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Steam (software)

Steam
Steam logo.png
Steam Store.png

The home page of the Steam Client
Developer(s)Valve Corporation
Initial releaseWindows: September 12, 2003 (2003-09-12)[1]
Mac OS X: May 12, 2010 (2010-05-12)
Linux: February 14, 2013 (2013-02-14)
Stable releaseAPI: v012 Package: 2125/2125 [edit]  (January 16, 2013; 55 days ago (2013-01-16)) [±]
Preview releaseAPI: v012 Package: 2082/2082  (November 21, 2012; 3 months ago (2012-11-21)) [±]
Development statusActive
Written inC++ and Objective C
PlatformMicrosoft Windows
OS X[2]
Linux[3]
PlayStation 3 (partially)[4]
iOS
Android
Available in25 languages
TypeContent delivery
Digital rights management
Social networking
LicenseSteam Subscriber Agreement (Proprietary software)
Websitestore.steampowered.com

Steam is a digital distribution, digital rights management, multiplayer and communications platform developed by Valve Corporation. It is used to distribute games and related media online, from small independent developers to larger software houses; in October 2012, Valve expanded the service to include non-gaming software. Steam provides the user with installation and automatic management of software across multiple computers, community features such as friends lists and groups, cloud saving, and in-game voice and chat functionality. The software provides a freely available application programming interface, Steamworks, that developers can take advantage of to integrate many of Steam's functions within their software products, including copy protection, networking and matchmaking, in-game achievements and micro-transactions, and support for user-created content through Steam Workshop. Though initially developed for use on Microsoft Windows, the client has expanded to include OS X and Linux versions, and clients with limited functionality on the PlayStation 3 console and for both iOS and Android mobile devices. In addition to being a central hub for gaming software, Valve has created a version of Steam with altered functionality to be used in schools for educational software, including a modified version of Portal 2 for teaching science and critical thinking lessons.

As of December 2012[update], there are over 1860 games available through Steam,[5] and 54 million active user accounts.[6] As of January 2013, Steam has seen over 6.6 million concurrent players.[7] Steam has an estimated 50–70% share of the digital distribution market for video games.[8][9]

Contents

Client functionality

Software delivery and maintenance

Steam's primary service is to allow its users to download games and other software that they have in their virtual software library to their local computers. Steam-integrated games are stored as single non-compressed archive files with the extension .gcf (an acronym for game cache file).[10] Steam allocates space on the user's hard disk for .gcf files before downloading in order to reduce fragmentation which may occur when downloading large files and performing disk access. Game cache files help to make games more portable, stop users from accidentally overwriting important files, allow for easy modification of resources, and allows for validation of content for errors.[11] For games that do not integrate, a "no cache file" system is provided. Here, a .ncf index file points to a directory of loose files somewhere else on the system.[12] Users can enable Steam to automatically patch software packages as they are updated by their publishers, or alternatively allow users to manually initiate this patching process. The client allows users to back up game data files to other media, and remove game content files to free space on their machines.

Steam provides digital rights management (DRM) for software titles, by providing "custom executable generation" for executable files that are unique for each user, but allow that user to install the software on multiple computing devices via Steam or through software backups without limitations.[13] As such, the user is required to have started Steam while connected to the Internet for authentication prior to playing a game, or have previously set up Steam in an "offline" mode while connected online, storing their credentials locally to play without an Internet connection.[14] Steam's DRM is available through Steamworks to software developers, but the service allows developers and publishers to include other forms of DRM and other authentication services on top of Steam; for example, some games on Steam require the use of "Games for Windows – Live", and various titles from publisher Ubisoft require the use of their "UPlay" gaming service.

