Komputer & Telekomunikasi    
   
Daftar Isi ☛
(Sebelumnya) Len DeightonLeon Katz (Berikutnya)

Lenovo

Lenovo Group Limited
TypePublic
Traded asSEHK: 0992
IndustryComputer hardware
Electronics
Founded1984 (Beijing)
Founder(s)Liu Chuanzhi
HeadquartersMorrisville, North Carolina
(operational headquarters)
Area servedWorldwide
Key peopleYang Yuanqing
(Chairman and CEO)
ProductsDesktops, servers, notebooks, tablet computers, netbooks, peripherals, printers, televisions, scanners, storage
RevenueIncrease US$ 29.57 billion (2012)[1]
Operating incomeIncrease US$ 584 million (2012)[1]
Net incomeIncrease US$ 472 million (2012)[1]
Total assetsIncrease US$ 15.86 billion (2012)[1]
Total equityIncrease US$ 2.361 billion (2012)[1]
Employees27,000 (2012)[1]
Websitewww.lenovo.com
Lenovo
Traditional Chinese聯想集團
Simplified Chinese联想集团

Lenovo Group Limited (Chinese: 联想集团; pinyin: Liánxiǎng Jítuán) (SEHK: 0992) is a Chinese multinational computer hardware and electronics company with its operational headquarters in Morrisville, North Carolina and its registered office in Hong Kong. Its products include personal computers, tablet computers, mobile phones, workstations, servers, electronic storage devices, IT management software and smart televisions. Lenovo is the world's second-largest PC vendor by 2012 unit sales.[2] It markets the ThinkPad line of notebook computers and the ThinkCentre line of desktops.[3]

Lenovo has operations in more than 60 countries and sells its products in around 160 countries. Lenovo was founded in Beijing in 1984 and incorporated in Hong Kong in 1988 under its previous name, Legend. Lenovo is listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the Hang Seng China-Affiliated Corporations Index.

Contents

Name

"Lenovo" is a portmanteau of "Le-" (from Legend) and "novo," Latin ablative for "new." The Chinese name (simplified Chinese: 联想; traditional Chinese: 聯 想; pinyin: liánxiǎng) means "association" (as in "word association") or "connected thinking" but can also imply creativity.[4]

For the first 20 years of its existence the company's English name was "Legend" (in Chinese 联想 Lianxiang). In 2002, Yang Yuanqing decided to abandon use of the Legend brand name in order to expand outside of China, as the "Legend" name was already in use by many other businesses worldwide, thus making it impossible to register in most jurisdictions. In April 2003, the company publicly announced its new name, "Lenovo," with a large media campaign involving huge outdoor billboards and primetime television advertisements. Lenovo spent 18 million RMB on television advertisements, which were broadcast daily for eight weeks. The billboard advertisements featured the Lenovo logo against blue sky with copy that read, "Transcendence depends on how you think." By the end of 2003, Lenovo had spent a total of 200 million RMB on rebranding.[5]

History

In the 1980s, with economic reform in progress, the Chinese government hired Liu Chuanzhi to distribute imported computers. Liu founded Lenovo in 1984 with a group of ten engineers in Beijing with 200,000 yuan. Their first significant effort, an attempt to import televisions, failed. The group rebuilt itself within a year by conducting quality checks on computers for new buyers. Lenovo soon started developing a circuit board that would allow IBM-compatible personal computers to process Chinese characters. This product was Lenovo's first major success. In 1990, Lenovo started to manufacture and market computers using its own brand name.[6]

Founding and early history

Lenovo officially claims that it was founded on 1 November 1984. Lenovo's incorporation was approved by the Chinese government on the same day. Jia Xufu, one of the founders of Lenovo, claims the first meeting in preparation for starting the company was held on 17 October of the same year. Eleven people, the entirety of the initial staff, attended. Each of the founders were middle-aged members of the Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The 200,000 yuan used as start-up capital was approved by Zeng Maochao. The name for the company agreed upon at this meeting was the Chinese Academy of Sciences Computer Technology Research Institute New Technology Development Company.[5]

The Han-card, an add on card for personal computers that allowed them to efficiently process Chinese characters, was Lenovo's first successful product. By 1989 more than 15,000 Han-cards had been sold. Lenovo had a group of roughly thirty people, led by Ni Guangnan, dedicated to creating new versions of the Han-card, but had virtually no one working on testing and quality control. As a result, the Han-card suffered from a number of bugs and sales began to decline.[5]

Business ethics were a key challenge for Liu Chuanzhi in establishing and expanding Lenovo. Liu says that at first he behaved "like a kind of dictator" and spent lots of time yelling. He had five corrupt executives sent to jail. Being late for a meeting could be punished by having to stand in silence before the group, a punishment that Liu accepted three times himself. As Lenovo's culture gradually changed, Liu was able to relax his authoritarian style. Lenovo became a coveted employer for Chinese engineers and managers with overseas education.[7]

In May 1988, Lenovo placed its first advertisement seeking employees. The ad was placed on the front page of the China Youth News. Such ads were quite rare in China at this time. Out of 500 respondents, 280 were selected to take a written employment exam. 120 of these candidates were interviewed in person. Altough interviewers initially only had authority to hire 16 people, 58 were given offers. These new hires included 18 people with graduate degrees, 37 with undergraduate degrees, and three students with no university-level education. Their average age was 26. Yang Yuanqing was among this group.[5]

Lenovo became a publicly traded company after listing in Hong Kong in 1994, raising nearly $30 million.

Mergers and acquisitions

IBM personal computer business

Lenovo acquired IBM's personal computer business in 2005 amid a backlash in Congress against Chinese companies trying to purchase American businesses.[8] Chinese oil company CNOOC abandoned its attempt to buy Unocal and appliance maker Haier Group ended its efforts to acquire Maytag. Lenovo has maintained a substantial research and development presence in North Carolina. Lenovo's acquisition of IBM's personal computer division accelerated access to foreign markets while improving both its branding and technology.[9] Lenovo paid US$1.25 billion for IBM's computer business and assumed an additional US$500 million of IBM's debt. This acquisition made Lenovo the third largest computer maker worldwide by volume.[10]

The ThinkPad logo as shown on the ThinkPad x100e notebook computer.

