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Fedora (operating system)

Fedora
Fedora Project logo.png
Fedora 18 GNOME Shell Desktop
Fedora 18 (Spherical Cow) running GNOME Shell 3.6
Company / developerFedora Project,
(owned by Red Hat, Inc.)
OS familyUnix-like (based on Red Hat Linux)
Working stateCurrent
Source modelFree and open source software (with exceptions)[1]
Initial release2003-11-16[2] It was codenamed Yarrow. Fedora Core 1 was based on Red Hat Linux 9 and shipped with version 2.4.19 of the Linux kernel, version 2.4 of the GNOME desktop environment, and K Desktop Environment 3.1.[3]
Latest stable release18 (Spherical Cow) / 15 January 2013; 2 months ago (2013-01-15)
Available language(s)Multilingual
Update methodYum (PackageKit)
Package managerRPM Package Manager
Supported platformsi686, x86-64
Kernel typeMonolithic (Linux)
UserlandGNU
Default user interfaceGNOME 3
LicenseVarious free software licenses, plus proprietary binary blobs.[1]
Official websitewww.fedoraproject.org

Fedora (pron.: /fɨˈdɒr.ə/), formerly Fedora Core, is an RPM-based, general purpose collection of software, including an operating system based on the Linux kernel, developed by the community-supported Fedora Project and owned by Red Hat. The Fedora Project's mission is to lead the advancement of free and open source software and content as a collaborative community.[4]

One of Fedora's main objectives is not only to contain software distributed under a free and open source license, but also to be on the leading edge of such technologies.[5][6] Fedora developers prefer to make upstream changes instead of applying fixes specifically for Fedora—this ensures that their updates are available to all Linux distributions.[7]

A version of Fedora has a relatively short life cycle—the maintenance period is only 13 months: there are 6 months between releases, and version X is supported only until 1 month after version X+2.[8] This promotes leading-edge software because it frees developers from some backward compatibility restraints, but it also makes Fedora a poor choice for product development (e.g., embedded systems), which usually requires long-term vendor-support, unavailable with any version of Fedora.

In 2008, Linus Torvalds, author of the Linux kernel, stated that he used Fedora because it had fairly good support for the PowerPC processor architecture, which he had favoured at the time.[9]

According to DistroWatch, Fedora is the third most visited Linux-based operating system on their site as of March 2013, behind Mint and Ubuntu, and it is the most visited RPM-based Linux distribution.[10]

Contents

History

The Fedora Project was created in late 2003, when Red Hat Linux was discontinued.[11] Red Hat Enterprise Linux was to be Red Hat's only officially supported Linux distribution, while Fedora was to be a community distribution.[11] Red Hat Enterprise Linux branches its releases from versions of Fedora.[12]

The name of Fedora derives from Fedora Linux, a volunteer project that provided extra software for the Red Hat Linux distribution, and from the characteristic fedora used in Red Hat's "Shadowman" logo. Warren Togami began Fedora Linux in 2002 as an undergraduate project, intended to provide a single repository for well-tested third-party software packages so that non-Red Hat software would be easier to find, develop, and use. The key difference between the approaches of Fedora Linux and Red Hat Linux was that Fedora's repository development would be collaborative with the global volunteer community.[13] Fedora Linux was eventually absorbed into the Fedora Project, carrying with it this collaborative approach.[14] Fedora is a trademark of Red Hat, and although this had previously been disputed by the creators of the unrelated Fedora repository management software, the issue has now been resolved.[15]

The Fedora Project is governed by a board whose majority is elected by the Fedora community.[16]

Features of Fedora

Distribution

Fedora's Update Manager
PackageKit, the default package manager front-end on Fedora

The Fedora Project distributes Fedora in several different ways:[17]

  • Fedora DVD/CD set – a DVD or CD set of all major Fedora packages at time of shipping;
  • Live images – CD or DVD sized images that can be used to create a Live CD or boot from a USB flash drive and optionally install to a hard disk;
  • Minimal CD – used for installing over HTTP, FTP or NFS.[18]

The Fedora Project also distributes custom variations of Fedora which are called Fedora spins.[19] These are built from a specific set of software packages and have a combination of software to meet the requirements of a specific kind of end user. Fedora spins are developed by several Fedora special interest groups.[20] It is also possible to create Live USB versions of Fedora using Fedora Live USB creator, UNetbootin or dd.

Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux (EPEL) is a volunteer-based community effort from the Fedora project to create a repository of high-quality add-on packages that complement the Fedora-based Red Hat Enterprise Linux and its compatible spinoffs such as CentOS or Scientific Linux.[21]

Software package management is primarily handled by the yum utility.[22] Graphical interfaces, such as pirut and pup are provided, as well as puplet, which provides visual notifications in the panel when updates are available.[22] apt-rpm is an alternative to yum, and may be more familiar to people used to Debian or Debian-based distributions, where Advanced Packaging Tool is used to manage packages.[23] Additionally, extra repositories can be added to the system, so that packages not available in Fedora can be installed.[24]

Software repositories

Fedora comes installed with a wide range of software that includes LibreOffice, Firefox, Empathy. Additional software that is not installed by default can be downloaded using the package manager.

Before Fedora 7, there were two main repositories – Core and Extras. Fedora Core contained all the base packages that were required by the operating system, as well as other packages that were distributed along with the installation CD/DVDs, and was maintained only by Red Hat developers. Fedora Extras, the secondary repository that was included from Fedora Core 3, was community-maintained and not distributed along with the installation CD/DVDs.

Also prior to Fedora 7 being released, there was a third repository called Fedora Legacy. This repository was community-maintained and was mainly concerned with extending the life cycle of older Fedora Core distributions and selected Red Hat Linux releases that were no longer officially maintained. Fedora Legacy was shut down in December 2006.

