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GameCube

Nintendo GameCube
Nintendo Gamecube Logo.svg
Indigo-colored GameCube with controller and memory card
Nintendo GameCube with controller and 251-block memory card
ManufacturerNintendo
TypeVideo game console
GenerationSixth generation
Retail availability
  • JP September 14, 2001[1]
  • NA November 18, 2001[2]
  • EU May 3, 2002[3]
  • AUS May 17, 2002
Discontinued2007[4]
Units soldWorldwide: 21.74 million
Japan: 4.04 million
North America: 12.94 million
Europe & Australia: 4.77 million[5]
MediaNintendo GameCube game disc
CPUIBM PowerPC "Gekko", 486 MHz
Storage capacityNintendo GameCube Memory Card (16 MB max. capacity)
Display*Requires the use of the Digital AV port, which was removed from later models
GraphicsATI "Flipper", 162 MHz
SoundAnalog stereo (support for Dolby Pro Logic II)
InputNintendo GameCube controller, WaveBird, Game Boy Advance, numerous other input devices
ConnectivityNintendo GameCube Broadband Adapter and Modem Adapter
Online services
  • Non-unified service
  • XLink Kai
Dimensions5.9 �- 6.3 �- 4.3  in
149 �- 193 �- 112  mm
(width �- depth �-&nbs p;height)
Best-selling gameSuper Smash Bros. Melee, 7.09 million (as of March 10, 2008)[6]
PredecessorNintendo 64
SuccessorWii

The Nintendo GameCube (ニンテンドーゲームキュー� ��, Nintendō Gēmukyūbu?), officially abbreviated to NGC in Japan[7][8] and GCN in North America,[9] is a video game console released by Nintendo on September 15, 2001 in Japan, November 18, 2001 in North America, May 3, 2002 in Europe, and May 17, 2002 in Australia. It was the successor to the Nintendo 64. As part of the sixth generation of gaming, the Nintendo GameCube competed with the Sega Dreamcast (which ceased American production before the GameCube launched), Sony's PlayStation 2, and Microsoft's Xbox.

The Nintendo GameCube was the first Nintendo home console to use optical discs as its primary storage medium, after several aborted projects from Nintendo and its partners to utilize optical-based storage media.[10] In contrast with the GameCube's contemporary competitors, the PlayStation 2 and Xbox, the GameCube uses miniDVD-based discs instead of full-size DVDs. Partially as a result of this, it does not have the DVD-Video playback functionality of the PlayStation 2 and Xbox systems, nor the audio CD playback ability of other consoles that use full-size optical discs. Panasonic eventually released a DVD player hybrid of the console exclusively in Japan, the Panasonic Q.

In addition, the GameCube introduced a variety of connectivity options to Nintendo consoles, and was the first Nintendo console outside Japan to support online play officially, via the Nintendo GameCube Broadband Adapter and Modem Adapter (sold separately). However, its online service only had four games which supported it and was not heavily promoted; by comparison, Xbox Live, PS2 Online, and SegaNet/Dreamarena were more actively involved in the online competition. The GameCube also allowed for connectivity to the Game Boy Advance to access exclusive features of certain games or to use the portable system as a controller for the Game Boy Player.

The successor to the Nintendo GameCube, the Wii, was released in November 2006. The GameCube sold approximately 21.74 million units worldwide.[5]

Contents

Marketing

Nintendo used several advertising strategies and techniques for the GameCube. Around the time of release, the GameCube was advertised with the slogan "Born to Play."[11] The earliest commercials displayed a rotating cube animation, which would morph into the GameCube logo as a female voice whispers, "GameCube." This was usually displayed at the end of GameCube game commercials.[12]

Hardware

A Platinum Nintendo GameCube with a WaveBird controller and the Game Boy Player attachment.

Like its predecessor, the Nintendo 64, the Nintendo GameCube was available in many colors. The two most common color variants, released during the console's launch, were "Indigo" (the standard color used in most early advertising) and "Jet Black." "Spice" (orange-colored) GameCubes were also offered as standard models, but only in Japan. However, the standard controller was widely available in this color outside of Japan as well. Later, Nintendo released GameCubes with a "Platinum" (silver) color scheme, initially marketed as a limited edition product. Other limited edition colors and styles were also only released in Japan.

