 dohanoi "$(($1-1))" $4 $3 $2 ; esac}setup_arrays (){  local dim n elem  let "dim1 = $1 - 1"   elem=$dim1  for n in $(seq 0 $dim1)  do   let "Rod1[$elem] = 2 * $n + 1" Rod2[$n]=0   Rod3[$n]=0   ((elem--))  done}###   Main   ###trap "tput cnorm" 0tput civisclearsetup_arrays $DISKStput cup 0 0echo; echo "+  Start Position" case $# in 1) case $(($1>0)) in # Must have at least one disk.   1)   disks=$1   dohanoi $1 1 3 2#  Total moves = 2^n - 1, where n = # of disks.   echo   exit 0;   ;   *)   echo "$0: Illegal value for number of disks";   exit $E_BADPARAM;   ;   esac ; *)   echo "usage: $0 N" echo "   Where "N" is the number of disks." exit $E_NOPARAM;   ;esacexit $E_NOEXIT   # Shouldn't exit here.#  Exercise:#  --------#  There is a minor bug in the script that causes the display of#+ the next-to-last move to be skipped.#+ Fix this.

#!/bin/bash# UseGetOpt.sh# Author: Peggy Russell <[email protected]>UseGetOpt () {  declare inputOptions  declare -r E_OPTERR=85  declare -r ScriptName=${0##*/}  declare -r ShortOpts="adf:hlt"   declare -r LongOpts="aoption,debug,file:,help,log,test" DoSomething () { echo "The function name is '${FUNCNAME}'" #  Recall that $FUNCNAME is an internal variable #+ holding the name of the function it is in.  }  inputOptions=$(getopt -o "${ShortOpts}" --long   "${LongOpts}" --name "${ScriptName}" -- "${@}")  if [[ ($? -ne 0) || ($# -eq 0) ]]; then echo "Usage: ${ScriptName} [-dhlt] {OPTION...}" exit $E_OPTERR  fi  eval set -- "${inputOptions}"   # Only for educational purposes. Can be removed.  #-----------------------------------------------  echo "++ Test: Number of arguments: [$#]"   echo '++ Test: Looping through "$@"'  for a in "$@"; do echo "  ++ [$a]"   done  #-----------------------------------------------  while true; do case "${1}" in  --aoption | -a)  # Argument found. echo "Option [$1]" ;  --debug | -d) # Enable informational messages. echo "Option [$1] Debugging enabled" ;  --file | -f) #  Check for optional argument. case "$2" in   #+ Double colon is optional argument.  "")  #  Not there.  echo "Option [$1] Use default"   shift  ;  *) # Got it echo "Option [$1] Using input [$2]"  shift ; esac DoSomething ;  --log | -l) # Enable Logging. echo "Option [$1] Logging enabled" ;  --test | -t) # Enable testing. echo "Option [$1] Testing enabled" ;  --help | -h) echo "Option [$1] Display help" break ;  --)   # Done! $# is argument number for "--", $@ is "--" echo "Option [$1] Dash Dash" break ;   *) echo "Major internal error!" exit 8 ; esac echo "Number of arguments: [$#]" shift  done  shift  # Only for educational purposes. Can be removed.  #----------------------------------------------------------------------  echo "++ Test: Number of arguments after "--" is [$#] They are: [$@]"   echo '++ Test: Looping through "$@"'  for a in "$@"; do echo "  ++ [$a]"   done  #----------------------------------------------------------------------  }################################### M A I N #########################  If you remove "function UseGetOpt () {" and corresponding "}",#+ you can uncomment the "exit 0" line below, and invoke this script#+ with the various options from the command-line.#-------------------------------------------------------------------# exit 0echo "Test 1" UseGetOpt -f myfile one "two three" fourecho;echo "Test 2" UseGetOpt -hecho;echo "Test 3 - Short Options" UseGetOpt -adltf myfile  anotherfileecho;echo "Test 4 - Long Options" UseGetOpt --aoption --debug --log --test --file myfile anotherfileexit

#!/bin/bash#  UseGetOpt-2.sh#  Modified version of the script for illustrating tab-expansion#+ of command-line options.#  See the "Introduction to Tab Expansion" appendix.#  Possible options: -a -d -f -l -t -h#+   --aoption, --debug --file --log --test -- help --#  Author of original script: Peggy Russell <[email protected]># UseGetOpt () {  declare inputOptions  declare -r E_OPTERR=85  declare -r ScriptName=${0##*/}  declare -r ShortOpts="adf:hlt"   declare -r LongOpts="aoption,debug,file:,help,log,test" DoSomething () { echo "The function name is '${FUNCNAME}'"   }  inputOptions=$(getopt -o "${ShortOpts}" --long   "${LongOpts}" --name "${ScriptName}" -- "${@}")  if [[ ($? -ne 0) || ($# -eq 0) ]]; then echo "Usage: ${ScriptName} [-dhlt] {OPTION...}" exit $E_OPTERR  fi  eval set -- "${inputOptions}"   while true; do case "${1}" in  --aoption | -a)  # Argument found. echo "Option [$1]" ;  --debug | -d) # Enable informational messages. echo "Option [$1] Debugging enabled" ;  --file | -f) #  Check for optional argument. case "$2" in   #+ Double colon is optional argument.  "")  #  Not there.  echo "Option [$1] Use default"   shift  ;  *) # Got it echo "Option [$1] Using input [$2]"  shift ; esac DoSomething ;  --log | -l) # Enable Logging. echo "Option [$1] Logging enabled" ;  --test | -t) # Enable testing. echo "Option [$1] Testing enabled" ;  --help | -h) echo "Option [$1] Display help" break ;  --)   # Done! $# is argument number for "--", $@ is "--" echo "Option [$1] Dash Dash" break ;   *) echo "Major internal error!" exit 8 ; esac echo "Number of arguments: [$#]" shift  done  shift  #  }exit