In September 2008, Valve added support for Steam Cloud, a service that can automatically store game saves and related custom files on Valve's servers; users can then access this data from any other machine running the Steam client.[15][16] Games must use the appropriate features of Steamworks for this feature to work. Users are able to disable this feature as well on a per-game and per-account basis.[17] In May 2012, the service added the ability to manage their game libraries from remote clients, including other computers and mobile devices; users are able to instruct Steam to download and install games they own through this service if their currently running Steam client is active.[18]

To protect against hijacking of accounts, Valve added Steam Guard functionality to the Steam client in March 2011. Steam Guard takes advantage of the identity protection provided with Intel's second generation Core processors and compatible motherboard hardware to allow the user to lock their account to a specific computer. Once locked, activity by that account on other computers must first be approved of by the user on the locked computer. Support APIs for Steam Guard are available to third-party developers through Steamworks.[19] An alternative option available to users interested in using Steam Guard is two-factor, risk-based authentication, through the use of a one-time verification code sent to a verified email address associated with the Steam account. If Steam Guard is enabled on an account, the verification code is sent each time the account is used from a new machine.[20] Many of Steam Guard's features will work the same with the only real difference being the method of authentication.[21]

Storefront

Steam includes a digital storefront called the Steam Store, through which users can purchase computer games digitally. Once purchased, a software license is permanently attached to the user's Steam account, allowing them to download the software on any compatible device. "Gifting" of some game licenses to other accounts is possible under set conditions. Content is delivered using a proprietary file transfer protocol from an international network of servers.[22] Steam sells its products in US dollars, euros, pounds sterling, Brazilian Reais and roubles based on the user's location.[23] From December 2010, the client also supports the Webmoney payment system, popular in many European, Middle Eastern, and Asian countries.[24] The Steam storefront validates a user's region, and certain titles may be restricted to specific regions due to release dates, game classification, or publisher agreements.

Certain games sold through retail channels can be redeemed as titles for user's library within Steam by entering a product code within the software.[25] For games that incorporate Steamworks, users can purchase redemption codes from other vendors, and redeem these in the Steam client to add the title to their library. Steam offers a framework for selling and distributing downloadable content (DLC) for games.[26]

Players can add non-Steam games to their library, allowing the game to be easily accessed from the Steam client, and provides support, where possible, for the Steam Overlay features. The Steam interface allows for user-defined shortcuts to be added. In this way third-party mods, and games not purchased through the Steam Store, can use Steam features. Valve sponsors and distributes some mods for free,[27] and mods that use Steamworks can also use VAC, Friends, the server browser, and any Steam features supported by their parent game.

During mid-2011, Valve began to offer free-to-play games, such as Global Agenda, Spiral Knights and Champions Online; this was tied in with their move to make Team Fortress 2 a free-to-play title.[28] Valve included support via Steamworks for microtransactions through Steam's purchasing channels for in-game items in these titles, in a similar manner to the existing in-game store for Team Fortress 2. A subsequent addition later that year added the ability to trade both in-game items and "unopened" game gifts between users.[29] Introduced in December 2011, Steam Coupons provides single-use coupons that can be used to discount the cost of an item; Steam Coupons can be provided by developers and publishers to users, and users can trade these Coupons between friends in a similar fashion with gifts and in-game items.[30] Further extending this is Steam Market, a feature introduced in beta in December 2012, that would allow users to sell virtual items to others via Steam Wallet funds. Valve has set a 15% transaction fee on such sales, and game publishers who employ the Market can add an additional transaction fee; for example, the first game supported at the beta phase, Team Fortress 2 by Valve, included both fees. Full support for other games is expected to be available in early 2013.[31]

Valve carries out regular sales periods on Steam, during these periods, individual titles, packages, and other bundles such as ones for specific publishers, will be offered on sale, along with other promotions. These large discount sales have been criticized by owners of competing services GOG.com[32] and Origin as devaluing brands. In response, Valve have said it is "key to introducing players to new intellectual properties".[33]

In October 2012, Steam introduced non-gaming applications that will be sold over the service.[34] Such creativity and productivity applications can be able to access the core functions of the Steamworks API, allowing them to use Steam's simplified installation and updating process, and incorporate features like cloud saving and Steam Workshop. Developers of non-gaming software will be able to submit their applications to the Steam Greenlight service to judge interest for later inclusion onto the Steam storefront.[35]