A Nintendo tradition, the GameCube's model numbers, DOL-001 and DOL-101, are a reference to its codename, "Dolphin."[13] The official accessories and peripherals have model numbers beginning with "DOL" as well. Another Dolphin reference, "Flipper" was the name of the GPU for the Nintendo GameCube.[14] Panasonic made a licensed version of the GameCube with DVD playback, called the Panasonic Q.

Benchmarks provided by third-party testing facilities indicate that Nintendo's official specifications, especially those relating to performance, may be conservative. One of Nintendo's primary objectives in designing the GameCube hardware was to overcome the perceived limitations and difficulties of programming for the Nintendo 64 architecture, thus creating an affordable, well-balanced, developer-friendly console that still performed competitively against its rivals.[15]

The development hardware kit was called the GameCube NR Reader. Model numbers for these units begin with DOT. These units allow developers to debug beta versions of games and hardware. These units were sold to developers by Nintendo at a premium price and many developers modified regular GameCubes for game beta testing because of this. The NR reader will not play regular GameCube games, only special NR discs burned by a Nintendo NR writer.[citation needed]

Technical specifications

The Nintendo GameCube Game Disc was the software storage medium for the Nintendo GameCube, created by Matsushita. Chosen to prevent unauthorized copying and to avoid licensing fees to the DVD Consortium, it was Nintendo's first non-cartridge storage method for consoles released outside of Japan (the Famicom Disk System and Nintendo 64DD were exclusive to Japan). Some games which contain large amounts of voice acting or pre-rendered video (for example, Tales of Symphonia) were released on two discs. However, only twenty-five GameCube games were ever released on two discs, and none required more than two discs.

The Multi-AV Out port was identical to the one used in Nintendo's earlier Super Nintendo Entertainment System and Nintendo 64 consoles, allowing most cables from these systems to be used interchangeably.

Nintendo found that the Digital AV Out port was used by less than one percent of users, leading to the removal of the port from consoles with model number "DOL-101" manufactured after May 2004.[16]

Serial Port 2 was also removed from all "DOL-101" models manufactured after the first product revision.

All Nintendo GameCube systems support the display of stereoscopic 3D, however this was only ever utilized for the launch title Luigi's Mansion, and the feature was never enabled outside of development.[17] 3D televisions were not widespread at the time, and it was deemed that compatible displays would be too cost-prohibitive for the consumer.[17]

Central processing unit:

Main article: Gekko (microprocessor)
  • 486 MHz IBM "Gekko" PowerPC CPU on 130 nm process
  • PowerPC 750CXe-based core[18]
  • 180 nm IBM copper-wire process, 43 mm² die, 4.9 W dissipation[18]
  • Roughly fifty new vector instructions[18]
  • 32-bit ALU
  • 64-bit FPU (1.9 GFLOPS, usable as 2 �- 32-bit SIMD)[18]
  • 64-bit enhanced PowerPC 60x front side bus to GPU/chipset, 162 MHz clock, 1.3 GB/s peak bandwidth[18]
  • 64 kB (32 kB I/32 kB D) L1 cache (8-way associative), 256 kB on-die L2 cache (2-way associative)[18]
  • 1125 DMIPS (dhrystone 2.1)

System memory:

  • 43 MB total non-unified RAM
    • 24 MB MoSys 1T-SRAM (codenamed "Splash") main system RAM, 324 MHz, 64-bit bus, 2.7 GB/s bandwidth[18]
    • 3 MB embedded 1T-SRAM within "Flipper"[19]
      • Split into 1 MB texture buffer and 2 MB framebuffer[19]
      • 10.4 GB/s texture peak bandwidth, 7.6 GB/s framebuffer peak bandwidth, ≈ 6.2 ns latency[18]
    • 16 MB DRAM used as buffer for DVD drive and audio, 81 MHz, 8-bit bus, 81 MB/s bandwidth[18]
A rear view of the Nintendo GameCube ("DOL-001" model) with Digital AV Out support.

