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Overview

The Perl 5 language interpreter

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NAME

perl - The Perl 5 language interpreter

SYNOPSIS

perl[ -sTtuUWX ][ -hv ] [ -V[:configvar] ][ -cw ] [ -d[t][:debugger] ] [ -D[number/list] ][ -pna ] [ -Fpattern ] [ -l[octal] ] [ -0[octal/hexadecimal] ][ -Idir ] [ -m[-]module ] [ -M[-]'module...' ] [ -f ][ -C [number/list] ][ -S ][ -x[dir] ][ -i[extension] ][ [-e|-E] 'command' ] [ -- ] [ programfile ] [ argument ]...

GETTING HELP

The perldoc program gives you access to all the documentation that comeswith Perl. You can get more documentation, tutorials and community supportonline at http://www.perl.org/.

If you're new to Perl, you should start by running perldoc perlintro,which is a general intro for beginners and provides some background to helpyou navigate the rest of Perl's extensive documentation. Run perldocperldoc to learn more things you can do with perldoc.

For ease of access, the Perl manual has been split up into several sections.

Overview

  1.  perlPerl overview (this section)
    2.  
  2.  perlintroPerl introduction for beginners
    3.  
  3.  perltocPerl documentation table of contents
    4.

Tutorials

  1.  perlreftutPerl references short introduction
    2.  
  2.  perldscPerl data structures intro
    3.  
  3.  perllolPerl data structures: arrays of arrays
    4.  
  4.  
  5.  perlrequick Perl regular expressions quick start
    6.  
  6.  perlretutPerl regular expressions tutorial
    7.  
  7.  
  8.  perlootutPerl OO tutorial for beginners
    9.  
  9.  
  10.  perlperfPerl Performance and Optimization Techniques
    11.  
  11.  
  12.  perlstylePerl style guide
    13.  
  13.  
  14.  perlcheatPerl cheat sheet
    15.  
  15.  perltrapPerl traps for the unwary
    16.  
  16.  perldebtutPerl debugging tutorial
    17.  
  17.  
  18.  perlfaqPerl frequently asked questions
    19.  
  19.   perlfaq1General Questions About Perl
    20.  
  20.   perlfaq2Obtaining and Learning about Perl
    21.  
  21.   perlfaq3Programming Tools
    22.  
  22.   perlfaq4Data Manipulation
    23.  
  23.   perlfaq5Files and Formats
    24.  
  24.   perlfaq6Regexes
    25.  
  25.   perlfaq7Perl Language Issues
    26.  
  26.   perlfaq8System Interaction
    27.  
  27.   perlfaq9Networking
    28.

Reference Manual

  1.  perlsynPerl syntax
    2.  
  2.  perldataPerl data structures
    3.  
  3.  perlopPerl operators and precedence
    4.  
  4.  perlsubPerl subroutines
    5.  
  5.  perlfuncPerl built-in functions
    6.  
  6.   perlopentutPerl open() tutorial
    7.  
  7.   perlpacktutPerl pack() and unpack() tutorial
    8.  
  8.  perlpodPerl plain old documentation
    9.  
  9.  perlpodspec Perl plain old documentation format specification
    10.  
  10.  perlpodstylePerl POD style guide
    11.  
  11.  perlrunPerl execution and options
    12.  
  12.  perldiagPerl diagnostic messages
    13.  
  13.  perllexwarn Perl warnings and their control
    14.  
  14.  perldebugPerl debugging
    15.  
  15.  perlvarPerl predefined variables
    16.  
  16.  perlrePerl regular expressions, the rest of the story
    17.  
  17.  perlrebackslashPerl regular expression backslash sequences
    18.  
  18.  perlrecharclassPerl regular expression character classes
    19.  
  19.  perlrerefPerl regular expressions quick reference
    20.  
  20.  perlrefPerl references, the rest of the story
    21.  
  21.  perlformPerl formats
    22.  
  22.  perlobjPerl objects
    23.  
  23.  perltiePerl objects hidden behind simple variables
    24.  
  24.   perldbmfilterPerl DBM filters
    25.  
  25.  
  26.  perlipcPerl interprocess communication
    27.  
  27.  perlforkPerl fork() information
    28.  
  28.  perlnumberPerl number semantics
    29.  
  29.  
  30.  perlthrtutPerl threads tutorial
    31.  
  31.  
  32.  perlportPerl portability guide
    33.  
  33.  perllocalePerl locale support
    34.  
  34.  perluniintroPerl Unicode introduction
    35.  
  35.  perlunicode Perl Unicode support
    36.  
  36.  perlunifaqPerl Unicode FAQ
    37.  
  37.  perlunipropsIndex of Unicode Version 6.0.0 properties in Perl
    38.  
  38.  perlunitutPerl Unicode tutorial
    39.  
  39.  perlebcdicConsiderations for running Perl on EBCDIC platforms
    40.  
  40.  
  41.  perlsecPerl security
    42.  
  42.  
  43.  perlmodPerl modules: how they work
    44.  
  44.  perlmodlibPerl modules: how to write and use
    45.  
  45.  perlmodstylePerl modules: how to write modules with style
    46.  
  46.  perlmodinstallPerl modules: how to install from CPAN
    47.  
  47.  perlnewmodPerl modules: preparing a new module for distribution
    48.  
  48.  perlpragmaPerl modules: writing a user pragma
    49.  
  49.  
  50.  perlutilutilities packaged with the Perl distribution
    51.  
  51.  
  52.  perlfilterPerl source filters
    53.  
  53.  
  54.  perldtracePerl's support for DTrace
    55.  
  55.  
  56.  perlglossaryPerl Glossary
    57.