Speaking of the purchase of IBM's personal computer division, Liu Chuanzhi said, "We benefited in three ways from the IBM acquisition. We got the ThinkPad brand, IBM's more advanced PC manufacturing technology and the company's international resources, such as its global sales channels and operation teams. These three elements have shored up our sales revenue in the past several years."[10]

Lenovo Mobile

Lenovo sold its mobile phone division in 2008 for US$100 million in order to focus on personal computers and then paid US$200 million to buy it back in November 2009. Lenovo Mobile produces mobile internet devices such as smart phones and tablet computers.[11] As of 2009[update], the mobile division ranked third in terms of unit share in China's mobile handset market.[12] Lenovo invested CN¥100 million in a fund dedicated to providing seed funding for mobile application development for its LeGarden online app store. As of 2010, LeGarden had more than 1,000 programs available for the LePhone. At the same time, LeGarden counted 2,774 individual developers and 542 developer companies as members.[13]

Starting in 2011, the leader of Lenovo Mobile was Liu Jun.[14] Lenovo entered the smartphone market in 2012 and quickly became the largest vendor of smartphones in Mainland China.[15] Entry into the smartphone market was accompanied by a change of strategy from "the one-size-fits-all LePhone strategy" to a diverse portfolio of devices, 19 in 2012.[14] These changes driven by the popularity of the Apple iPhone and Lenovo's seeking to increase it's market share in the domestic market; the result of the strategy change — Lenovo passed Apple to become the number 2 provider of smartphones to the Chinese market in 2012.[14] However, due to there being about 100 smartphone vendors selling in China, this 2nd rank domestically only equates to a 10.4 market share.[14]

In May 2012 Lenovo announced an investment of US$793 million in the construction of a mobile phone manufacturing and R&D facility in Wuhan, China.[16]

China became the world's largest smartphone market in 2012 and is Lenovo Mobile's primary market.[14] However, the unit has expanded sales into Russia, Indonesia, and India, with further expansion intended.[14]

Joint venture with NEC

On January 27, 2011, Lenovo formed a joint venture to produce personal computers with Japanese electronics firm NEC. The companies said in a statement they will establish a new company called Lenovo NEC Holdings B.V., which will be registered in the Netherlands. NEC will receive US$175 million from Lenovo through the issuance of Lenovo's shares. Lenovo will own a 51% stake in the joint venture, while NEC will hold a 49% stake. Lenovo has a five-year option to expand its stake in the joint venture.[17]

This joint venture is intended to boost Lenovo's worldwide sales by expanding its presence in Japan, a key market for personal computers. NEC has spun off its personal computer business into the joint venture. As of 2010, NEC controlled about 20% of Japan's market for personal computers while Lenovo had a 5% share. Lenovo and NEC have also agreed to explore cooperating in other areas such as servers and tablet computers.[18]

Roderick Lappin, chairman of the Lenovo-NEC joint venture, told the press that the two companies will expand their co-operation to include the joint development of tablet computers.[19]

Medion

In June 2011, Lenovo announced that it planned to acquire control of Medion, a German electronics manufacturing company. Lenovo said the acquisition would double its share of the German computer market, making it the third-largest vendor by sales (after Acer and Hewlett-Packard). The deal, which closed in the third quarter of the same year, was the first in which a Chinese company acquired a well-known German company.[20]

This acquisition will give Lenovo 14 percent of the German computer market. Gerd Brachmann, chairman of Medion, agreed to sell two-thirds of his 60 percent stake in the company. He will be paid in cash for 80 percent of the shares and will receive 20 percent in Lenovo stock. That would give him about one percent of Lenovo.[20]

CCE

In September 2012, Lenovo agreed to acquire the Brazil-based electronics company CCE, which sells products under the brand-name Digibras, for a base price of 300 million reais (US$148 million) in a combination of stock and cash and an additional 400 million reais dependent upon performance benchmarks.[21][22] Prior to its acquisition of CCE, Lenovo already established a $30 million factory in Brazil, but Lenovo's management had felt that they needed a local partner to maximise regional growth. Lenovo cited their desire to take advantage of increased sales due to the 2014 World Cup that will be hosted by Brazil and the 2016 Summer Olympics and CCE's reputation for quality.[23] Following the acquisition, Lenovo announced that its subsequent acquisitions would be concentrated in the areas of software and IT services.[24]

Stoneware

In September 2012, Lenovo agreed to acquire the United States-based software company Stoneware, in its first software acquisition to date. The transaction is expected to close by the end of 2012; no financial details have been disclosed.[25][26] Lenovo said that the company was acquired in order to gain access to new technology and that Stoneware is not expected to significantly affect earnings. More specifically, Stoneware was acquired to further Lenovo's efforts to improve and expand its cloud-computing services. For the two years prior to its acquisition, Stoneware partnered with Lenovo to sell its software. During this period Stoneware's sales doubled. Stoneware was founded in 2000. As of September 2012, Stoneware is based in Carmel, Indiana and has 67 employees.[27][28]

Expansion in Israel

Previously Lenovo's operations in Israel had been limited to marketing and technical support, but in 2012 Lenovo made an investment in Vertex, a technology-oriented venture capital firm. Lenovo's CEO, Yang Yuanqing, said that this investment was just the beginning. He said, "Definitely we are interested in Israel's technology, to grow our company, to grow our business." In late 2012 Yang participated in a trip by a delegation of Chinese business leaders and senior government officials to explore opportunities in Israel.[29]

Lenovo's investments in Israel have occurred alongside massive growth in market share in that country. In 2012 Lenovo was the leader in Israeli laptop sales on a unit basis. According to IDC Israel Research. During the course of 2012 Lenovo's share of the Israeli laptop market increased 21.2% from 16.3% the previous year, allowing it to surpass Dell to become the market leader. [30]

LenovoEMC

Lenovo and EMC formed LenovoEMC as a joint venture to offer network attached storage (NAS) solutions. LenovoEMC's products were formerly offered under the Iomega brand name. After the formation of LenovoEMC, Iomega ceased to exist as business unit. LenovoEMC's products are designed for small and medium sized that do not have the budgets for enterprise-class data storage. LenovoEMC is part of a broader partnership between the two companies announced in August of 2012. [31] This partnership also includes an effort to develop x86-based servers and allowing Lenovo to act as an OEM for some EMC hardware. Lenovo is expected to benefit from the relatively high profit margins of the NAS market. LenovoEMC is part of Lenovo's Enterprise Products Group. [32][33]

Products and services

Smartphones and tablets

Main article: LePhone

Lenovo launched the LePhone in order to compete against other smart phones. Lenovo tailors the prices and features of its smartphones to the preferences of Chinese consumers. Lenovo has benefited from strong support from Chinese mobile phone companies and content providers such as Baidu, Alibaba, and Tencent. Lenovo's smartphones support the GSM standard, China's indigenous TD-SCDMA 3G standard used by China Mobile, the WCDMA 3G standard used by China Unicom, and China Telecom's CDMA 2000 network.[34][35][36]

The ThinkPad Tablet 2 from front and back.