Connectivity:

  • 4 controller ports, 2 memory card slots
  • Analog AV Out: interlaced composite video, S-Video (NTSC models only), and RGB SCART (PAL models only), stereophonic analog audio
  • Digital AV Out (DOL-001 only): interlaced or progressive scan YCBCR video, decoded to YPBPR using a DAC chip inside component video and D-Terminal cables,[20] stereophonic I²S audio (never officially utilized)
  • Resolutions: 480i, 576i, 480p, 576p (Via Softmod)
  • High-speed serial ports: 2
    • Serial Port 1 is reserved for a broadband adapter or modem adapter
    • Serial Port 2 is unused
  • High-speed parallel ports: 1 (reserved for the Game Boy Player)
  • Power supply output: 12 volts DC; 3.25 amperes
  • power consumption Idle 23.00 watts standby 0.10 watts
  • Physical Measurements: 150 �- 161 �- 110  mm / 5.9 �- 6.3 �- 4.3  in (width �- depth �-&nbs p;height)
IBM PowerPC "Gekko" processor

Graphics processing unit:

  • 162 MHz "Flipper" LSI (co-developed by Nintendo and ArtX, acquired by ATI)
  • 180 nm NEC eDRAM-compatible process
  • 8 GFLOPS
  • 4 pixel pipelines with 1 texture unit each[18]
  • TEV "Texture EnVironment" engine (similar to Nvidia's GeForce-class "register combiners")
  • Fixed-function hardware transform and lighting (T&L), 20+ million polygons in-game[21]
  • 648 megapixels/second (162 MHz �- 4 pipelines), 648 megatexels/second (648 MP �- 1 texture unit) (peak)
    • Peak triangle performance: 20,250,000 32-pixel triangles/s raw and with 1 texture and lighting
      • or 337,500 triangles a frame at 60 fps
  • 8 texture layers per pass, texture compression, full scene anti-aliasing[21]
  • 8 simultaneous hardware light sources, up to 32 software light sources
  • Bilinear, trilinear, and anisotropic texture filtering
  • Multi-texturing, bump mapping, reflection mapping, 24-bit z-buffer
  • 24-bit RGB/32-bit RGBA color depth
    • Hardware limitations sometimes require a 6r+6g+6b+6a mode (18-bit color)

Video Modes:

  • 640�-240 interlaced (240i) or progressive scan (240p) - 60 Hz[22]
  • 640�-480 interlaced (480i) or progressive scan (480p) - 60 Hz
  • 640�-576 interlaced (576i) - 50 Hz
  • 640�-576 progressive scan (Via Soft-mod) (576p) - 60 Hz

Audio:

  • Integrated audio processor: Custom 81 MHz Macronix DSP
    • Instruction memory: 8 kB RAM, 8 kB ROM
    • Data memory: 8 kB RAM, 4 kB ROM
    • 64 channels 16-bit 48 kHz ADPCM[21]
    • Dolby Pro Logic II multi-channel information encoded within stereophonic output
Nintendo GameCube optical storage disc

Storage media:

For more details on this topic, see Nintendo optical discs.
  • Panasonic-developed CAV miniDVD-like 8 cm optical disc, 2.000 MB/s–3.125 MB/s transfer rate, 128 ms average access time, 1.5 GB capacity
  • Memory cards of varying sizes for saved game storage

Memory and storage

Memory Card 59

The GameCube features two ports that accommodate memory cards for saving game data. The three official memory card sizes are: 59 blocks (4 Mbit/512 KB, gray card), 251 blocks (16 Mbit/2 MB, black), and 1019 blocks (64 Mbit/8 MB, white). Third-party memory cards were also widely available.[23]

Controller

Main articles: Nintendo GameCube controller and WaveBird Wireless Controller
Indigo GameCube controller

The standard GameCube controller has a wing grip design, and was designed to fit well in the player's hands. It includes a total of eight buttons, two analog sticks, a D-pad, and an internal rumble motor. The primary analog stick was on the left, with the D-pad below it. On the right are four buttons; a large green "A" button in the center, a smaller red "B" button to the left, an "X" button to the right and a "Y" button to the top. Below those, there was a yellow "C" stick, which often serves different functions, such as controlling the camera. The Start/Pause button was located at the middle of the controller face, and the rumble motor was encased within the center of the controller.

On the top of the controller there are two analog shoulder buttons marked "L" and "R," as well as one digital button marked "Z." The "L" and "R" shoulder buttons feature both analog and digital capabilities. Each of these buttons behaves as a typical analog button until fully depressed, at which point the button "clicks" to register an additional digital signal. This method effectively serves to provide two functions per button without actually adding two separate physical buttons.

