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Web (web browser)

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Web
Epiphany-web-browser.png
Web3.4.1.png
Epiphany 3.4.1
Original author(s)Marco Pesenti Gritti
Developer(s)The GNOME Web Browser Developers
Initial releaseSeptember 11, 2003 (2003-09-11)
Stable release3.6.3 (February 13, 2013; 40 days ago (2013-02-13)) [±][1]
Preview release3.7.91 (March 8, 2013; 17 days ago (2013-03-08)[2]) [±]
Written inC (GTK+)
Operating systemLinux, BSD
EngineWebKitGTK+ (previously Gecko)
PlatformGNOME
Available inMore than 60 languages
TypeWeb browser
LicenseGPLv2+
Websiteprojects.gnome.org/epiphany/

Web (originally called Epiphany from 2003 to 2012) is a free web browser for the GNOME desktop environment. The browser was forked from Galeon after developers' disagreements about Galeon's growing complexity.[3] Since then Web has been developed as part of the GNOME project and uses most of GNOME's technology and settings when applicable. As required by the GNOME Human Interface Guidelines (HIG), Web maintains the clean and simple graphical user interface with only a required minimum number of features exposed to users by default; however, the browser's functionality and configurability can be extended with official and third-party extensions.[4]

Instead of developing a custom web browser engine Epiphany originally used the Gecko layout engine until version 2.28 and WebKitGTK+ starting with version 2.20. This approach allows the relatively small developer community to maintain a sufficient level of modern web standards support.[5] The features of Web include reuse of GNOME configuration settings, smart bookmarks and web application integration into user desktop. Web extensions add support for ad filtering, Greasemonkey user scripts support and other smaller, yet useful, options.

Web's source code is available under the GNU General Public License from the GNOME project. The binary builds of the browser are available in the package repositories of most Linux distributions and BSD releases.[6]

Contents

Development

Galeon fork

Epiphany was originally developed as a fork of Galeon by Marco Pesenti Gritti, who was also the initiator of Galeon. The fork occurred because of the divergent aims of Gritti and the rest of Galeon development team about new features. While Gritti regarded Galeon's monolithic design and the number of user-configurable features as factors limiting Galeon's maintainability and user base expansion, the rest of the Galeon developers believed that more features should be added. At the same time the GNOME project created the GNOME human interface guidelines, which promoted simplification of user interfaces. As Galeon was considered a power user-oriented browser, the implementation of those guidelines was believed to be unacceptable by most developers. As a result, Gritti created a new browser based on Galeon's codebase, with most of the non-mission-critical features removed. Epiphany was intended to be fully compliant with the GNOME human interface guidelines, with a very simple user interface. As such Epiphany does not have its own theme settings and uses GNOME’s settings, which are specified in the GNOME Control Center.[4][3]

Gritti explained his motivations:

While Mozilla has an excellent rendering engine, its default XUL-based interface is considered to be overcrowded and bloated. Furthermore, on slower processors even trivial tasks such as pulling down a menu is less than responsive.

Epiphany aims to utilize the simplest interface possible for a browser. Keep in mind that simple does not necessarily mean less powerful. We believe the commonly used browsers of today are too big, buggy, and bloated. Epiphany addresses simplicity with a small browser designed for the web—not mail, newsgroups, file management, instant messaging or coffee making. The Unix philosophy is to design small tools that do one thing, and do it well.

— Marco Pesenti Gritti[7]

Galeon continued after the fork, but lost its momentum due to the remaining developers' failure to keep up with the new features and changes Mozilla introduced. Galeon development finally stalled and the developers decided to work on a set of extensions to bring Galeon's advanced features to Epiphany instead.[4]

Epiphany's early philosophy included a commitment to creating a web browser specifically for GNOME:

Epiphany's main goal is to be integrated with the gnome desktop. We don't aim to make Epiphany usable outside Gnome. If someone will like to use it anyway, it's just a plus. For example: Making people happy that don't have control center installed is not a good reason to have mime configuration in Epiphany itself.