Valve has a no refunds policy, but in some circumstances has offered refunds if third-party content fails to work or improperly reports on certain features. For example, the Steam version of From Dust was originally stated to have a single online DRM check with Ubisoft, its publisher, after installation, but on release, the game required a DRM check each time with Ubisoft's servers. At the urging of Ubisoft, Valve offered refunds to those that had purchased, if they opted for it, while Ubisoft worked on releasing a patch that would remove the DRM check altogether.[36] On The War Z's release, players found that the game was still in an alpha-build state, failing to have many of the features advertised on its Steam store page. Though the developers Hammerpoint Interactive altered the description after launch to reflect the current state of the game software, Valve opted to pull the title from sale and offer refunds to those who had purchased it.[37] Valve will also remove games if they no longer meet Valve's business terms for developers. Grand Theft Auto: Vice City was pulled from Steam due to a claim from the Recording Industry Association of America over an expired license of one of the songs on the soundtrack.[38] Near the launch of Electronic Arts' (EA) own digital storefront, Origin, Valve removed Crysis 2 and Dragon Age 2 from Steam due to the terms of service which prevented games from having their own in-game storefront for downloadable content.[39] In the case of Crysis 2, a "Maximum Edition" was later readded to Steam, which contained all the available downloadable content for the game and removed the in-game storefront.[40] Games that are pulled can still be downloaded and played by those that have already purchased these titles prior to their removal.[38]

Steam Community and Matchmaking

The Steam client, as part of a social network service, allows users to identify friends and join groups through the Steam Community feature.[41] Users can use both text chat and Peer-to-Peer VoIP with other users, identify what their friends and other group members are playing, and, for Steamworks-based games that support it, join and invite friends in multiplayer games. Users can also participate in forums hosted by Valve regarding Steam games. In January 2010, Valve reported that 10 million of the 25 million active Steam accounts had signed up to Steam Community.[42] Each user has a unique page that shows what groups and friends they have, their game library including achievements earned, game wisedung9s, and other social features; users have the option to keep this information private if desired.[43] In conjunction with the 2012 Steam Summer Sale, user profiles were updated with Badges reflecting the user's participating in the Steam community and past events.[44] The Steam client has been made into an OpenID provider, allowing third-party websites to utilize a Steam user's identity without requiring the user to expose their Steam credentials.[45][46]

Steam, through Steamworks, provides a means of server browsing for multiplayer games that utilizes the Steam Community features, allowing users to create lobbies with friends or members of common groups. Steamworks also provides Valve Anti-Cheat (VAC), Valve's proprietary anti-cheat system, for game servers to automatically detect and report users who are using cheats in online multiplayer games.[47] In August 2012, Valve will start introducing new features into the Community area, such as dedicated hub pages for games that highlight the best user-created content, screenshots, top forum posts, and other details.[48] One such feature added in December 2012 are Game Guides, where users can upload text and images detailing a game and strategies for playing it, in the same manner as GameFAQS.[49]

Steam collects and reports anonymous metrics of its usage, stability, and performance.[50] With the exception of Valve's hardware survey,[51] most collection occurs without notifying the user or offering an opt-out. Some of these metrics are available publicly, such as what games are being played or statistics on player progress in certain games.[52] Valve has also used information from these statistics to justify implementing new features in Steam, such as the addition of a defragmentation option for game caches.[53] Valve announced on July 15, 2010 that in conjunction with collecting hardware information in Steam's opt-in hardware surveys, they would begin collecting a list of the user's installed software as well.[54]

Steam Overlay

For most games launched from Steam, Steam provides an overlay atop the game that can be accessed by a specific keypress. From the Overlay, the user can access their Steam Community lists and participate in chats, manage selected Steam settings, and access a built-in web browser without having to exit the game.[55] The Overlay also allows for players to take screenshots of the games in process, automatically storing these and allowing the player to review, delete, or share them during their play session or after completion.

Big Picture mode

Steam's "Big Picture" mode was announced in 2011, with public betas starting in September 2012 and integrated into the software in December 2012.[56] Big Picture mode is a 10-foot user interface, optimizing the display of Steam to work on high-definition televisions, allowing the user to control Steam via a gamepad or through keyboard and mouse. Newell has stated that Big Picture mode is a step towards a dedicated Steam entertainment hardware unit.[57]

Steamworks

Steamworks is a freely available application programming interface (API) that provides development and publishing tools to game developers, allowing them to take advantage of the Steam client's features.[58][59][59][60] Specifically, Steamworks provides the means for games to integrate with the Steam client, including networking and player authentication tools for both server and peer-to-peer multiplayer games, matchmaking services, support for Steam community friends and groups, Steam statistics and achievements, integrated voice communications, and Steam Cloud support; the API also provides for anti-cheating devices and digital copy management.[60] Steamworks can be combined with a standard Steam distribution agreement, the latter of which gives it advertising space in the Steam store but also provides Valve with a share of revenue.