Internals and C Language Interface

  1.  perlembedPerl ways to embed perl in your C or C++ application
    2.  
  2.  perldebguts Perl debugging guts and tips
    3.  
  3.  perlxstutPerl XS tutorial
    4.  
  4.  perlxsPerl XS application programming interface
    5.  
  5.  perlxstypemapPerl XS C/Perl type conversion tools
    6.  
  6.  perlclibInternal replacements for standard C library functions
    7.  
  7.  perlgutsPerl internal functions for those doing extensions
    8.  
  8.  perlcallPerl calling conventions from C
    9.  
  9.  perlmroapiPerl method resolution plugin interface
    10.  
  10.  perlreapiPerl regular expression plugin interface
    11.  
  11.  perlregutsPerl regular expression engine internals
    12.  
  12.  
  13.  perlapiPerl API listing (autogenerated)
    14.  
  14.  perlinternPerl internal functions (autogenerated)
    15.  
  15.  perliolC API for Perl's implementation of IO in Layers
    16.  
  16.  perlapioPerl internal IO abstraction interface
    17.  
  17.  
  18.  perlhackPerl hackers guide
    19.  
  19.  perlsourceGuide to the Perl source tree
    20.  
  20.  perlinterpOverview of the Perl interpreter source and how it works
    21.  
  21.  perlhacktut Walk through the creation of a simple C code patch
    22.  
  22.  perlhacktipsTips for Perl core C code hacking
    23.  
  23.  perlpolicyPerl development policies
    24.  
  24.  perlgitUsing git with the Perl repository
    25.