— Marco Pesenti Gritti[7]

Gritti is no longer involved with the Epiphany project and a GNOME team lead by Xan Lopez, Christian Persch and Jean-François Rameau now direct the project.[4]

While some believe that Epiphany should be the default web browser in Linux distributions with GNOME as the default desktop environment, the common practice is to distribute Firefox instead.[6] In most minimalist distributions, Epiphany is installed with the GNOME meta-package or packages group.[8][9]

Gecko-based

The first version of Epiphany was released on December 24, 2002.[10]

Epiphany initially used the Gecko layout engine from the Mozilla project to display web pages. It provided a GNOME integrated front-end to Gecko, instead of the Mozilla XUL interface.[11]

The development process of Epiphany was mainly focused on numerous small usability improvements. The most notable of them was the new text entry widget, which first appeared in 1.8 stable version series. The new widget supported icons inside the text area, reducing amount of chrome needed to represent the information, and thus conformed to the GNOME HIG.[12]

The second major milestone (after version 1.0) in Epiphany development was the 2.14 release. This was the first Epiphany release which followed GNOME's version numbering. It also featured network awareness using NetworkManager, smart bookmarks-related improvements and the possibility of being compiled against XULRunner. The latter was critical, as previously Epiphany could only use Firefox or Mozilla/SeaMonkey as a layout engine provider, so it could only be installed alongside one of those browsers. The XULRunner support made it possible to install Epiphany as the sole web browser on the system.[13][14]

WebKit-based

Epiphany 2.26.1 (left) showing its larger user interface chrome area than in 3.2.0 (right)

The development process heavily suffered from multiple problems, related to the Gecko backend.[5] To address these issues in July 2007 the Epiphany team added support for WebKit as an alternative rendering engine for Epiphany.[15] As the backend development advanced, on 02008-04-01April 1, 2008 the Epiphany team announced that it would stop using the Gecko rendering engine and proceed using just WebKit.[5]

The size of the development team and the complexity of porting the whole browser to a new backend caused Epiphany to re-release version 2.22 with bugfixes instead of the actual development code,[16] so browser development remained stagnant until 02009-07-01July 1, 2009, when the project team announced that Epiphany 2.26 would be the final Gecko-based version.[17] Eventually, in September 2009 the Webkit-powered Epiphany 2.28 was released, as part of GNOME 2.28.[18]

With GNOME 3.4 release Epiphany was renamed to Web.[19]

Release history

VersionDateChanges[20][21]
0.402002-12-25December 25, 2002[22]Initial release
0.502003-04-13April 13, 2003[23]Ability to drag bookmarks, smart bookmarks and topics to the toolbar, optional Go button for URL bar, "Help" support.
0.602003-05-04May 4, 2003[24]Drag and drop of links to tab bar, security preferences, user primary language automatic detection, new history dialog, default bookmarks toolbar.
0.702003-06-07June 7, 2003[25]Zoom control for the toolbar, ability to reload page bypassing cache, traditional bookmarks menu, Exit fullscreen button.
0.802003-07-13July 13, 2003[26]Tooltips, improved GNOME integration, fast search for bookmarks and history, drag and drop of URLs in the bookmarks toolbar.
0.902003-08-22August 22, 2003[27]Bugfixes only.
1.002003-09-08September 8, 2003[28]
GNOME 2.04		Support for Mozilla 1.6.
1.202004-03-15March 15, 2004[29]
GNOME 2.06		Support for Mozilla 1.7 and 1.8, Lockdown mode, caret navigation.
1.402004-09-13September 13, 2004[30]
GNOME 2.08		Offline mode, per site pop-up blocking.
1.602005-03-09March 9, 2005[31]
GNOME 2.10		Extensions manager.
1.802005-09-05September 5, 2005[32]
GNOME 2.12		Python bindings, Find toolbar, Favicon and SSL icons displayed in location bar,[12] Gecko 1.8 support, error messages display in content area, use of the standard GNOME printing system.
2.1402006-03-12March 12, 2006[33]XULRunner backend supported, topic suggestions in bookmarks manager,[34] version numbering synced to GNOME,[13] NetworkManager DBUS interface support.
2.1602006-09-06September 6, 2006[35]History preserved for links, opened in new tabs,[36] spell checking support, page security info dialogue from Certificates extension, new GTK+ Printing dialogs, stability improvements.[37]
2.1802007-03-14March 14, 2007[38]Bookmarks online storage,[39] UI for Ad Blocker.
2.2002007-09-19September 19, 2007[40]Migration from Gecko to WebKit,[16] PDF printing, migration from gnome-vfs to GIO.
2.2202008-03-12March 12, 2008[41]
2.2402008-09-24September 24, 2008[42]
2.2602009-03-31March 31, 2009[43]
2.2802009-09-24September 24, 2009[44]Gecko backends removed, Python support for extensions dropped, support for the WebInspector.[45]
2.3002010-03-31March 31, 2010[46]Broken SSL certificate warning, custom page menus support.
2.3202010-09-29September 29, 2010[47]Bugfixes only.
3.002011-04-06April 6, 2011[48]Reduced the amount of user interface chrome, geolocation support, switched from text zooming to full content zooming, new download manager, migration to GTK+ 3 and GNOME 3 technologies.
3.202011-09-28September 28, 2011[49]Separate font settings, WebKit's internal page source viewer made default, Web Applications mode introduced.
3.402012-03-28March 28, 2012[19]Renamed from Epiphany to Web, major interface overhaul, performance improvements, super menu introduced.