Steam Workshop

See also: Category:Steam Workshop games

The Steam Workshop provides a way for players of Valve and Steamworks-enabled games to find and obtain user-created content. Users can use in-game or separate tools to construct new levels, game modifications, or other content for games that support the Workshop and then publish them. End users can then subscribe to such content through the Steam client or web site and automatically download it to the user's computer and integrate with the game. The Workshop was originally used for distribution of new items for Team Fortress 2,[61] the Workshop was revamped in early 2012 to extend support for any game, including mods for The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim.[62] A May 2012 patch for Portal 2 introduced the ability to share user-created levels enabled by a new map-making tool through the Steam Workshop.[63] Indie games, such as Dungeons of Dredmor, are also able to provide Steam Workshop support for user-generated content.[64] Dota 2 became Valve's third published title available for the Steam Workshop in June 2012, with features including customizable accessories, skins and voice packs.[65]

Authentication

See also: Daftar/Tabel -- games using Steam authentication

It is necessary to authenticate every Steamworks game online, whether purchased via Steam itself or installed via a retail disc, the first time it is played.[66] After the initial authentication, an offline mode allows games to be run without being connected to the internet.

Steam Greenlight

See also: Category:Steam Greenlight games
Incredipede, an example of a game that has been through the Steam Greenlight process.

Announced in July 2012 and released August 30, 2012,[67] Steam Greenlight is a way for Steam users to help promote which games should be added to the service. Developers are able to submit information about their games, as well as early builds or beta versions, for consideration by users. Users can pledge support for these games, and Valve will help to make top-pledged games available on the Steam service.[68] In response to initial complaints during its first week that finding games to support was made difficult due to a flood of inappropriate or false submissions,[69] Valve added the requirement that developers put up a $100 fee to list a game on the service to cut down on non-legitimate submissions. The fee will then be given to the Child's Play charity.[70] A later modification allowed developers to put conceptual ideas on the Greenlight service without fee, as to garner interest in potential projects; votes from such projects are only visible to the developer.[71] Further, Valve allowed non-gaming software to be voted onto the service through Greenlight.[72] The first game to be released via Steam Greenlight was McPixel.[73]

Steam for Schools

Steam for Schools is a limited-functionality version of the Steam software that is available for free for educational institutions and use within classrooms. It is part of an initiative by Valve to support educational uses of games for classroom instruction; its release was alongside free versions of Portal 2 and a standalone Puzzle Maker application to allow educators and students to create and manipulate levels. It features additional authentication security that allows educators to share and distribute content via a similar Steam Workshop-type interface, but blocks such access from students.[74][75]

Supported platforms

Microsoft Windows

Steam was originally released only for the Microsoft Windows operating system, but has since expanded to other platforms.

OS X

On March 8, 2010, Valve announced that Steam was in development for OS X.[76] The announcement was preceded by a change in the Steam beta client to support the cross-platform WebKit web browser rendering engine instead of the Trident engine from Internet Explorer.[77][78][79] Prior to this announcement, it teased the release through several images emailed to Mac community and gaming web sites featuring Valve game characters with Apple logos or featured in parodies of old Macintosh advertisements.[80][81] In one case, Valve developed a full video homage to the 1984 Apple Macintosh commercial to announce the availability of Half-Life 2 and its episodes to the service, with some concept images for the video previously used to tease the Mac Steam client.[82]

Prior to Steam's OS X release, Valve released teaser ads that paid homage to famous Apple advertisements, such as this one, featuring Alyx Vance, which references the 1984 commercial.