As of January 2013, Lenovo only manufactures phones that use the Android operating system from Google. Numerous press reports indicated that Lenovo plans to release a phone based on Microsoft's Windows 8. According to JD Howard, a vice president at Lenovo's mobile division, the company will release a Windows-based phone if there is market demand. A Windows-based phone from Lenovo would be a potentially formidable competitor against Nokia's Lumia line of smartphones. [37]

Lenovo has implemented an aggressive strategy to replace Samsung as the Mainland China market's top smartphone manufacturer. It has spent $793.5 million in Wuhan in order to build a plant that can produce 30 to 40 million phones per year. Data from Analysys International shows that Lenovo experienced considerable growth in smartphone sales in China during 2012. Specifically, it saw its market share increase to 14.2 percent during 2012's third quarter, representing an increase when compared to 4.8 percent in the same quarter of 2011. IDC analysts said that Lenovo's success is due to its "aggressive ramping-up and improvements in channel partnerships. "Analysys International analyst Wang Ying wrote, "Lenovo possesses an obvious advantage over rivals in terms of sales channels." The company's CEO, Yang Yuanqing, said, "Lenovo does not want to be the second player ... we want to be the best. Lenovo has the confidence to outperform Samsung and Apple, at least in the Chinese market." [38]

According to IHS iSuppli, Lenovo was a top-three smartphone maker in China with a 16.5 percent market share in the first quarter of 2012. According to a May report released by IDC Lenovo ranks fourth in the global tablet market by volume.[39] As of November 2012, Lenovo was the second largest seller of mobile phones in China when measured by volume.[15]

Smart televisions

Main article: Lenovo LeTV

In November 2011 Lenovo said it would soon unveil a smart television product called LeTV, expected for release in the first quarter of 2012. "The PC, communications and TV industries are currently undergoing a 'smart' transformation. In the future, users will have many smart devices and will desire an integrated experience of hardware, software and cloud services." Liu Jun, president of Lenovo's mobile-Internet and digital-home-business division.[40]

Personal and business computing

While many argue that computing is entering a "post-PC era" Lenovo's CEO, Yang Yuanqing, believes that the personal computer is still relevant and that computing is really entering what he calls the "PC plus era." In order to avoid commodity pricing and compete against mobile devices Yang has pushed Lenovo to pursue innovative new PC designs such as its popular IdeaPad Yoga products, ThinkPad Helix, and ThinkPad Twist. Lenovo has achieved significant success with this high-value strategy and it now controls more than 40% of the market for Windows computers priced above $900 in the United States. [41]

ThinkPad

Main article: ThinkPad
The current Thinkpad logo

ThinkPad is a line of business-oriented laptop computers known for their boxy black design, modeled after a traditional Japanese lunchbox.[42] ThinkPads were originally an IBM product; they have been manufactured and sold by Lenovo since early 2005, following its acquisition of IBM's personal computer division. The ThinkPad has been used in space and is the only laptop certified for use on the International Space Station.[43]

Shipments of Think-branded computers have doubled since Lenovo's takeover of the brand, with operating margins thought to be above 5%.[44] Lenovo has aggressively expanded the ThinkPad brand away from traditional laptop computers in favor of tablets and hybrid devices such as ThinkPad Helix and the ThinkPad Twist.

ThinkCentre

Main article: ThinkCentre

The ThinkCentre line of desktops was introduced in 2003 by IBM and this product line has been sold by Lenovo since 2005.[45]

ThinkServer

Main article: ThinkServer

The ThinkServer product line began with the TS100 from Lenovo.[46] The server was developed under agreement with IBM, by which Lenovo would produce single-socket and dual-socket servers based on IBM’s xSeries technology.[46] An additional feature of the server design was a support package aimed at small businesses.[46] The focus of this support package was to provide small businesses with software tools to ease the process of server management and reduce dependence on IT support.[47]

ThinkStation

Main article: ThinkStation

The ThinkStation products from Lenovo are workstations designed for high-end computing. In 2008, Lenovo expanded the focus of its “THINK” brand to include workstations, with the ThinkStation S10 being the first model released.

The Lenovo ThinkStation S10

ThinkVision displays

Main article: ThinkVision

High-end computer displays are marketed under the ThinkVision name. ThinkVision displays share a common design language with other Think devices such as the ThinkPad line of notebook computers and ThinkCentre desktops.

IdeaPad

Main article: IdeaPad
A model with a Lenovo IdeaPad at a launch party in Japan.

The IdeaPad line of consumer-oriented laptop computers was introduced in January 2008. The IdeaPad is the result of Lenovo's own research and development; Unlike the ThinkPad line of notebooks, its design and branding were not inherited from IBM. The IdeaPad line's design language differs markedly from the ThinkPad and has a more consumer-focused look and feel.[48] [49]

In October 2012 the firm launched the IdeaPad Yoga 13, a laptop running Microsoft Corp's Windows 8 that can be converted to a tablet PC by flipping the screen all the way backwards.[50] Lenovo has subsequently released the IdeaPad Yoga 11 running Windows RT and announced the IdeaPad Yoga 11S running Windows 8. Lenovo's Yoga products reflect the company's commitment to the "PC plus era" where innovative products allow Lenovo to resist commodity pricing of PCs.