Features

Web is based on the WebKit web browser engine, which provides support for HTML 4 and XHTML, CSS 1 and 2, substantial degree of implementation of HTML5 and CSS 3 features,[50] Web Inspector (HTML and JavaScript debugging tool)[45] and NSAPI, including Adobe Flash and IcedTea plug-ins support.[4]

GNOME integration

Web reuses GNOME frameworks and settings.[51][52] Therefore its user interface theme is the GNOME default theme, the network settings with GNOME NetworkManager configuration, printing with the GNOME printing system, settings with GSettings and GNOME default applications settings are used for internet media types handling.

The built-in preference manager for Web is designed to present user only basic browser-specific settings. All the advanced configuration is done with the stand-alone GSettings configurator tools such as GNOME's default dconf (command line) and dconf-editor (graphical).[53]

Web follows the GNOME Human Interface Guidelines[54] and follows the platform-wide design changes. For example in Web 3.4 release the menu for application-wide actions was moved to the GNOME Shell's top panel application menu and the menubar was replaced with "super menu" button, which triggers the display of window-specific menu entries.[55]

Bookmarks

Bookmarks management and categorisation

While most browsers feature a hierarchical folder-based bookmark system, Web uses categorized bookmarks, where a single bookmark (such as "Web") can exist in multiple categories (such as "Web Browsers", "GNOME", and "Computer Software").[56] Special category includes bookmarks have not yet been categorized. Another innovative concept supported by Web (though originally from Galeon)[3] is “smart bookmarks”. These take a single argument specified from the address bar or from a textbox in a toolbar.[4] Bookmarks along with browsing history are accessed from the address bar in find-as-you-type manner.[57]

Modularity

Web is extensible with a plugin system called Web extensions. This package is distributed by the developers of Web, containing official extensions. Though it adds some useful features (see the table below), it is often criticized for being too limited, specifically compared to Firefox extensions.[58]

Previously extensions could be written in either C or Python, but the Python support was dropped with WebKit adoption.[59]

Current list of Web extensions include:[60][61]

Official Web extensions
ActionsExecute arbitrary commands from context menu
Ad BlockerEasyList subscription-based ad filtering
Auto Reload TabReload a tab periodically
CertificatesView the page certificate and manage the certificates
GesturesPerform actions with mouse gestures
Greasemonkeyrun user scripts to modify web pages' behavior
HTML5TubeView Youtube videos using WebKit's HTML5 media player
News Feed SubscriptionSubscribe to a news feed offered by the webpage in your favorite news reader
Push ScrollDrag the page on middle mouse click
Soup FlyA tool to debug the SoupSession WebKit uses
Tab Key Tab NavigateUse the Tab key to navigate between tabs
Tab StatesIndicates new content in background tabs