Originally planned for release in April 2010, Steam for OS X was launched worldwide on May 12, 2010, following a successful beta period.[83] In addition to the Steam client, several features were made available to developers to take advantage of a cross-platform Source engine and platform and network capabilities using Steamworks.[84] Through SteamPlay, the OS X client allows players who have already purchased compatible products in the Windows version to re-download the Mac versions at no cost, allowing them to continue to play the game on the other platform; however some third party titles may require the user to purchase again to gain the cross-platform functionality.[85] The Steam Cloud is cross-platform compatible. Multiplayer games can also be cross-compatible, allowing Windows and Mac players to play with each other.[76]

Upon launch, over 50 games, most supporting the SteamPlay feature, were available for the client. As part of the launch, Valve offered both PC and Mac users to download Portal for free during the first two weeks of launch.[86][87] For some weeks after the Mac client launch, Valve expanded the catalog of offerings for the service on a weekly basis, with each week highlighting a new feature of the service.[88] Valve has released the native OS X, OpenGL versions of Left 4 Dead, Left 4 Dead 2, Team Fortress 2, Counter-Strike: Source, Portal, and Half-Life 2 and its episodes following Steam's release.[89] Portal 2, released in 2011, was the first Valve title simultaneously released on both the Windows and Mac versions of Steam.[90]

Linux

Valve announced in July 2012 that they were developing a Steam client for Linux and modifying the Source engine to work on native Linux, based on the Ubuntu distribution. This had followed months of speculation, primarily from the website Phoronix that had discovered evidence of Linux developing in recent builds of Steam and other Valve software.[91] Newell has stated that getting Steam and games to work on Linux is a key strategy for Valve; in considering Microsoft Windows 8, Newell has called it "a catastrophe for everyone in the PC space" in the closed nature of the OS, while Linux would maintain "the openness of the platform".[92] Valve is extending support to any developer that wants to bring their games to Linux, by "making it as easy as possible for anybody who's engaged with us - putting their games on Steam and getting those running on Linux" according to Newell.[92]

The team developing the Linux client had been working for a year prior to the announcement to validate that such a port would be possible.[93] As of the official announcement, a near-feature complete Steam client for Linux had been developed and successfully run on Ubuntu.[93] Initial internal beta testing of the Linux client started in October 2012, with an external beta testing occurring in early November.[94][95] Open beta clients for Linux were available in late December 2012,[96] and the client was officially released to all in mid-February 2013.[97] Not only will Valve's Linux group focus on improving the Steam client but will assure that their selected first Source game, Left 4 Dead 2, will run at acceptable framerates and connectivity with the Windows and OS X versions. From there, they will then work on porting other games and expanding to other Linux distributions.[98][99] Valve claimed they had successfully completed the Left 4 Dead 2 port as of early August 2012.[100] Following Valve's announcement, Devolver Digital announced that it will port Serious Sam 3: BFE with Steamworks support to the Ubuntu Linux platform.[101] Linux games will be eligible for SteamPlay availability as well, with The Cave announced as one of the first titles to take advantage of this.[102]

PlayStation 3

At E3 2010, Newell announced that Steamworks would arrive on the PlayStation 3 with Portal 2. It will provide automatic updates, community support, downloadable content and other unannounced features.[103] Portal 2's PlayStation 3 release saw Steamworks make its debut on consoles. Several features were offered including cross-platform play and instant messaging, Steam Cloud for saved games, and the ability for PS3 owners to download Portal 2 from Steam (Windows and Mac) at no extra cost.[4] Valve's Counter-Strike: Global Offensive will also support Steamworks and cross-platform features on the PlayStation 3, including using keyboard and mouse controls as an alternative to the gamepad.[104] Valve said they "hope to expand upon this foundation with more Steam features and functionality in DLC and future content releases".[7] Steam has an estimated 50-70% share of the digital distribution market for video games.[8]

Mobile platforms

Valve released an official Steam client for iOS and Android devices in late January 2012, following a short beta period.[105] The application allows players to log into their accounts to browse the storefront, manage their games, and communicate with friends on the Steam community. Newell stated that the application was a strong request from Steam users, and sees it as a means "to make [Steam] richer and more accessible for everyone".[106]

Steam Box

An Xi3 modular computer at the 2011 CES, the basis for the "Piston" prototype. This unit, though not representative of the final Steam Box hardware, demonstrates many of the features that Valve anticipates to include.