Miscellaneous

  1.  perlbookPerl book information
    2.  
  2.  perlcommunityPerl community information
    3.  
  3.  
  4.  perldocLook up Perl documentation in Pod format
    5.  
  5.  
  6.  perlhistPerl history records
    7.  
  7.  perldeltaPerl changes since previous version
    8.  
  8.  perl5160deltaPerl changes in version 5.16.0
    9.  
  9.  perl5142deltaPerl changes in version 5.14.2
    10.  
  10.  perl5141deltaPerl changes in version 5.14.1
    11.  
  11.  perl5140deltaPerl changes in version 5.14.0
    12.  
  12.  perl5124deltaPerl changes in version 5.12.4
    13.  
  13.  perl5123deltaPerl changes in version 5.12.3
    14.  
  14.  perl5122deltaPerl changes in version 5.12.2
    15.  
  15.  perl5121deltaPerl changes in version 5.12.1
    16.  
  16.  perl5120deltaPerl changes in version 5.12.0
    17.  
  17.  perl5101deltaPerl changes in version 5.10.1
    18.  
  18.  perl5100deltaPerl changes in version 5.10.0
    19.  
  19.  perl589deltaPerl changes in version 5.8.9
    20.  
  20.  perl588deltaPerl changes in version 5.8.8
    21.  
  21.  perl587deltaPerl changes in version 5.8.7
    22.  
  22.  perl586deltaPerl changes in version 5.8.6
    23.  
  23.  perl585deltaPerl changes in version 5.8.5
    24.  
  24.  perl584deltaPerl changes in version 5.8.4
    25.  
  25.  perl583deltaPerl changes in version 5.8.3
    26.  
  26.  perl582deltaPerl changes in version 5.8.2
    27.  
  27.  perl581deltaPerl changes in version 5.8.1
    28.  
  28.  perl58delta Perl changes in version 5.8.0
    29.  
  29.  perl561deltaPerl changes in version 5.6.1
    30.  
  30.  perl56delta Perl changes in version 5.6
    31.  
  31.  perl5005deltaPerl changes in version 5.005
    32.  
  32.  perl5004deltaPerl changes in version 5.004
    33.  
  33.  
  34.  perlexperimentA listing of experimental features in Perl
    35.  
  35.  
  36.  perlartisticPerl Artistic License
    37.  
  37.  perlgplGNU General Public License
    38.

Language-Specific

  1.  perlcnPerl for Simplified Chinese (in EUC-CN)
    2.  
  2.  perljpPerl for Japanese (in EUC-JP)
    3.  
  3.  perlkoPerl for Korean (in EUC-KR)
    4.  
  4.  perltwPerl for Traditional Chinese (in Big5)
    5.

Platform-Specific

  1.  perlaixPerl notes for AIX
    2.  
  2.  perlamigaPerl notes for AmigaOS
    3.  
  3.  perlbeosPerl notes for BeOS
    4.  
  4.  perlbs2000Perl notes for POSIX-BC BS2000
    5.  
  5.  perlcePerl notes for WinCE
    6.  
  6.  perlcygwinPerl notes for Cygwin
    7.  
  7.  perldguxPerl notes for DG/UX
    8.  
  8.  perldosPerl notes for DOS
    9.  
  9.  perlepocPerl notes for EPOC
    10.  
  10.  perlfreebsd Perl notes for FreeBSD
    11.  
  11.  perlhaikuPerl notes for Haiku
    12.  
  12.  perlhpuxPerl notes for HP-UX
    13.  
  13.  perlhurdPerl notes for Hurd
    14.  
  14.  perlirixPerl notes for Irix
    15.  
  15.  perllinuxPerl notes for Linux
    16.  
  16.  perlmacosPerl notes for Mac OS (Classic)
    17.  
  17.  perlmacosxPerl notes for Mac OS X
    18.  
  18.  perlmpeixPerl notes for MPE/iX
    19.  
  19.  perlnetware Perl notes for NetWare
    20.  
  20.  perlopenbsd Perl notes for OpenBSD
    21.  
  21.  perlos2Perl notes for OS/2
    22.  
  22.  perlos390Perl notes for OS/390
    23.  
  23.  perlos400Perl notes for OS/400
    24.  
  24.  perlplan9Perl notes for Plan 9
    25.  
  25.  perlqnxPerl notes for QNX
    26.  
  26.  perlriscosPerl notes for RISC OS
    27.  
  27.  perlsolaris Perl notes for Solaris
    28.  
  28.  perlsymbian Perl notes for Symbian
    29.  
  29.  perltru64Perl notes for Tru64
    30.  
  30.  perlutsPerl notes for UTS
    31.  
  31.  perlvmesaPerl notes for VM/ESA
    32.  
  32.  perlvmsPerl notes for VMS
    33.  
  33.  perlvosPerl notes for Stratus VOS
    34.  
  34.  perlwin32Perl notes for Windows
    35.

Stubs for Deleted Documents

  1.  perlboot
    2.  
  2.  perlbot
    3.  
  3.  perltodo
    4.  
  4.  perltooc
    5.  
  5.  perltoot
    6.

On a Unix-like system, these documentation files will usually also beavailable as manpages for use with the man program.

In general, if something strange has gone wrong with your program and you'renot sure where you should look for help, try the -w switch first. It willoften point out exactly where the trouble is.