The WaveBird Wireless Controller was an RF-based wireless controller, based on the same design as the standard controller. This controller was released in light grey and platinum color schemes. It communicates with the GameCube system wirelessly through a receiver dongle connected to one of the system's controller ports. It was powered by two AA batteries. As a power-conservation measure, the WaveBird lacks the rumble function of the standard controller.

Technical issues

Some launch GameCube consoles developed disc read problems with the optical pickup becoming thermally sensitive over time, causing read errors when the console reached normal operating temperature. Failures of this sort require replacement of the optical pickup. Affected consoles have sometimes been serviced free of charge by Nintendo even after the expiration of the warranty period.[citation needed]

Start-up "Easter Eggs"

The GameCube has two audio "Easter Eggs". When the power is activated while the "Z" button on the Player 1 controller, a squeaking sound, and then a child's laughter will play instead of the standard sound effects. Holding the "Z" button simultaneously on controllers plugged into all four ports will produce a Japanese oriental style sound effect with a man shouting a battle cry.[24] When the menu music is sped up about 16 times the normal rate, the music playing resembles the boot music from the Famicom Disc System.[25]

Backward compatibility on Wii

The original model of Nintendo's successor console, the Wii, supports backward compatibility with Nintendo GameCube controllers, memory cards, and games. Due to the differing footprints of the device, the Game Boy Player is not compatible with the Wii. The South Korean Wii, the "Wii Family Edition"[26] and the Wii Mini all omitted GameCube hardware completely; GameCube games and accessories are not compatible with these systems as a result. The Wii's successor, the Wii U, also lacks GameCube backward compatibility.

Software library

See also: Daftar/Tabel -- Nintendo GameCube games, Daftar/Tabel -- Nintendo GameCube games with 480p and 16:9 support, Chronology of GameCube games, and Player's Choice

Launch games

The Nintendo GameCube launched in North America on November 18, 2001 with the following 12 games:

Title(s)Developer(s)Publisher(s)
All-Star Baseball 2002Acclaim EntertainmentAcclaim Entertainment
Batman VengeanceUbisoftUbisoft
Crazy TaxiHitmakerSega
Dave Mirra Freestyle BMX 2Z-AxisAcclaim Entertainment
Disney's Tarzan UntamedUbisoftUbisoft
Luigi's MansionNintendoNintendo
Madden NFL 2002EA TiburonEA Sports
NHL Hitz 20-02EA Black BoxMidway
Star Wars Rogue Squadron II: Rogue LeaderFactor 5LucasArts
Super Monkey BallAmusement VisionSega
Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 3NeversoftActivision
Wave Race: Blue StormNintendo Software TechnologyNintendo

One of the defining aspects of the Nintendo GameCube was the rejuvenated relationship between Nintendo and its licensees. Unlike previous generations in which Nintendo was accused of taking advantage of its leadership role in the video game marketplace by posing monopolistic restrictions on its third-party game developers that vastly favored Nintendo, the company openly sought game-development aid on the Nintendo GameCube.[citation needed] Sometimes, Nintendo would merely request that a third-party developer produce a game based on the third-party's own game franchises; other times, Nintendo would request that the third-party developer produce a game based on Nintendo's own game franchises. In both cases, Nintendo often took an active role in cooperating with the developer.[citation needed] This policy on Nintendo's part resulted in exclusive third-party games for the Nintendo GameCube, and the arrival of multiple format games for the console.

Market share

Despite Nintendo's efforts, the GameCube failed to reclaim the market share lost by its predecessor, the Nintendo 64. In terms of overall hardware sales, it remained a steady third place behind its direct competitors - Sony's PlayStation 2 and Microsoft's Xbox - throughout the lifespan of all three consoles. The console's "family-friendly" appeal and lack of support from certain third-party developers skewed the GameCube toward a younger market, which was a minority demographic of the gaming population during the sixth generation (see chart). Many third-party games popular with teenagers or adults, such as the blockbuster Grand Theft Auto series and several key first-person shooters, skipped the GameCube entirely in favor of the PlayStation 2 and Xbox.