IdeaCentre

Main article: IdeaCentre

All IdeaCentres are all-in-ones machines, combining processor and monitor into a single unit.[51] The desktops were described by HotHardware as being "uniquely designed".[51] The first IdeaCentre desktop, the IdeaCentre K210, was announced by Lenovo on June 30, 2008.[52] While IdeaCentre was designed to be purely desktop models, influences of the IdeaPad line were observed.[52] One such feature was Veriface facial recognition technology.[52]

At CES 2011, Lenovo announced the launch of four IdeaCentre desktops: the A320, B520, B320, and C205.[51] In the autumn of 2012, the firm introduced the more powerful IdeaCentre A720, with a 27-inch touchstreen display and running Windows 8.[53] With a TV tuner and HDMI in, the A720 can also serve as a multimedia hub or home theater PC.[54]

In 2013 Lenovo added a table computer to the IdeaCentre line. The Lenovo IdeaCentre Horizon Table PC, introduced at the 2013 International CES is a 27-inch tablet computer designed for simultaneous use by multiple people. Thanks to its use of Windows 8 the Horizon can also serve as desktop computer when set upright.[55]

Operations

The Lenovo R&D centre in Shenzhen, China

Lenovo's principal facilities are in Beijing, Morrisville, North Carolina and Singapore, with research centers in those locations, as well as Shanghai, Shenzhen, Xiamen, and Chengdu in China, and Yamato in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan.[56] Lenovo operates factories in Chengdu and Hefei in China, Japan, and as of December 2011 has plans to start production in Argentina. A 7,500 square foot flagship store will open in Beijing in February 2013.[14]

Lenovo's manufacturing operations are a departure from the usual industry practice of outsourcing to contract manufacturers. Lenovo instead focuses on vertical integration in order to avoid excessive reliance on original equipment manufacturers and to keep down costs.[57] Speaking on this topic, Yang Yuanqing said, "Selling PCs is like selling fresh fruit. The speed of innovation is very fast, so you must know how to keep up with the pace, control inventory, to match supply with demand and handle very fast turnover." Lenovo benefited from its vertical integration after flooding affected hard-drive manufacturers in Thailand in 2011, as the company could continue manufacturing operations by shifting production towards products for which hard drives were still available.[58][59]

Lenovo began to accentuate vertical integration after a meeting in 2009 in which Yang Yuanqing, and the head of Lenovo's supply chain, analyzed the costs versus the benefits of in-house manufacturing, and decided to make at least 50% of Lenovo's manufacturing in-house. Lenovo Chief Technology Officer George He said that vertical integration is having an important role in product development. He stated, "If you look at the industry trends, most innovations for" PCs, smartphones, tablets and smart TVs are related to innovation of key components—display, battery and storage. Differentiation of key parts is so important. So we started investing more...and working very closely with key parts suppliers."[59]

In 2012, Lenovo partially moved production of its ThinkPad line of computers to Japan. ThinkPads will be produced by NEC in Yamagata Prefecture. Akaemi Watanabe, president of Lenovo Japan, said, "As a Japanese, I am glad to see the return to domestic production and the goal is to realize full-scale production as this will improve our image and make the products more acceptable to Japanese customers.”[59][60]

In October 2012, Lenovo announced that it would start manufacturing computers in Whitsett, North Carolina. The initial investment in the facility of $2 million is expected to create 115 jobs.[61]

Corporate affairs

The Lenovo corporate campus in Beijing

The company executive headquarters are in Morrisville, North Carolina,[62][63] near Raleigh in the Research Triangle metropolitan area,[64] in the United States.[65] As of October 2012, the facility has about 2,000 employees.[66] Lenovo identifies its facilities in Morrisville, Beijing, and Singapore as its "key location addresses,"[67] where its principal operations occur.[62] The company stated that "[b]y foregoing a traditional headquarters model and focusing on centers of excellence around the world, Lenovo makes the maximum use of its resources to create the best products in the most efficient and effective way possible."[68] The company registered office is on the 23rd floor of the Lincoln House building of the TaiKoo Place in Quarry Bay, Hong Kong.[69]

Previously the company's U.S. headquarters were in Purchase, Harrison, New York. About 70 people worked there. In 2006, Lenovo announced that it was consolidating its U.S. headquarters, a logistics facility in Boulder, Colorado, and a call center in Atlanta, Georgia to a new facility in Morrisville. The company received offers of over $11 million in incentive funds from the local Morrisville, NC area and from the State of North Carolina on the condition that the company employs about 2,200 people.[70] If the company failed to employ that amount, it would not acquire the incentives.[71]

Financials and market share

Lenovo is the dominant supplier of computers in mainland China and became the world's second largest supplier of personal computers during the third quarter of 2011. Lenovo held around 13.5% of the worldwide computer market as of October 2011. The company's expansion was boosted in part by a joint venture with NEC in Japan and aggressive marketing to both professionals and consumers. Yang Yuanqing said that Lenovo would continue its expansion by focusing on technological convergence in the areas of smart phones, tablets, personal computers, and "smart TV." "We must deliver a great user experience across all platforms to achieve our goal and become the leading personal technology company in the world," he said.

In the second quarter of 2011, Lenovo was the world's third largest vendor of personal computers.[72] For the year ending with third quarter 2010, its market share increased from 8.6 percent to 10.4 percent.[73] The company is the largest seller of PCs in China, with a 28.6% share of the China market, according to research firm IDC in July 2009. It reported annual sales of $14.9 billion for the fiscal year ending 2008/2009 (ending March 31, 2009).

During the first quarter of 2011, Lenovo held 31.7% of the Chinese personal computer market when measured by units sold. Lenovo reported a 98.3 percent rise in profit to $108.8 million during the first quarter of 2011, up from $54.86 million during the same quarter of the previous year. Lenovo shipped 10.28 million personal computers in the first quarter of 2011. Lenovo reported a 54-percent rise in profit for the third quarter of 2011, beating analyst predictions, in spite of slow sales growth and a shortage of hard drives.[74]

From March 4, 2013 Lenovo will be included as a constituent stock in the Hang Seng Index. Lenovo is replacing the unprofitable Aluminum Corp of China, a state-owned enterprise, on the list of 50 blue-chip companies on the Hong Kong stock exchange constitute the Hong Kong Index. The inclusion of Lenovo and Tencent, Chinese largest internet firm, will significantly increase the weight of the technology sector on the index. Being added to the Hang Seng Index is a significant boon for Lenovo and its shareholders as it will widen the pool of investors willing to purchase Lenovo's stock. For instance, index funds pegged to the Hang Seng and pension funds that consider index inclusion will now have the opportunity to invest in Lenovo. [75]

Ownership

As of October 1, 2011, 58% of Lenovo stock was held by the general public, 34% by Legend Holdings Limited, and 8% by other entities. The Chinese Academy of Sciences owns 36% of Legend Holdings.[76] The share of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, a PRC state science think tank, has the founding share and the largest share. As of 2011, the company is mostly privately managed, and it is registered and listed outside of Mainland China.[65]

On September 4, 2009, Oceanwide Holdings Group, a private investment firm based in Beijing, bought 29% of Legend Holdings, the parent company of Lenovo, for 2.76 billion yuan.[77]