Valve is developing a video game console, which industry journalists are tentatively calling the "Steam Box". It would be dedicated to running Steam to allow players to launch games, media, and other functions that the client already provides. The unit, as provided by Valve, is expected to be tightly hardware controlled, similar in manner to other video game consoles.[107] The software side is expected to remain open; for example, the unit is expected to ship with a Linux operating system, but the user will be able to install Microsoft Windows if they want to.[108] Valve has not yet set an anticipated release date, but does not expect the unit to be available within 2013.[109] The company is anticipating producing a limited number of prototype units to be distributed to customers sometime within the second quarter of 2013 "to gauge their reactions", according to Newell.[110]

Newell explained that Valve's strategy is to develop a single hardware unit themselves as the default model, internally named "Bigfoot", but work with other computer manufacturers who want to offer the same user experience but with different hardware configurations not offered by Valve's model; for example, Valve does not expect to include an optical drive due to size and cost, but this can be an option offered by another tech partner.[108] He also envisions the software to enable screencast capabilities, allowing the single box to work with any monitor or television within the home.[108] Newell stated they would also be likely developing controllers for the unit that integrate biometric data from the player and options for gaze tracking, finding that the involuntary responses from the player are more useful than other forms of player input like motion control.[108] Newell also explained that in addition to the home unit, they are considering the mobile device market, specifically considering laptops and tablets, with their own hardware nicknamed "Littlefoot".[108]

At the 2013 Consumer Electronics Show, modular computer hardware company Xi3 introduced a prototype modular PC, codenamed "Piston". This unit is one of several possible designs that Valve is looking as the default hardware model for the Steam Box, and is specifically designed to run Steam on Linux and support Big Picture mode.[111] The unit is based on Xi3's "performance level" X7A model, which presently retails for about $1000, is slightly larger than a human hand, and contains various I/O ports to connect to power, video, and data signals.[112] Xi3 began taking pre-orders for Piston at the 2013 South by Southwest Festival in March 2013, anticipating high levels of interest in the hardware, with plans to release the unit for general purchase by the end of 2013.[113][114] Valve has clarified that though they did some initial exploratory work with Xi3, they have had no direct involvement with the Piston's specifications, and it is not necessarily representative of their final design for their Steam Box.[109][115]

Other platforms

The Xbox 360 does not have support for Steamworks. Newell had indicated that they would have liked to bring the service to the console through the game Counter-Strike: Global Offensive, which would have allowed them to provide the same feature set that they did for the PlayStation 3,[116] but later affirmed that cross-platform play would not be present in the final version of the game.[117] Valve attributes the inability to use Steamworks on the Xbox 360 due limitations in the Xbox Live regulations on the ability to deliver patches and new contents; Valve's Erik Johnson stated that Microsoft requires that such new content must be certified and validated before distribution, which would limit the usefulness of Steamworks' own delivery approach.[118]

Market share and impact

Graph showing Garry's Mod sales on the Steam service. The largest spikes are caused by Steam sales and promotions.[119]

Valve does not release any sales figures on its Steam service, instead it only provides the data to companies with games on Steam,[120][121] which they cannot release without permission due to signing a non-disclosure agreement with Valve.[122][123] However, Stardock, the previous owner of competing platform Impulse, estimated that, as of 2009, Steam had a 70% share of the digital distribution market for video games.[8] In early 2011, Forbes reported that Steam sales constituted 50–70% of the $4 billion market for downloaded PC games and that Steam offered game producers gross margins of 70% of purchase price, compared with 30% at retail.[124]

Garry's Mod a previously free game, sold 312,541 in its first two years[125][dead link] and reached 1,000,000 after five years[126][dead link].[127][dead link] Then reached 1.4 million sales.[119]

In November 2011, it was revealed by the developer of The Witcher 2: Assassins of Kings that Steam was responsible for 200,000 of the 250,000 (80%) total online sales of the game.[128]

Waves, an independently developed game, sold 15,238 copies in just under 6 months.[129]

Terraria, another independently developed game, sold over one million copies in less than 1 year.[130]

History

Beginnings

Portal 2PS3OS XHalf-Life 2

Prior to Steam, Valve had problems releasing updates for their online games, such as Counter-Strike, wherein a patch would result in the disconnection of the larger part of the online user base for several days. They decided to make a platform which would update games automatically, and implement better anti-piracy and anti-cheat measures. Valve originally approached several companies – including Microsoft, Yahoo!, and RealNetworks – to build a client with these features, but all turned them down.[131]

Steam's development began at an uncertain date prior to 2002. Working titles included "Grid" and "Gazelle".[132] It was revealed to the public on 22 March 2002 at the Game Developers Conference, and was presented purely as a distribution network.[133] To demonstrate the ease of integrating Steam to a game, Relic Entertainment had created a special version of Impossible Creatures.[134] The game was ultimately not released on Steam, however.