Several unofficial extensions exist, though most of them are not currently supported.[59][62]

Web Applications mode

Web application launcher
Wikipedia as desktop application

Since GNOME 3.2[63] Web allows creating application launchers for web applications. The subsequent invocation of a launcher brings up an individual chromeless instance of Web limited to that single domain, with the off-site links opening in a normal browser.[64] The launcher created this way is accessible from the desktop and is not limited to GNOME Shell. For instance it may be used with Unity, used on Ubuntu.[65] This feature facilitates the integration of the desktop and World Wide Web, which is a goal of the Web developers.[66] Similar features can be found in the Windows version of Google Chrome. For the same purpose Mozilla Foundation previously developed a standalone application Mozilla Prism, which was superseded by the project Chromeless.[67]

Currently the web applications are managed within Epiphany's main instance. The applications can be deleted from the page, accessible with a special URI about:applications. This approach is supposed to be a temporary solution until common GNOME-wide application management is implemented in GNOME 3.4.[21][dated info]

System requirements

Being a component of GNOME desktop environment, Web has neither software, nor hardware dependencies beyond the GNOME platform. Though the GNOME Project does not list the minimum system requirements, it states that GNOME 3 should run on any modern computer.[68]

Web is only released as source code or with Linux distributions and BSDs making binary packages. Thus the availability of Web depends on the distributor.[69] Web can be run on many hardware platforms, including i386, amd64 and several other processor architectures.[8]

Reception

In reviewing the Webkit-powered Epiphany 2.28 in September 2009, Ryan Paul of Ars Technica said "Epiphany is quite snappy in GNOME 2.28 and scores 100/100 on the Acid3 test. Using WebKit will help differentiate Epiphany from Firefox, which is shipped as the default browser by most of the major Linux distributors."[18]

In reviewing Epiphany 2.30 in July 2010 Jack Wallen described it as "efficient, but different" and noted its problem with crashes. "When I first started working with Epiphany it crashed on most sites I visited. After doing a little research (and then a little debugging) I realized the issue was with javascript. Epiphany (in its current release), for some strange reason, doesn’t like javascript. The only way around this was to disable javascript. Yes this means a lot of features won’t work on a lot of sites – but this also means those same sites will load faster and won’t be so prone to having issues (like crashing my browser)."[56] Wallen concluded positively about the browser, "Although Epiphany hasn’t fully replaced Chrome and Firefox as my one-stop-shop browser, I now use it much more than I would have previously.[56] [It has a] small footprint, fast startup, and clean interface."[56]

In March 2011 Veronica Henry reviewed Epiphany 2.32, saying "To be fair, this would be a hard sell as a primary desktop browser for most users. In fact, there isn’t even a setting to let you designate it as your default browser. But for those instance where you need to fire up a lighting-fast browser for quick surfing, Epiphany will do the trick."[58] She further noted, "Though I still use Firefox as my primary browser, lately it seems to run at a snail’s pace. So, one of the first things I noticed about Epiphany is how quickly it launches. And subsequent page loads on my system are equally as fast."[58] Henry criticized Epiphany for its short list of extensions, singling out the lack of Firebug as a deficiency.[58] Web does, however, support the Web Inspector offered by the Webkit engine, which has similar functionality.[45]

In April 2012 Ryan Paul of Ars Technica used Web as an example to his criticism of GNOME 3.4 design decisions: "Aside from the poor initial discoverability of the panel menu, this model works reasonably well for simple applications. [...] Unfortunately, it doesn't scale well in complex applications. The best example of where this approach can pose difficulties is in GNOME's default Web browser. [...] Having the application's functionality split across two completely separate menus does not constitute a usability improvement."[55]

See also

Portal iconFree software portal
Portal iconComputer Science portal


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