IBM acquired an 18.9% share of Lenovo in 2005 as part of Lenovo's purchase of IBM's personal computing division.[78] Since then IBM has steadily reduced its holdings of Lenovo stock. In July 2008 the IBM's interest in Lenovo fell below the 5% threshold that mandates public disclosure.[79]

In November 2010, it was reported that private equity firms TPG Capital and General Atlantic were seeking to exit Lenovo with a HK$1.56 billion share placement.[80][dead link]

Responding to claims that Lenovo is a state owned enterprise CEO Yang Yuanqing said: "Our company is a 100% market oriented company. Some people have said we are a state owned enterprise. It's 100% not true. In 1984 the Chinese Academy of Sciences only invested $25,000 in our company. The purpose of the Chinese Academy of Sciences to invest in this company was that they wanted to commercialize their research results. The Chinese Academy of Sciences is a pure research entity in China, owned by the government. From this point, you could say we're different from state-owned enterprises. Secondly, after this investment, this company is run totally by the founders and management team. The government has never been involved in our daily operation, in important decisions, strategic direction, nomination of the CEO and top executives and financial management. Everything is done by our management team."[81]

Yang dramatically increased his ownership stake in by acquiring 797 million shares in 2011. As of June 2011, Yang owns an 8 percent stake in Lenovo. He previously owned only 70 million shares. In a statement, Yang said, "While the transaction is a personal financial matter, I want to be very clear that my decision to make this investment is based on my strong belief in the company's very bright future. Our culture is built on commitment and ownership – we do what we say, and we own what we do. My decision to increase my holdings represents my steadfast belief in these principles."[82]

Corporate culture

Lenovo's corporate culture differs significantly from most large Chinese companies. While Lenovo was founded using seed capital from the state-owned Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lenovo is run as a private enterprise with little or no interference by the state. Lenovo's senior executives, including many non-Chinese, rotate between two head offices, one in Beijing and the other in Morrisville, North Carolina, and Lenovo's research and development center in Japan. Two Westerners have served as Lenovo's CEO.[44]

English is Lenovo's official language. Lenovo's CEO, Yang Yuanqing, initially did not understand English well, but relocated his family to Morrisville in order to improve his language skills and soak up American culture. One American Lenovo executive interviewed by The Economist praised Yang for his efforts to make Lenovo a friendly place for foreigners to work. He said that Yang had created a "performance culture" in favor of the traditional Chinese work style of "waiting to see what the emperor wants."[44]

Leadership

Liu Chuanzhi

Main article: Liu Chuanzhi

Liu Chuanzhi is the founder and chairman of Lenovo. Liu was trained as an engineer at a military college and later went on to work at the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Like many young people during the Cultural Revolution, Liu was denounced and sent to the countryside where he worked as a laborer on a rice farm.

Liu claims Hewlett-Packard as a key source of inspiration. In an interview with The Economist he stated that "Our earliest and best teacher was Hewlett-Packard." For more than ten years, Lenovo was Hewlett-Packard's distributor in China.[7] In reference to Lenovo's later acquisition of IBM's personal computer unit Liu said, "I remember the first time I took part in a meeting of IBM agents. I was wearing an old business suit of my father's and I sat in the back row. Even in my dreams, I never imagined that one day we could buy the IBM PC business. It was unthinkable. Impossible."[6]

Yang Yuanqing

Main article: Yang Yuanqing
Yang Yuanqing, Lenovo's President and CEO

Yang Yuanqing is the chief executive officer of Lenovo. Yang was chairman of Lenovo's board from 2004 to 2008. Before the acquisition of IBM's PC division in 2004, he was president and CEO. One of his major achievements was leading Lenovo to become the best-selling personal computer brand in China since 1997. In 2001, Business Week named him one of Asia's rising stars in business. In February 2009, CEO Bill Amelio was replaced by Yang.[83]

In 2012, Yang received a $3 million dollar bonus as a reward for record profits, which he in-turn redistributed to about 10,000 of Lenovo's employees. According to Lenovo spokesman, Jeffrey Shafer, Yang felt that it would be the right thing to, “redirect [the money] to the employees as a real tangible gesture for what they done.” Shafer also said that Yang, who owns about eight percent of Lenovo's stock, "felt that he was rewarded well simply as the owner of the company.”[84] The bonuses were mostly distributed among staff working in positions such as production and reception who received an average of 2,000 yuan or about US$314. This was almost equivalent to a month's pay for the typical Lenovo worker in China.[85]

According to Lenovo's annual report, Yang earned $14 million, including $5.2 million in bonuses, during the fiscal year that ended in March 2012.[86]

Jay Parker

Jay Parker was promoted to head of Lenovo's North American unit in February of 2013. He replaced David Schmoock who now works for Dell. Parker reports to Gerry Smith, head of Lenovo's America's division. Parker said to expect aggressive growth under his leadership with a special emphasis on tablets and convertible devices. [87]

David Roman

David Roman was formerly an executive at HP and Apple. Roman has served as Lenovo's chief marketing officer since 2010. Roman says he came to work for Lenovo because he was impressed by Lenovo's innovation and Yang Yuanqing's determination. Roman says he saw opportunity in Lenovo's lack of clear branding. Roman says he wants to make Lenovo into a company considered "cool and innovative."[59]


Before Lenovo, Roman was vice president in charge of worldwide marketing for Hewlett-Packard's Personal Systems Group where he was responsible for advertising, marketing, and media relations. He orchestrated HP's award-winning "The Computer is Personal Again" campaign. Prior to his work at Hewlett-Packard Roman was vice president in charge of business-to-business and international marketing at NVIDIA. Earlier in his career Roman worked for Apple where his final role was as a vice president of global advertising and branding. [88]

Roman is a graduate of the Queensland University of Technology in Australia with an undergraduate degree in architecture. He had previously studied at the Polytechnic of Torino in Italy. Roman also studied for an executive MBA from INSEAD. [89]

Howie Lau

Howie Lau, formerly VP for marketing and communications for Lenovo's units in Asia and Latin America, was promoted in March of 2013 into a global role where he will oversee mergers and acquisitions with a special emphasis on post-merger management that he will take up in April of the same year. Lau will be working in Lenovo's worldwide finance division. During Lau's stint in marketing he made numerous strategic hires. Lau's team was instrumental in the marketing of the Yoga line of laptop/tablet hydrid line of devices. [90]