DESCRIPTION

Perl officially stands for Practical Extraction and Report Language,except when it doesn't.

Perl was originally a language optimized for scanning arbitrarytext files, extracting information from those text files, and printingreports based on that information. It quickly became a good languagefor many system management tasks. Over the years, Perl has grown intoa general-purpose programming language. It's widely used for everythingfrom quick "one-liners" to full-scale application development.

The language is intended to be practical (easy to use, efficient,complete) rather than beautiful (tiny, elegant, minimal).

Perl combines (in the author's opinion, anyway) some of the bestfeatures of C, sed, awk, and sh, so people familiar withthose languages should have little difficulty with it. (Languagehistorians will also note some vestiges of csh, Pascal, and evenBASIC-PLUS.) Expression syntax corresponds closely to Cexpression syntax. Unlike most Unix utilities, Perl does notarbitrarily limit the size of your data--if you've got the memory,Perl can slurp in your whole file as a single string. Recursion is ofunlimited depth. And the tables used by hashes (sometimes called"associative arrays") grow as necessary to prevent degradedperformance. Perl can use sophisticated pattern matching techniques toscan large amounts of data quickly. Although optimized forscanning text, Perl also has many excellent tools for slicingand dicing binary data.

But wait, there's more...

Begun in 1993 (see perlhist), Perl version 5 is nearly a completerewrite that provides the following additional benefits:

Okay, that's definitely enough hype.

AVAILABILITY

Perl is available for most operating systems, including virtuallyall Unix-like platforms. See Supported Platforms in perlportfor a listing.

ENVIRONMENT

See perlrun.

AUTHOR

Larry Wall <[email protected]>, with the help of oodles of other folks.

If your Perl success stories and testimonials may be of help to others who wish to advocate the use of Perl in their applications, or if you wish to simply express your gratitude to Larry and the Perl developers, please write to [email protected] .

FILES

  1.  "@INC"locations of perl libraries
    2.

SEE ALSO

  1.  http://www.perl.org/   the Perl homepage
    2.  
  2.  http://www.perl.com/   Perl articles (O'Reilly)
    3.  
  3.  http://www.cpan.org/   the Comprehensive Perl Archive
    4.  
  4.  http://www.pm.org/ the Perl Mongers
    5.

DIAGNOSTICS

The use warnings pragma (and the -w switch) produces some lovely diagnostics.

See perldiag for explanations of all Perl's diagnostics. The usediagnostics pragma automatically turns Perl's normally terse warningsand errors into these longer forms.

Compilation errors will tell you the line number of the error, with anindication of the next token or token type that was to be examined.(In a script passed to Perl via -e switches, each-e is counted as one line.)

Setuid scripts have additional constraints that can produce errormessages such as "Insecure dependency". See perlsec.

Did we mention that you should definitely consider using the -wswitch?

BUGS

The -w switch is not mandatory.

Perl is at the mercy of your machine's definitions of variousoperations such as type casting, atof(), and floating-pointoutput with sprintf().

If your stdio requires a seek or eof between reads and writes on aparticular stream, so does Perl. (This doesn't apply to sysread()and syswrite().)

While none of the built-in data types have any arbitrary size limits(apart from memory size), there are still a few arbitrary limits: agiven variable name may not be longer than 251 characters. Line numbersdisplayed by diagnostics are internally stored as short integers,so they are limited to a maximum of 65535 (higher numbers usually beingaffected by wraparound).

You may mail your bug reports (be sure to include full configurationinformation as output by the myconfig program in the perl sourcetree, or by perl -V) to [email protected] . If you've succeededin compiling perl, the perlbug script in the utils/ subdirectorycan be used to help mail in a bug report.

Perl actually stands for Pathologically Eclectic Rubbish Lister, butdon't tell anyone I said that.

NOTES

The Perl motto is "There's more than one way to do it." Divininghow many more is left as an exercise to the reader.

The three principal virtues of a programmer are Laziness,Impatience, and Hubris. See the Camel Book for why.

Page index
 
Source : perldoc.perl.org - Official documentation for the Perl programming language
Site maintained by Jon Allen (JJ)     See the project page for more details
Documentation maintained by the Perl 5 Porters
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