While many of Nintendo's own first-party titles saw strong sales, this did not typically benefit third-party developers or drive sales of their games. Many cross-platform games — such as sports franchises released by Electronic Arts — sold far below their PlayStation 2 and Xbox counterparts, eventually prompting some developers to scale back or completely cease support for the GameCube. After several years of losing money from developing for Nintendo's console, Eidos Interactive announced in September 2003 that it would end support for the GameCube, canceling several games that were in development.[27] Later, however, Eidos resumed development[28] of GameCube titles, releasing hit games such as Lego Star Wars: The Video Game and Tomb Raider: Legend. In addition, several third-party games originally intended to be GameCube exclusives - most notably Resident Evil 4 - were eventually ported to other systems in an attempt to maximize profits following lackluster sales of the original GameCube versions.

The 1.5 GB proprietary mini-disc format may also have been a limiting factor, since the PlayStation 2 and Xbox could use 8.5 GB Dual-Layer DVDs for larger games. The GameCube mini-disc still had sufficient room for most games, although a few games would require an extra disc or, sometimes, feature less content than the other versions. Higher video compression for some games was also potentially more apparent on some GameCube versions, if employed by developers as a workaround for storage constraints.

Due to sagging sales, Nintendo halted GameCube production for a brief period in 2003 to reduce surplus units.[29] Sales rebounded slightly after a price drop to US$99.99 on September 24, 2003[30] and the release of The Legend of Zelda: Collector's Edition bundle. A demo disc, the Nintendo GameCube Preview Disc, was also released in a bundle in 2003.[citation needed] Beginning with this period, GameCube sales continued to be steady, particularly in Japan,[citation needed] but the GameCube remained in third place in worldwide sales during the sixth generation era due to weaker sales performance elsewhere.

Some third-party companies, such as Ubisoft, THQ, Disney Interactive Studios, Humongous Entertainment and EA Sports, continued to release GameCube games well into 2007.[31][32][33][34] These titles include TMNT, Meet the Robinsons, Surf's Up, Ratatouille and Madden NFL 08.[citation needed]

Online gaming

Main article: Nintendo GameCube Broadband Adapter and Modem Adapter

The Nintendo GameCube was at one point online compatible by using a GameCube Broadband Adapter or Modem Adapter, though only four games featured an online component which were Homeland, Phantasy Star Online Episode I & II, Phantasy Star Online Episode I & II Plus and Phantasy Star Online Episode III: C.A.R.D. Revolution. This online play was ended as of April 2007.

Due to Nintendo's lack of support for the online capabilities of the GameCube (as compared to Sega, Sony, and Microsoft, who actively promoted online gaming by releasing first-party online titles and soliciting developers for support), multi-platform games with online functionality were released offline-only on the GameCube. Although online support was added in late 2002 and both Sony and Nintendo followed a similar decentralized online model (in contrast to the centralized Xbox Live), lower sales of the GameCube versions of games during its launch year precluded developers from including online support.

Although the official servers for the Phantasy Star Online titles are now offline, it is still possible to play online on various private servers. LAN gameplay is still available for the three titles that originally supported it as well: Mario Kart: Double Dash‼, 1080° Avalanche and Kirby Air Ride. There are some third-party PC applications such as Warp Pipe and XLink Kai that allows online play of these three games by tunneling the network traffic through a computer and across the Internet, though this is not supported by Nintendo.

Reception and sales

Although generally receiving positive comments on its software library which includes some of the highest-rated video games ever made,[35][36][37] the GameCube received criticism for its "toy-ish" external hardware design and for lacking some of the technical features of its competitors (such as DVD playback, digital audio output, widespread online support, and widescreen display mode for most games).[38]

The GameCube sold approximately 21.74 million units worldwide during its lifetime,[5] lagging far behind the PlayStation 2's almost 154 million.[39][40] The GameCube finished its generation slightly behind the Xbox, which sold 24 million units before being discontinued, and well ahead of the short-lived Dreamcast, which sold 10.6 million. The GameCube failed to outsell its predecessor, the Nintendo 64, which sold almost 33 million units in its lifetime.[41]

In September 2009, IGN named the GameCube the 16th best gaming console of all time, behind all three of its competitors: the PlayStation 2 (3rd), Dreamcast (8th), and Xbox (11th). Aside from the Virtual Boy (which did not make the list at all), it was the only Nintendo console to not make the list's top 10.[38]

Games

See also: Daftar/Tabel -- Nintendo GameCube games and Daftar/Tabel -- best-selling Nintendo GameCube video games

The number of games released for the console is approximately 649, with 208.57 million GameCube games sold as of June 30, 2011.[5]

See also

Portal iconNintendo portal

References

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