Gianfranco Lanci

In April 2012, Lenovo named former Acer CEO Gianfranco Lanci head of its European unit. Lenovo said Lanci was hired to help achieve its goal of becoming a top-three personal computer maker in Europe within the year.[91]

Lanci began his career with Texas Instruments in 1981 for their calculator and digital watch division. He served in several positions during his 17 year career with Texas Instruments, including area manager for Texas Instruments' printer division in Italy, the Middle East, and Africa and then as president of Productivity Products Division in the same market area. Following Acer’s acquisition of Texas Instruments' notebook division in 1997, Lanci became managing director of Acer Italy and then president of Acer Europe in 2000 and finally president of Acer's Europe, Middle East, and Africa division in 2002. In 2005 Lanci became president of Acer Inc. and in 2008 he became CEO and president. [89]

Gianfranco Lanci, head of Lenovo's European unit

Gianfranco Lanci graduated from the Politecnico of Turin where he earned his degree in civil engineering. Lanci lives in Milan and is married with three children. His personal pursuits include books, cycling, football, and wine. [89]

Graham Kenneth Brown

In September 2012, Lenovo named Graham Kenneth Brown head of Lenovo Africa. Braum replaced David Drummond who resigned after being hired earlier the same year. Braum has previously held similar positions in the technology industry.[92]

Board of directors

In early 2013, Lenovo announced the addition of Yahoo founder Jerry Yang to its board. Lenovo's CEO Yang Yuanqing said, ""Jerry’s appointment as an observer to our board furthers Lenovo’s reputation as a transparent international company." Just prior to the appointment of Jerry Yang, Tudor Brown the founder of British semiconductor design firm ARM, was also appointed to Lenovo's board. Speaking of both men Yang Yuanqing said, "We believe that they will add a great deal to our strategic thinking, long-term direction and, ultimately, our ability to achieve our aspirations in the PC plus era."

Marketing and sponsorships

Emerging markets

In 2009 Lenovo became the first personal computer manufacturer to divide countries into emerging markets, such as China, India, and Brazil, and mature markets, such as the United States Japan, and Europe. Lenovo then developed a different set of strategies for each category. This approach has now been widely adopted among Lenovo's competitors.[10] in 2012, Lenovo made a major effort to expand its market share in developing economies such as Brazil and India through acquisitions and increased budgets for marketing and advertising. While Lenovo has not revealed its total spending on marketing, it did increase marketing and advertising expenditures by $248 million in the fiscal year ending in 2012.[44]

China

In China, Lenovo has a vast distribution network designed to make sure that there is at least one shop selling Lenovo computers within 50 kilometers of nearly all consumers. Lenovo has also developed close relationships with its Chinese distributors, who are granted exclusive territories and only carry Lenovo products. In India, where Lenovo is relatively unknown, Lenovo grants distributors exclusive territories, but allows them to sell computers from other companies. Lenovo uses its close relationships with distributors to gain market intelligence and speed up product development.[44]

India

Lenovo has gained significant market share in India through bulk orders to large companies and government agencies. For example, the government of Tamil Nadu ordered a million laptops from Lenovo in 2012 and single-handedly made the firm a market leader. Lenovo distributes most of the personal computers it sells in India through five national distributors such as Ingram Micro and Redington. [93]

Given that most smartphones and tablets are sold to individuals Lenovo is pursuing a different strategy making use of many small state-centric distributors. Amar Babu, Lenovo's managing director for India, said, "To reach out to small towns and the hinterland, we have tied up with 40 regional distributors. We want our regional distributors to be exclusive to us. We will, in turn, ensure they have exclusive rights to distribute Lenovo products in their catchment area." [93] As of 2013, Lenovo had about 6,000 retailers selling smartphones and tablets in India. In February of 2013, Lenovo established a relationship with Reliance Communications to sell smartphones. The smartphones carried by Reliance have dual-SIM capability and support both GSM and CDMA. Babu claims that the relative under-penetration of smartphones in India represents an opportunity for Lenovo. [93]

Olympics

The 2008 Summer Olympics Torch, which was designed by Lenovo

Lenovo was an official computer sponsor of the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy, and the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. When asked about Lenovo's brand Yang Yuanqing said, "The Beijing Olympics were very good for brand awareness in countries like the US and Argentina, but not good enough."[94]

YouTube Space Lab

Main article: YouTube Space Lab

On December 2011, Lenovo announced the YouTube Space Lab contest in conjunction with YouTube, NASA, the European Space Agency, and JAXA, allowing students between the ages of 14 and 18 the chance to devise experiments to be performed by astronauts on the International Space Station. The global winners received a trip to Japan or Russia in addition to having their experiment results live-streamed from space.[95]

NFL

In July 2012, Lenovo and the National Football League (NFL) announced that Lenovo had become the NFL's "Official Laptop, Desktop and Workstation Sponsor." Lenovo said that this was its largest sponsorship deal ever in the United States. Lenovo will receive advertising space in NFL venues and events and be allowed to use the NFL logo on its products and ads. Lenovo said that this sponsorship would boost its efforts to market to the key 18-to-35-year-old male demographic.

The NFL has been a Lenovo customer since 2007 and the sponsorship resulted from that relationship. NFL stars Jerry Rice, DeAngelo Williams, and Torry Holt were on hand for the announcement and a celebration with 1,500 Lenovo employees. Lenovo's sponsorship will last at least three years.[96]

See also

Portal iconPeople's Republic of China portal
Portal iconNorth Carolina portal
Portal iconCompanies portal
Portal iconComputer science portal
  • Lists of Chinese companies
  • Daftar/Tabel -- the world's largest companies
  • Daftar/Tabel -- computer system manufacturers
  • Daftar/Tabel -- company name etymologies


