Kalifornium

berkelium ← kalifornium → einsteinium Dy ↑ Cf ↓ (Uqo) 98Cf Tabel periodik
Penampilan
keperakan
Ciri-ciri umum
Nama, lambang, Nomor atom	kalifornium, Cf, 98
Dibaca	/ˌkælɪˈfɔrniəm/ KAL-i-FOR-nee-əm
Jenis unsur	actinide
Golongan, periode, blok	n/a, 7, f
Massa atom standar	(251) [1]
Konfigurasi elektron	[Rn] 5f10 7s2 [2] 2, 8, 18, 32, 28, 8, 2
Sifat fisika
Fase	solid
Massa jenis (mendekati suhu kamar)	15.1[1] g·cm−3
Titik lebur	1173 K, 900 [1] °C, 1652 °F
Titik didih	1743[3] K, 1470 °C, 2678 (estimation) °F
Sifat atom
Bilangan oksidasi	2, 3, 4 [4]
Elektronegativitas	1.3 [5] (skala Pauling)
Energi ionisasi	pertama: 608 [6] kJ·mol−1
Lain-lain
Struktur kristal	simple hexagonal
Kekerasan Mohs	3–4[7]
Nomor CAS	7440-71-3 [1]
Isotop paling stabil
Artikel utama: Isotop dari kalifornium
iso NA Waktu paruh DM DE (MeV) DP 248Cf syn 333.5 d α (100%) 6.369 244Cm SF (2.9×10−3%) 0.0029 – 249Cf syn 351 y α (100%) 6.295 245Cm SF (5.0×10−7%) 4.4×10−7 – 250Cf syn 13.08 y α (99.92%) 6.129 246Cm SF (0.08%) 0.077 – 251Cf syn 898 y α 6.172 247Cm 252Cf syn 2.645 y α (96.91%) 6.217 248Cm SF (3.09%) – – 253Cf syn 17.81 d β− (99.69%) 0.29 253Es α (0.31%) 6.126 249Cm 254Cf syn 60.5 d SF (99.69%) – – α (0.31%) 5.930 250Cm Isotope references: [8][9]
· r

Kalifornium (pengucapan: /ˌkælɪˈforniəm/) adalah unsur kimia dalam sistem periodik unsur yang memiliki lambang Cf dan nomor atom 98.

Referensi

Bacaan

• Cotton, F. Albert; Wilkinson, Geoffrey; Murillo, Carlos A.; Bochmann, Manfred (1999). Advanced Inorganic Chemistry (6th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-19957-1. 
• CRC contributors (1991). In Walker, Perrin; Tarn, William H. Handbook of Metal Etchants. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-3623-2. 
• CRC contributors (2006). In Lide, David R. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN 978-0-8493-0487-3. 
• Cunningham, B. B. (1968). "Californium". In Hampel, Clifford A. The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements. Reinhold Book Corporation. LCCN 68-29938. 
• Emsley, John (1998). The Elements. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-855818-7. 
• Emsley, John (2001). "Californium". Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-850340-8. 
• Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-7506-3365-9. 
• Haire, Richard G. (2006). "Californium". In Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean. The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4020-3555-5. 
• Heiserman, David L. (1992). "Element 98: Californium". Exploring Chemical Elements and their Compounds. TAB Books. ISBN 978-0-8306-3018-9. 
• Jakubke, Hans-Dieter; Jeschkeit, Hans, eds. (1994). Concise Encyclopedia Chemistry. trans. rev. Eagleson, Mary. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-011451-5. 
• Krebs, Robert (2006). The History and Use of our Earth's Chemical Elements: A Reference Guide. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-33438-2. 
• National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Radiation Source Use and Replacement (2008). Radiation Source Use and Replacement: Abbreviated Version. National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-11014-3. 
• O'Neil, Marydale J.; Heckelman, Patricia E.; Roman, Cherie B., eds. (2006). The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals (14th ed.). Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. ISBN 978-0-911910-00-1. 
• Osborne-Lee, I. W.; Alexander, C. W. (1995). "Californium-252: A Remarkable Versatile Radioisotope". Oak Ridge Technical Report ORNL/TM-12706. doi:10.2172/205871. 
• Ruiz-Lapuente, P.; Canal, R.; Isern, J. (1996). Thermonuclear Supernovae. Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 978-0-7923-4359-2. 
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• Seaborg, G. T. (1994). Modern alchemy: selected papers of Glenn T. Seaborg. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-02-1440-1. 
• Seaborg, G. T. (1996). In Adloff, J. P. One Hundred Years after the Discovery of Radioactivity. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. ISBN 978-3-486-64252-0. 
• Seaborg, Glenn T. (2004). "Californium". In Geller, Elizabeth. Concise Encyclopedia of Chemistry. McGraw-Hill. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-07-143953-4. 
• Szwacki, Nevill Gonzalez; Szwacka, Teresa (2010). Basic Elements of Crystallography. Pan Stanford. ISBN 978-981-4241-59-5. 
• Weeks, Mary Elvira; Leichester, Henry M. (1968). "21: Modern Alchemy". Discovery of the Elements. Journal of Chemical Education. pp. 848–850. ISBN 978-0-7661-3872-8. LCCN 68-15217.