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Terabyte

Multiples of bytes
SI decimal prefixesBinary
usage		IEC binary prefixes
Name
(Symbol)		ValueName
(Symbol)		Value
kilobyte (kB)103210kibibyte (KiB)210
megabyte (MB)106220mebibyte (MiB)220
gigabyte (GB)109230gibibyte (GiB)230
terabyte (TB)1012240tebibyte (TiB)240
petabyte (PB)1015250pebibyte (PiB)250
exabyte (EB)1018260exbibyte (EiB)260
zettabyte (ZB)1021270zebibyte (ZiB)270
yottabyte (YB)1024280yobibyte (YiB)280
See also: Multiples of bits · Orders of magnitude of data

The terabyte is a multiple of the unit byte digital information. The prefix tera means 1012 in the International System of Units (SI), and therefore 1 terabyte is 1000000000000 bytes, or 1 trillion (short scale) bytes, or 1000 gigabytes. 1 terabyte in binary prefixes is 0.9095 tebibytes, or 931.32 gibibytes. The unit symbol for the terabyte is TB or TByte, but not Tb (lower case b) which refers to terabit.

Contents

Usage

Disk drive sizes are always designated in SI units by manufacturers, which is clearly marked on the packaging. Still, confusion may arise from this definition with the long-standing tradition in some fields of information technology and the computer industry of using binary prefix interpretations for memory sizes. Standards organizations such as International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and International Organization for Standardization (ISO) recommend to use the alternative term tebibyte to signify the traditional measure of 10244 bytes, leading to the following definitions:

  • In standard SI usage, 1 terabyte (TB) equals 1000000000000gigabytes = 10004, or 1012 bytes.
  • Using the traditional binary interpretation, a terabyte is 1099511627776bytes = 10244 = 240 bytes = 1 tebibyte (TiB).

The capacities of computer storage devices are typically specified using the standard SI meaning of unit prefixes, but many operating systems and applications report in binary-based units. Mac OS X 10.6 (Snow Leopard) reports in SI units.

History

The first hard disk drives were created in the 1950's-1960's and were the size of a refrigerator [1][2] and had a capacity of a few megabytes. In 2012 a 1 terabyte disk drive is 2.5 inches wide and will fit inside an ordinary laptop. In 1982 the first IBM PC to have a hard disk, had a capacity of 5 megabytes [3]. The first single hard disks of terabyte size were not observed until the late 2000s:

  • 2007 – First 1 terabyte (≈0.9095 TiB)[1] hard drive[2] (Hitachi GST)
  • 2008 – First 1.5 terabyte (≈1.3642 TiB)[1] hard drive[3] (Seagate)
  • 2009 - First 2 terabyte internal 3.5″ hard drive.[4][5][6] (Western Digital)
  • 2010 - First >1 terabyte, 1.5 terabyte (≈1.3642 TiB) commercial tape system[7]
  • 2011 - First 4 terabyte drive (Hitachi) [4][5]
  • 2012 - First 1 terabyte USB flash drive, sold by Victorinox.[8]

Costs

In the mid-1990s, the first consumer grade, 1 gigabyte disk drive became available at a cost of $1000 [6]

  • 2007 1 terabyte hard disk $370
  • 2010 2 terabyte hard disk $200
  • 2012 1 terabyte hard disk $100, The typical price of a Hitachi 4 terabyte disk drive was $450 and a 16 gigabyte USB flash drive was $10

Note: Dollars are USD and are not adjusted for inflation

Illustrative usage examples

Examples of the use of terabyte to describe data sizes in different fields are:

  • Library data – The U.S. Library of Congress Web Capture team claims that "As of April 2011, the Library has collected about 235 terabytes of data" and that it adds about 5 terabytes per month.[9]
  • Online databases – Ancestry.com claims approximately 600 TB of genealogical data with the inclusion of US Census data from 1790 to 1930.[10]
  • Computer hardware – Hitachi introduced the world's first one terabyte hard disk drive in 2007.[11]
  • Historical Internet traffic – In 1993, total Internet traffic amounted to approximately 100 TB for the year.[12] As of June 2008[update], Cisco Systems estimated Internet traffic at 160 TB/s (which, assuming to be statistically constant, comes to 5 zettabytes for the year).[13] In other words, the amount of Internet used per second in 2008 exceeded all of the Internet used in 1993.
  • Social networks – As of May 2009, Yahoo! Groups had "40 terabytes of data to index".[14]
  • Video – Released in 2009, the 3D animated film Monsters vs. Aliens used 100 TB of storage during development.[15]
  • Usenet messages – In October 2000, the Deja News Usenet archive had stored over 500 million Usenet messages which used 1.5 TB of storage.[16]
  • Encyclopedia – Wikipedia's January 2010 raw data uses a 5.87 terabyte dump.[17]
  • Climate science – In 2010, the German Climate Computing Centre (DKRZ) was generating 10,000 TB of data per year, from a supercomputer with a 20 TB memory and 7,000 TB disk space.[18]
  • Audio – One terabyte of audio recorded at CD quality will contain around 2,000 hours of audio. Additionally, one terabyte of compressed audio recorded at 128 kB/s will contain about 17,000 hours of audio.
  • The first 20 years worth of observations by the Hubble Space Telescope has amassed more than 45 terabytes of data.[19]
  • The IBM computer Watson, against which Jeopardy! contestants competed in February 2011, has 16 terabytes of RAM.[20]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b http://www.conversioncenter.net/bits- and-bytes-conversion/from-terabyte-%2 8TB%29-to-tebibyte-%28TiB%29
  2. ^ Hitachi introduces 1-Terabyte Hard Drive
  3. ^ Seagate Powers Next Generation Of Computing With Three New Hard Drives, Including World's First 1.5-Terabyte Desktop PC And Half-Terabyte Notebook PC Hard Drives
  4. ^ http://www.wdc.com/en/company/release s/PressRelease.asp?release={01D0EF49- E149-410A-A173-F872D0E6C335}
  5. ^ http://www.electronista.com/articles/ 09/01/13/wd.caviar.green.2tb.soon/
  6. ^ http://www.engadget.com/2009/01/26/we stern-digitals-2tb-caviar-green-hdd-o n-sale-in-australia/
  7. ^ http://storageconference.org/2010/Pap ers/MSST/Pease.pdf
  8. ^ http://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/01/ 09/swiss_penknife_ssd/
  9. ^ How large is the Library's archive?, Web Archiving FAQs, accessed 7 April 2011.
  10. ^ "Ancestry.com Adds U.S. Census Records". CBS News. 2006-06-22. 
  11. ^ "Hitachi Introduces 1-Terabyte Hard Drive". PC World. 2007-01-07. Retrieved 2008-09-15. 
  12. ^ http://www.disco-tech.org/2007/10/an_ exabyte_here_an_exabyte_the.php
  13. ^ White, Bobby (2008-06-16). "Cisco Projects Growth To Swell for Online Video". The Wall Street Journal. 
  14. ^ "Yahoo! Groups Blog". 2009-05-09. http://www.ygroupsblog.com/blog/2009/ 03/17/groups-search-update/.
  15. ^ IRENE THAM (2009-04-08). "Taking a monster shit; Massive computer power was needed to create the 3-D movie Monsters Vs Aliens.". The Straits Times. "The 3-D movie used up close to 100 terabytes of disk space and more than 40 million hours of rendering." 
  16. ^ "Usenet Sale: Sounds to Silence?". 2000-10-25. Retrieved 2009-10-13. "It's loaded with 500 million postings .... [and has] ballooned to over 1.5 terabytes" 
  17. ^ http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data_d umps
  18. ^ http://www.dkrz.de/pdf/poster/ISC10-P oster_Web/ISC10_HardwareDKRZ.pdf
  19. ^ http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hub ble/story/index.html
  20. ^ http://news.yahoo.com/s/digitaltrends /20110113/tc_digitaltrends/ibmswatson supercomputerbeatshumansinjeopardy
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