Further reading

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Financial Statements for Lenovo Group Limited, Google, Annual Data, retrieved January 26, 2013, "As of 2012-03-31" 
  2. ^ Gartner Says Declining Worldwide PC Shipments in Fourth Quarter of 2012 Signal Structural Shift of PC Market (press release), Gartner, January 14, 2013, retrieved January 26, 2013 
  3. ^ Fletcher, Owen; Shara Tibken; Nathalie Tadena (October 13, 2011), Lenovo passes Dell to become world's No 2 PC maker, MarketWatch 
  4. ^ Todd Crowell (2008). "Ever heard of Lenovo, Haier, CNOOC? You will.". Christian Science Monitor (30–JUN–2005). 
  5. ^ a b c d Ling, Zhijun (2006). The Lenovo Affair. Singapore: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 13 978-0-470-82193-0. 
  6. ^ a b Dickie, Mure (January 1, 2005). "China's High-Tech Hero". Chief Executive. Accessdate used without URL
  7. ^ a b "Face value: Legend in the making". The Economist. 15 September 2001. Retrieved 6 February 2013. 
  8. ^ Lemon, Sumner (May 2, 2005), "Lenovo Completes Purchase of IBM's PC Unit", PC World, pcworld.com, retrieved June 19, 2012 
  9. ^ Craig Stephen (August 20, 2012), China’s Lenovo may be one-off success, MarketWatch, retrieved August 20, 2012 
  10. ^ a b c Zhou Xiaoyan (November 19, 2012), "Lenovo, on top of the PC world", People's Daily, People's Daily Online, retrieved January 7, 2013 
  11. ^ Nuo, You; Ning, Yang (May 11, 2010), "Lenovo to take on the big boys with LePhone", China Daily, retrieved February 28, 2013 
  12. ^ Lenovo to Acquire Mobile Handset Business (press release), Lenovo, November 27, 2009, retrieved 2009-01\12–30 
  13. ^ "Lenovo bets on app projects to boost sales", South China Morning Post, November 24, 2010 
  14. ^ a b c d e f g Bruce Einhorn (January 03, 2013), "In China's Smartphone Market, Lenovo Gets Busy", Bloomberg Businessweek, businessweek.com, retrieved January 26, 2013 
  15. ^ a b "Lenovo Eying Growth in China Smartphone Sector", Taipei Times, CNA, November 5, 2012, taipeitimes.com 
  16. ^ Melanie Lee (May 6, 2012), in Chris Lewis, Lenovo to launch mobile devices facility in central China, Reuters, reuters.com, retrieved May 7, 2012 
  17. ^ "UPDATE: NEC Forms PC Joint Venture With Lenovo, Posts Wider Loss". The Wall Street Journal. January 27, 2011. 
  18. ^ David Ranii (February 2, 2011). "With NEC venture, Lenovo eyes Japan". Cary News (North Carolina). 
  19. ^ "Lenovo, NEC to jointly develop tablets: Report". The Economic Tines. July 4, 2012. Retrieved July 12, 2012. 
  20. ^ a b CHRIS V. NICHOLSON (June 2, 2011). "Lenovo to Buy German PC Maker". The New York Times. >
  21. ^ "China's Lenovo to buy Brazilian electronics company CCE". Reuters. September 5, 2012. Retrieved September 15, 2012. 
  22. ^ "Lenovo to acquire Brazil's biggest PC maker". EE Times. September 5, 2012. Retrieved September 15, 2012. 
  23. ^ Mehta, Stephanie N. (September 5, 2012). "Urgency drives Lenovo deal in Brazil — Fortune Tech". Tech.fortune.cnn.com. Retrieved January 7, 2013. 
  24. ^ Yun, Liau (September 25, 2012). "Lenovo to stop buying hardware companies". ZDNet. Retrieved January 7, 2013. 
  25. ^ "Lenovo buys US-based Stoneware to strengthen its cloud computing services". The Next Web. Retrieved September 18, 2012. 
  26. ^ "Lenovo Acquires Stoneware to Expand Secure Cloud Computing". Lenovo. Retrieved September 18, 2012. 
  27. ^ Paul Mozur (September 18, 2012). "Lenovo Acquires U.S. Software Firm". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved July 12, 2012. 
  28. ^ "Lenovo Makes First Software Buy to Expand in Cloud Computing". Bloomberg Businessweek. September 18, 2012. Retrieved July 12, 2012. 
  29. ^ Reuters Jan 2, 2013, 07.02PM IST (January 2, 2013). "Why Chinese companies like Lenovo are heading to Israel — Times Of India". Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved January 7, 2013. 
  30. ^ [1]
  31. ^ [2]
  32. ^ [3]
  33. ^ [4]
  34. ^ 中华人民共和国国务院国有� ��产监督管理委员会"国务院� ��资委2009年回顾", p. 48.
  35. ^ "Why Lenovo LePhone can be a hit in China?". AndroidOS.in. Retrieved January 7, 2013. 
  36. ^ "China Unicom confirmed for China iPhone | iPhone in China | č"šćžœä¸­ĺ"˝". iPhone in China. July 31, 2009. Retrieved January 7, 2013. 
  37. ^ [5]
  38. ^ [6]
  39. ^ Chloe Albanesius (May 7, 2012). "Lenovo Spending $800 Million to Boost Smartphones, Tablets". PCMag. Retrieved May 7, 2012. 
  40. ^ LORETTA CHAO And OWEN FLETCHER (November 30, 2011). "Lenovo Sets Web-Linked TV". The Wall Street Journal. 
  41. ^ [7]
  42. ^ Design Matters: The Bento Box
  43. ^ IBM ThinkPads in space
  44. ^ a b c d e [From guard shack to global giant; Chinese industry "From guard shack to global giant; Chinese industry"]. The Economist. 12 January 2013. Retrieved 5 February 2013. 
  45. ^ "Lenovo Company History". Retrieved September 22, 2011. 
  46. ^ a b c Dave Mitchell (7). "Lenovo ThinkServer TS100 review". Retrieved 19 December 2011. 
  47. ^ David Hill (22). "ThinkServer Debut". Retrieved 19 December 2011. 
  48. ^ "Lenovo IdeaPad Hands-On Roundup". "For starters, the design of the IdeaPads marks a significant change for Lenovo. Unlike the "all business" classic ThinkPad line that Lenovo inherited from IBM, the IdeaPads have a consumer-focused feel." 
  49. ^ "Lenovo IdeaPad Hands-On Roundup". "The glossy screens feature a flush-mount bezel which makes the transition from LCD to keyboard look incredibly smooth." 
  50. ^ "Smartphones and tablets – PC maker Lenovo's next frontier". Reuters. Retrieved November 17, 2012. 