Third party repositories exist that distribute more packages that are not included in Fedora either because it does not meet Fedora's definition of free software or because distribution of that software may violate US law.

Desktops and Spins

The default desktop in Fedora is the GNOME desktop environment, with Fedora offering the GNOME Shell as its default interface since the release of Fedora 15.[25] Other desktop environments are available from the Fedora package repositories, and can also be installed from the Fedora installer, including the KDE Plasma Workspaces, Xfce, and LXDE desktop environments.[26] In Fedora 18 both the MATE and Cinnamon desktops were made available in the package repositories.[26] In addition, specialized "spins" are available offering these alternative desktops custom configured and offered by default. Other spins are also available targeting specific niche interests, such as gaming, security, design, and robotics.

Security features

Security is one of the most important features in Fedora. One of the security features in Fedora is Security-Enhanced Linux, a Linux feature that implements a variety of security policies, including mandatory access controls, through the use of Linux Security Modules (LSM) in the Linux kernel. Fedora is one of the distributions leading the way with SELinux.[27] SELinux was introduced in Fedora Core 2. It was disabled by default, as it radically altered how the operating system worked, but was enabled by default in Fedora Core 3 and introduced a less strict, targeted policy.[28][29]

Releases

Main article: Daftar/Tabel -- Fedora versions

The current release of the operating system is Fedora 18, codenamed "Spherical Cow", which was released on 15 January 2013.

Some of the features of Fedora 18 include:

  • Support for UEFI Secure Boot
  • A rewrite of the Anaconda installer
  • A new system upgrade utility called FedUp
  • Default desktop upgraded to GNOME 3.6.2
  • Updated to KDE 4.9 and Xfce 4.10
  • Inclusion of MATE and Cinnamon desktops
  • Better Active Directory support
  • Support for NetworkManager hotspots
  • Support for 256 color terminals by default
  • Offline system updates utilizing systemd and PackageKit
  • Better cloud computing support with the inclusion of Eucalyptus, Heat, and OpenStack Folsom
  • firewalld replaces system-config-firewall as default

Version history

Fedora Core 1 with the GNOME Desktop and Bluecurve theme
Fedora 17 will be maintained until one month after the release of Fedora 19
ColorMeaning
RedRelease no longer supported[30]
GreenRelease still supported
BlueFuture release
Project NameVersionCode nameRelease dateEnd-of-life date[31]Kernel version
Fedora Core1Yarrow2003-11-052004-09-202.4.19
2Tettnang2004-05-182005-04-112.6.5
3Heidelberg2004-11-082006-01-162.6.9
4Stentz2005-06-132006-08-072.6.11
5Bordeaux2006-03-202007-07-022.6.15
6Zod2006-10-242007-12-072.6.18
Fedora7Moonshine2007-05-312008-06-132.6.21
8Werewolf2007-11-082009-01-072.6.23
9Sulphur2008-05-132009-07-102.6.25
10Cambridge2008-11-252009-12-182.6.27
11Leonidas2009-06-09[32]2010-06-252.6.29
12Constantine2009-11-17[33]2010-12-022.6.31
13Goddard2010-05-25[34]2011-06-042.6.33
14Laughlin2010-11-02[35]2011-12-082.6.35[36]
15Lovelock2011-05-24[37]2012-06-26[38]2.6.42[39]
16Verne2011-11-08[40]2013-02-12[41]3.1.0[42]
17Beefy Miracle[43]2012-05-29[44]Mid 20133.3.4[45]
18Spherical Cow2013-01-15[46]Late 20133.6.0
19Schrödinger's Cat[47]2013-06-25[48]  

Derivatives

See also Daftar/Tabel -- Fedora-based Linux distributions
  • Notable Fedora Derivative Linux Distributions:
Source: DistroWatch list of Fedora derived Linux distributions
Source: Fedora WIKI list of derived distributions.
  • Berry Linux – a medium-sized Fedora based distribution that provides support for Japanese and English.
  • BLAG Linux and GNU – a stripped down 1-CD Fedora with Debian's APT system.
  • Fuduntu – Optimized for netbooks, development headed by Jupiter creator Fewt.[49]
  • Fusion Linux — remix with full multimedia support and some influence from Linux Mint
  • Hanthana Linux – from Sri Lanka
  • Korora Project – is a complete and easy to use system for general computing that “just works” out of the box.
  • Linpus – made by Taiwanese company Linpus Technologies for the Asian market.
  • MythDora – based around MythTV's media center capabilities.
  • Ojuba Linux – an Arabic Linux distribution.
  • Open Xange – is an easy-to-use, Fedora-based desktop Linux distribution featuring the KDE desktop.
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux – enterprise Linux offering from Red Hat, which branches from the current Fedora baseline.
  • Russian Fedora Remix – version of Fedora, adapted for Russia. Contains proprietary drivers and software.
  • PLS Linux – high client-server-performance version issued by the Government of Venezuela.[50]
  • Moblin – a distribution mainly for MIDs, netbooks and embedded devices.
  • Not active (no release for over 12 months):
  • Aurora SPARC Linux – for the SPARC platform.
  • Linux XP – a commercial Linux distribution aimed at replacing Windows XP as a home-use desktop operating system.
  • Yellow Dog Linux – for the PowerPC platform.

See also

Portal iconFree software portal

References

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  50. ^ Designed and developed in Venezuela. The Web site is in Spanish.

External links

Media related to Fedora (operating system) at Wikimedia Commons

(Sebelumnya) Federico HeinzFedora Commons (Berikutnya)