Valve partnered with a number of companies including AT&T, Acer and GameSpy Industries. The first mod on the system was Day of Defeat.[135][136]

The Steam client was first made available for download in 2002 during the beta period for Counter-Strike 1.6. At that time, its primary function was streamlining the patch process common in online computer games. Installation and use of Steam was mandatory for Counter-Strike 1.6 beta testers, but Steam remained an optional component. 80,000–300,000 gamers tested the system when it was in its beta period.[135][137] The system and web site choked under the strain of thousands of users simultaneously attempting to play the latest version of Counter-Strike.[138] In 2004, the World Opponent Network was shut down and replaced by Steam. The online features of games which required World Opponent Network ceased to work unless they were converted to Steam.

Around this time, Valve began negotiating contracts with several publishers and independent developers to release their products on Steam. Rag Doll Kung Fu and Darwinia are two examples, and Canadian publisher Strategy First announced in December 2005 that it would be partnering with Valve for digital distribution of current and future titles.[139] In 2002, Gabe Newell, the head of Valve, said he was offering mod teams a game engine license and distribution over Steam for $995.[135]

In late 2007, "Steam achievements" were introduced with the launch of The Orange Box, which are rewarded when players complete certain requirements in games. This system is similar to achievements on the Xbox 360 and trophies on the PlayStation 3.

Profitability

In 2005, the first third-party games began to appear on Steam. Valve also announced that Steam was starting to be profitable, if only due to some highly successful Valve games. Although digital distribution was still no match to retail in terms of sales volume, profit margins for Valve and developers were far bigger on Steam than at retail.[140]

In 2007, big developer-publishers such as id Software, Eidos Interactive and Capcom started to distribute their games on Steam. In May 2007, 13 million accounts had been created on Steam, and 150 games were for sale on the platform.[141] In October 2007, the release of The Orange Box, and the distribution of high-profile games such as BioShock, Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare, and S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Shadow of Chernobyl, helped increase Steam's popularity.[citation needed]

Steam Translation Server

In March 2010, Valve launched the Steam Translation Server, which is a service that allows Steam users to help in the translation of Steam and a selected library of Steam games. The service was undergoing a closed beta until October 2010. Since then, every Steam user has the ability to apply as a translator. Steam currently supports 25 languages: Bulgarian, Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Portuguese-Brasil, Romanian, Russian, Spanish, Swedish, Thai and Turkish.[142]

November 2011 hack

On November 6, 2011, Steam temporarily closed the community forums, citing potential hacking threats to the service. Subsequently, on November 10, Valve reported that the hack included a compromise of one of their customer databases, potentially allowing the perpetrators to access customer information including encrypted password and credit card details. At that time, Valve was not aware if the intruders actually accessed this information or discovered the encryption method, but warned users to be alert for fraudulent activity.[143][144]

Vulnerabilities

The company ReVuln, a commercial vulnerability research firm, published a paper in October 2012 that claimed the steam browser protocol was posing a security risk by enabling malicious exploits through a simple user click on a maliciously crafted steam:// URL in a browser.[145] The report was taken up by various online publications.[146][147][148][149] As the second serious vulnerability of gaming-related software, following a recent issue with Ubisoft's copy protection system "Uplay",[150] it led the German IT platform "Heise online" to recommend strict separation of gaming and sensitive data, e.g. by using a dedicated gaming PC or at least a second Windows installation, or minimally a dedicated gaming account with limited rights on the gamer's own PC.[149]

See also

Portal iconVideo games portal
  • Daftar/Tabel -- games using Steam authentication
  • Games for Windows – Live
  • GamersGate
  • Origin (content delivery)
  • Desura

References

  1. ^ "Steam Client Released". Valve Corporation. September 12, 2003. http://store.steampowered.com/news/18 3/. Retrieved October 23, 2011.
  2. ^ "Valve to Deliver Steam & Source on the Mac". Valve Corporation. 8 March 2010. http://store.steampowered.com/news/35 69/. Retrieved 8 March 2010.
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