  51. ^ a b c Ray Willington (4). "Lenovo Introduces New Line Of IdeaCentre Desktops / All-In-One PCs At CES". Retrieved September 22, 2011. 
  52. ^ a b c "Lenovo announces its first desktop, IdeaCentre K210". 30. Retrieved September 22, 2011. 
  53. ^ Bob Buskirk (8). "Lenovo IdeaCentre A720 Review". Retrieved November 19, 2012. 
  54. ^ "Lenovo IdeaCentre A720 Review". 8. Retrieved November 25, 2012. 
  55. ^ "Lenovo debuts giant IdeaCentre Horizon Table PC". msnNOW.com. 7 January 2013. Retrieved 2013-02-06. 
  56. ^ Locations, Lenovo.com (US). Retrieved October 22, 2009.
  57. ^ "Lenovo to Build Production Base in Argentina". SinoCast Daily Business Beat. December 19, 2011. 
  58. ^ Warc staff (July 10, 2012). "Lenovo seeks to build its brand". Warc. Retrieved July 10, 2012. 
  59. ^ a b c d Loretta Chao. "As Rivals Outsource, Lenovo Keeps Production In-House". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved July 12, 2012. 
  60. ^ Constantin Murariu (July 5, 2012). "Lenovo Moves ThinkPad Production Back to Japan". Softpedia. Retrieved July 12, 2012. 
  61. ^ "Lenovo to open first U.S. manufacturing plant in N.C.". Computerworld. October 2, 2012. Retrieved October 4, 2012. 
  62. ^ a b "Locations." (Archive) Lenovo. Retrieved on October 12, 2012. "Executive Headquarters Morrisville 1009 Think Place Morrisville, NC 27560 USA"
  63. ^ "联系我们." (Archive) Lenovo. Retrieved on October 12, 2012. "行政总部 地址：1009 Think Place Morrisville, NC 27560 USA"
  64. ^ "Lenovo plans HQ in N.C." (Archive) Associated Press at the Charlotte Observer. Friday March 17, 2006. Retrieved on October 12, 2012.
  65. ^ a b McGregor, p. 204.
  66. ^ "Lenovo launches 'convertible' tablets [The News & Observer (Raleigh, N.C.)]." Knight Ridder/Tribune at Bloomberg Businessweek. October 10, 2012. Retrieved on October 12, 2012.
  67. ^ "Fact Sheet Mar 2012." (Archive) Lenovo. Retrieved on October 12, 2012.
  68. ^ "Our Locations." ((Archive) Lenovo. Retrieved on October 12, 2012.
  69. ^ "2011/12 Annual Report Lenovo Group Limited." (Archive) Lenovo. p. 177. Retrieved on October 12, 2012. "REGISTERED OFFICE 23rd Floor, Lincoln House, Taikoo Place, 979 King’s Road, Quarry Bay, Hong Kong"
  70. ^ Hogan, Patrick. "Lenovo shifting U.S. headquarters to Morrisville, but will cut 300–350 Triangle jobs." Triangle Business Journal. Thursday March 16, 2006. Updated Friday March 17, 2006. p.1. Retrieved on October 12, 2012.
  71. ^ Hogan, Patrick. "Lenovo shifting U.S. headquarters to Morrisville, but will cut 300–350 Triangle jobs." Triangle Business Journal. Thursday March 16, 2006. Updated Friday March 17, 2006. p.2. Retrieved on October 12, 2012.
  72. ^ "Gartner Says Worldwide PC Shipments Increased 2.3 Percent in Second Quarter of 2011" (Press release). Gartner, Inc.. July 13, 2011. http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id =1744216. Retrieved September 3, 2011.
  73. ^ Ranii, David (October 3, 2011). "Lenovo is on faster track". News & Observer. Retrieved January 3, 2011. 
  74. ^ "Hong Kong shares seen lower, China inflation data eyed". Reuters. February 8, 2012. Retrieved February 9, 2012. 
  75. ^ "Lenovo shares at a high after blue-chip anointment". South China Morning Post. 08 February 2013. 
  76. ^ "Investor fact sheet". Retrieved December 26, 2008. 
  77. ^ Lee, Melanie (September 4, 2009). "China Oceanwide buys Lenovo parent stake for $404 mln". Thomson-Reuters. Retrieved 2009-01\9-04. 
  78. ^ "IBM Investor relations — IR News and views | 01 May 2005 Lenovo completes acquisition of IBM". Ibm.com. Retrieved January 7, 2013. 
  79. ^ http://www.itnews.com.au/News/80965,i bm-offloads-77-million-of-lenovo-shar es.aspxBare URL needs a title. Citation has no title
  80. ^ http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_de tail.asp?we_cat=2&art_id=104990&a mp;sid=30311800&con_type=1&d_ str=20101116&fc=2
  81. ^ "Q&A; Chinese Computer Giant Showcases Capitalist Credentials; Chairman of Lenovo, which acquired IBM's PC unit, says the firm has few government ties.". Los Angeles Times. May 4, 2006. Accessdate used without URL
  82. ^ David Ranii; (June 17, 2011). "Lenovo CEO makes huge stock purchase". The News & Observer (Raleigh, North Carolina). 
  83. ^ Kathrin Hille (February 6, 2009). "Lenovo chief replaced in reshuffle". The Financial Times. Retrieved February 8, 2009. 
  84. ^ Lyneka Little (July 23, 2012). "CEO of Lenovo Gives $3 Million in Bonuses to Employees". ABC News. Retrieved August 3, 2012. 
  85. ^ Jena McGregor (July 25, 2012). "Lenovo CEO Yang Yuanqing is sharing the wealth—literally". Washington Post. Retrieved August 4, 2012. 
  86. ^ CY Xu and Madison Park (July 25, 2012). "CEO gives part of his bonus to employees". CNN. Retrieved August 4, 2012. 
  87. ^ [8]
  88. ^ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named BIOS2; see the help page.
  89. ^ a b c [9]
  90. ^ [10]
  91. ^ Nicole Kobie (April 2, 2012). "Lenovo targets European market with ex-CEO of Acer". Retrieved March 31, 2012. 
  92. ^ "Lenovo appoints new Africa head". Businesstech.co.za. September 25, 2012. Retrieved January 7, 2013. 
  93. ^ a b c [11]
  94. ^ Fran, Foo (April 6, 2006). "The world according to Yang Yuanqing, Lenovo chief". The Australian. Retrieved 4 February 2013. "Outside" 
  95. ^ "Press Releases". YouTube Space Lab Resources. Google Sites. Retrieved January 27, 2013. 
  96. ^ DAVID RANII (July 25, 2012). "Lenovo becomes an NFL sponsor". News Observer. 

External links

(Sebelumnya) Len DeightonLeon Katz (Berikutnya)